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研究生: 黃曉音
Haung, Hsiao-Yin
論文名稱: 在台灣劃設中華白海豚海洋保護區的爭議:利益關係人之觀感分析探討
Exploring Stakeholders’ Views of Designating the Marine Protected Area for Conservation of Sousa Chinensis in Taiwan
指導教授: 劉大綱
Liu, Ta-Kang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 海洋科技與事務研究所
Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs
論文出版年: 2010
畢業學年度: 98
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 160
中文關鍵詞: 中華白海豚海洋保護區半結構式訪談利益關係人
外文關鍵詞: Sousa chinensis, marine protected area, stakeholders, semi-structured interview
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  • 東台灣海峽種群的中華白海豚為台灣西部沿岸地區經常出沒的海洋哺乳類,在 2007 年之數量僅剩下 99 隻,目前已被世界自然保育組織 (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 所編列的瀕危物種紅色名錄分類為瀕臨絕種物種,因此在台灣有需要對其進行立即地保育措施以避免台灣地區的中華白海豚絕種。近年來環境保育政策由目標物種的保育,逐漸發展為棲地保育的觀念,但中華白海豚於台灣西部地區主要活動範圍跨越六縣市之海域,當中又與工業開發工程及漁業作業區域有大量重疊,且中華白海豚喜好活動於近岸海域中,因此若使用棲地保育的概念劃設海洋保護區,將影響到當地利益關係人對於原有資源使用的方式,產生許多利益衝突的爭議。
    本研究主要使用質性研究的方法,採用半結構式深入訪談之模式,將軸心問題標準化後作為訪談過程中的大綱,並循此架構在訪談中以劃設中華白海豚海洋保護區為主要焦點,引導受訪之利益關係人能夠暢談對於此議題之觀點看法與感受。研究所選擇的訪談對象依照利益關係人之屬性分類,包含有當地的漁業產業、工業產業、政府部門、學術單位、以及環境保護團體。藉由探討不同層面的利益關係人對於劃設中華白海豚海洋保護區之觀點與感受,以釐清利益關係人之間可能產生衝突的原因。
    研究結果發現中華白海豚海洋保護區劃設主要的爭議在於對中華白海豚的基本調查與統計數據不足,此亦為大部分受訪者反對劃設中華白海豚海洋保護區的主要原因,觀點在於無法從現有的資料中訂出最適合的保護區位置與範圍,以及經濟與工業開發對於中華白海豚族群數量變化之間仍未有明確關聯性,無法對其作出相對應的減緩措施。漁業方面,反對的原因在於漁民預期海洋保護區的劃設範圍與其原先作業區域重疊性高,且漁民與中華白海豚之間為互相競爭漁業資源之關係,後續漁業補償的經濟問題將可能非常龐大。本研究結果提供利益關係人間衝突之主要癥結,希望能在未來若要劃設中華白海豚海洋保護區時,能使衝突降到最小。

    Sousa chinensis is one of marine mammals that can be frequently sighted in the coastal waters of western Taiwan. The abundance of this eastern Taiwan Strait subpopulation (EST) was estimated to be 99 individuals in 2007. This species is categorized as critically endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red list of threatened species, thus immediate measures of protection should be taken to prevent them from extinction in Taiwan. In recent years, the policy of environmental conservation has been shifted to habitat conservation instead of the previous species conservation. Because the living area of Sousa chinensis covers the coastal waters of six countries, where it also overlaps with fishing grounds and proposed reclamation zones for industrial park, the designation of this area as marine protected area (MPA) for conservation will affect the original marine use and presents a major conflict among multiple stakeholders.
    This study is a qualitative research that employs semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from competing interests, including local fishery, industry, government, academia, and the conservation. Through conferring different levels of stakeholders about their feeling, views, perceptions, and response regarding the designation of MPA for conservation of Sousa chinensis, the reasons of the conflicts among stakeholders were explored and analyzed.
    Results showed the main reason for the debate is that the basic information and statistic data for Sousa chinensis is not enough. It becomes a rationale of opposing the establishment of MPA since an appropriate site and size of the MPA cannot be decided based on the current uncertain information. The relation between coastal development and the size of Sousa chinensis population is still uncertain, thus it is difficult to implement the mitigation measures correspondingly. In the aspects of fishery, the reason to oppose is that the MPA may potentially overlap with the existing fishing ground. Sousa chinensis also compete the same resources with fishermen, and compensation for the loss of fishery will cost a lot. Results from this research will help to inform the design of the marine protected area for conservation of Sousa chinensis in Taiwan and to minimize the conflicts between different stakeholders.

    中文摘要...........................................................................................................i 英文摘要..........................................................................................................ii 誌謝...............................................................................................................iii 目錄...............................................................................................................iv 圖目錄..........................................................................................................viii 表目錄............................................................................................................ix 第一章 緒論......................................................................................................1 第一節 研究動機...............................................................................................1 第二節 研究目的...............................................................................................2 第三節 研究架構...............................................................................................3 第二章 文獻回顧與分析.....................................................................................5 第一節 中華白海豚的現況與影響族群因素之分析...................................................5 一、中華白海豚特徵及在台灣的分布....................................................................5 二、台灣西部環境資源.....................................................................................11 (一) 台灣西部沿海地理環境..............................................................................11 (二) 台灣西部沿海開發.....................................................................................12 三、可能受到的威脅........................................................................................15 (一) 河口之淡水流量減少.................................................................................15 (二) 海岸發展及棲地消失.................................................................................16 (三) 漁業之混獲..............................................................................................17 (四) 近岸海域水質之污染.................................................................................18 (五) 水下噪音.................................................................................................18 (六) 其他潛在的威脅........................................................................................19 第二節 海洋保護區理論及相關法制....................................................................20 一、海洋保護區概論........................................................................................20 (一) 海洋保護區的定義.....................................................................................21 (二) 海洋保護區成立的主要目的........................................................................23 (三) 海洋保護區的發展歷史..............................................................................24 二、海洋保護區的種類.....................................................................................26 三、全球海洋保護區及鯨豚保育之法制..............................................................30 (一) 全球海洋保護區的公約..............................................................................30 (二) 全球海洋鯨豚類保育的法規........................................................................33 四、台灣海洋保護區之法規與劃設.....................................................................35 第三節 海洋鯨豚類保護區之案例分析.................................................................48 一、香港地區中華白海豚之保育........................................................................48 (一) 香港地區的中華白海豚海洋保護區..............................................................48 (二) 香港地區的工程影響減緩措施.....................................................................50 二、地中海地區帕拉哥海洋保護區 (Pelagos Sanctuary) 鯨豚類之保育..................53 (一) 帕拉哥海洋保護區環境背景........................................................................53 (二) 帕拉哥海洋保護區生物資源之特色與重要性..................................................55 (三) 帕拉哥海洋保護區發展過程........................................................................58 (四) 帕拉哥海洋保護區與利益關係人的關係........................................................59 (五) 帕拉哥海洋保護區的管理現況.....................................................................60 第三章 研究方法.............................................................................................65 第一節 利益關係人..........................................................................................65 一、利益關係人的定義.....................................................................................65 二、利益關係人分析........................................................................................66 第二節 半結構式訪談.......................................................................................68 第三節 訪談對象與架構....................................................................................69 第四章 研究結果分析與討論.............................................................................73 第一節 中華白海豚海洋保護區劃設的合適性.......................................................73 一、中華白海豚海洋保護區劃設之支持性...........................................................73 二、中華白海豚的族群調查與相關資料..............................................................75 (一) 對現有資料不足的觀感..............................................................................75 (二) 調查方法分歧...........................................................................................79 三、海洋保護區的劃設.....................................................................................81 (一) 劃設的範圍..............................................................................................81 (二) 劃設的模式..............................................................................................83 四、海洋保護區的管理.....................................................................................88 (一) 管理的重要性...........................................................................................88 (二) 管理的原則..............................................................................................89 (三) 整合性管理..............................................................................................91 (四) 保護區的執法...........................................................................................93 第二節 中華白海豚海洋保護區劃設爭議之分析探討..............................................94 一、經濟發展.................................................................................................94 二、沿海工業開發之衝突.................................................................................97 三、漁業利益之衝突......................................................................................101 第三節 其它影響保護區設立之因素..................................................................105 一、發展生態觀光之可行性............................................................................105 二、訪談中未討論之議題...............................................................................107 第五章 結論與建議........................................................................................111 第一節 結論..................................................................................................111 第二節 建議..................................................................................................113 參考文獻......................................................................................................115 中文............................................................................................................115 英文............................................................................................................117 附錄............................................................................................................127 附錄一 中華白海豚體內微量金屬的濃度............................................................127 附錄二 中華白海豚體內有機物的濃度...............................................................132 附錄三 訪談統整...........................................................................................137

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