近年來台灣的降雨受到極端氣候影響導致分布不均，且傳統水資源開發頻頻遭受環保團體抗爭、優良建壩位置難尋、開發難度高等因素，導致新水源開發日益困難。為因應產業需水增加，及提高枯旱年供水穩定，政府之水利政策已朝向水資源多元化方向發展。海水淡化具有興建時程短、供水擴充彈性大，及能提供穩定與潔淨水源等優勢，已成為一重要新興水源。由先前研究中可知在整合性海岸管理之理論架構下，社會面向之議題如社會接受度與權益關係人之參與非常重要，目前海水淡化發展過程中，對未來漁民可能之反對、用戶端對海淡水之疑慮、環保團體對此政策之不確定性等社會接收度因素較少研究。本研究以規劃中之台南海淡廠為例，首先藉由文獻回顧檢視國內外海淡廠發展之案例，以及影響權益關係人對於海水淡化廠開發之觀感因素為何，再來以質性研究方式分析權益關係人對海淡廠之接受度，並以層級分析法探討環評委員對海淡廠開發造成環境衝擊之觀點，作為政府推動海淡廠之參考依據。首先由質性研究的結果中可以得知，權益關係人們認為政府在考慮海淡廠之前，應該先落實水資源管理，如水價合理化、管路減漏以及提高工業用水戶使用再生水意願為優先考量；在海淡廠所引起的環境衝擊方面，權益關係人們認為海淡廠對環境最為嚴重的環境衝擊有二：分別是鹵水排放以及能源損耗，因此建議廠址開發在選擇鹵水之放流點時，應該選取海水涵容能力強的區域，而使用之能源則以綠色能源為優先考量方案；在公眾參與方面，權益關係人則是建議應使用淺顯易懂的詞彙撰寫環境影響報告，並將相關資料上傳至網路以落實相關資訊公開。而在量化研究方面，可發現環評委員對於此議題的重視度分別是：生態環境佔36.9%、社會佔29.7%、經濟佔23.7%最後則是物理及化學環境佔9.7%。其中，環評委員認為各個層面之環境衝擊因子中最大之疑慮，如下所示：海域生態、土地及海洋使用、漁業以及氣象及空氣品質。本研究結果提供利益關係人間衝突之主要癥結，希望能在未來若要在台灣本島興建大型海淡廠時，能使衝突降到最小。

In recent years, extreme climate resulted in uneven precipitations in Taiwan. Traditional water resource development frequently suffers from environmental groups protest, potential dam site hard-to-find, and other factors. The development of new water sources has been increasingly difficult. In response to increasing industrial water demand and to improve the stability of water supply during the drought years, the government’s water policy has been moved toward the diversification of current water resources options. Sea water desalination has the advantages of short construction time, easy expansion flexibility, and supply of stable and clean water, making it an important alternative as a new water resource. Our previous study based on integrated coastal management theory shows that the social issues such as social acceptance and stakeholder’s participation are both very important during the development of seawater desalination project. Less study has been devoted to the potential future opposition from fishermen, user’s concern regarding the quality of desalinated water, and NGO’s doubt to this policy and other social issues. In this study, the current proposal of Tainan’s desalination plant was used as an example. AHP was used to explore the EIA reviewer’s opinions of the environmental impact from the development of desalination project. Semi-structured interviews was conducted to explore stakeholder’s acceptance of desalination plants. Results from both AHP analysis and qualitative interviews showed that EIA reviewers and stakeholders’ concern mostly focused on whether the pollution caused by the desalination plant will affect fish landings and the ecological environment.

中文文獻
陳連勝(1997)"區域水源移用對農田水利會營運成本之補償分析"，國立中興大學夜間部學報，第三卷，第559-592頁。
楊文衡(1997)"海域涵容能力研究"，第十九屆海洋工程研討會論文集，431-438頁。
李宗仰、吳惠如(1997)"台灣地區民生用水合理水價雨乾旱缺水問卷調查綜合評析"，中央研究院，調查報告。
葉俊榮(1999)"全球環境議題：台灣觀點"，巨流出版社，初版。
羅紹麟、童秋霞(2000)"自然資源經營之利害關係人分析-以林務局主管人員之意見為例"，林業研究季刊，第22卷，第4期，45-58頁。
邱泰穎(2000)"水資源利用管理與永續發展"，環境教育季刊，第43期，59-67頁
袁方(2002)"社會研究方法"，北京大學出版社，重排本。
李至倫(2003)"海水淡化之趨勢與未來性分析"，國家政策論壇，秋季號，1-17頁。
蔡勳雄(2003)"台灣地區之缺水危機豈可年年上演"，財團法人國家政策研究基金會。
李建中(2003)"水資源保育政策之研究"，財團法人國家政策研究基金會。
劉淑玲(2003)"海洋保護區劃設之衝突管理與公私夥伴關係之研究-以澎湖縣青灣內灣海域為例"，國立中山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士論文。
黃光玉、劉念夏、陳清文譯(2004)"媒介與傳播研究方法：質化與量話研究途徑"，風雲論壇，初版。
經濟部水利署(2007)"海水淡化過程中去硼技術之研究"，經濟部水利署，研究報告。
經濟部水利署(2008)"以海水淡化供應水資源之環境承載分析與發展研究"，能邦科技顧問有限公司、經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所，研究報告。
張淵斯(2009)"海水淡化的發展"，科學發展，第438期，32-39頁。
海水淡化網(2009)"海水淡化之技術"，http://www.TaiwanDesal.com.tw。
張添晉(2010)"用水合理化之策略與措施"，財團法人中技社。
曾仲寧(2010)"整合性海岸管理應用在海岸環境影響評估之研究"，國立成功大學海洋科技與事務研究所碩士論文。
翁御棋(2010)"面對不穩定的水資源"，台灣環境資訊協會-環境資訊中心。
楊偉甫(2010)"台灣地區水資源利用現況與未來發展問題"，用水合理化與新生水水源開發論壇，財團法人中技社。
經濟部水利署中區水資源局(2010)"台灣水資源-環境篇"，http://www.wracb.gov.tw/fp.asp?fpage=cp&xItem=5857&CtNode=1333&mp=6。
吳敦義(2010)"88水災之省思-國土開發之永續發展策略座談會"，財團法人中技社。
湯京平、邱崇原(2010)"專業與民主：台灣環境影響評估制度的運作與調適"，公共行政學報，第35期，1-28頁。
李鴻源(2010)"88水災之省思-國土開發之永續發展策略座談會"，財團法人中技社。
經濟部水利署(2012)"台南海水淡化廠可行性規劃-工程可行性規劃(2)"，能邦科技顧問有限公司、經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所，研究報告。
經濟部水利署(2012)"台灣水利建設的經驗及教訓"，http://file.wra.gov.tw/wra_ext/deveinfo/%E7%B0%A1%E8%A8%8A/37%E6%9C%9F/%E7%B0%A1%E8%A8%8A37%E5%B0%88%E8%AB%961.htm。
經濟部水利署(2012)"海水淡化採PFI策略推動初步評估"，經濟部水利署。
盧瑞興(2013)"多元化水資源開發"，http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=42855。
陳良棟(2014)"推動工業用水回收再利用之成效及策略"，財團法人中技社，臺灣水資源效率化利用策略專題報告。
經濟部水利署(2015)"104年抗旱相關Q&A"，http://www.wra.gov.tw/lp.asp?CtNode=8275&CtUnit=1717&BaseDSD=7。
南區水資源局(2015)"台南地區水資源及新興水源推動說明"，南區水資源局。
蔡展銘、趙永楠、黃淑君、陳伸安(2015)"海淡廠結合綠能與減碳可行性分析-以台南海淡廠為例"，第二十二屆水利工程研討會論文集，35-39頁。
經濟部水利署(2015)"公民參與"，http://www.wrasb.gov.tw/people/about.aspx?no=14&pno=index。
南區水資源局(2015)"多元化水資源"，http://www.waterbobo.com.tw/#!about/c1x1t。
自來水公司第四管理處(2016)"節約用水資訊網"，http://www.wcis.org.tw/。
經濟部水利署(2016) "節水三法效益表"，http://www.wra.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=81018&CtNode=2476。
行政院環境保護署(2016)"環評分工更清楚、審查更具公信力及效率環評法施行細則修正上路"，http://enews.epa.gov.tw/enews/fact_NewsPrint.asp?InputTime=1050105160308。
經濟部水利署全球資訊(2016)"國內現有海水淡化廠"，http://www.wra.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=22834&CtNode=5344。
 
英文文獻
Abdul-Azis, P.K. and I.A. Al-Tisan, M.A. Daili, T.N. Green, A.G.I. Dalvi, M.A. Javeed (2003) “Chlorophyll and plankton of the Gulf coastal waters of Saudi Arabia bordering a desalination plant,” Desalination, Vol. 154, pp. 291-302.
Al-Barwani, H.H. and A. Purnama (2006) “Re-assessing the impact of desalination plants brine discharges on eroding beaches,” Desalination, Vol. 204, pp. 94-101.
Anne, M. (2012) “Desalination: poised for 'internet scale' growth,” Cleantech magazine, Vol. 6, pp. 135.
Baumann, D.D. and R.E. Kasperson (1974) “Public acceptance of renovated waste water: myth and reality,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 10, pp. 667-674.
BBC, 2000, Water wars: part l - The Middle East, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/677547.stm.
Bernard, H.R., 2012, Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches, Sage Publications Inc, USA.
Bhattacharjee, Y. (2007) “Desalination: turning ocean water into rain,” Science, Vol. 316, pp. 1137-1138.
Bruvold, W.H. and H.J. Ongerth (1972) “Public use and evaluation of reclaimed water,” American Water Works Association, Vol. 66, pp. 294-297.
Bruvold, W.H. and P.C. Ward (1970) “Public attitudes toward uses of reclaimed wastewater,” Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 117, pp. 120-122.
Cicin-Sain, B. and R. Knecht, 1998, Integrated coastal and ocean management: concept and practices, University of Delaware, NY.
Clayton, R.A., 2011, A review of current knowledge desalination for water supply, Water Research, UK.
Corum, L., 2014, Australia’s drought ends as California’s begins, http://www.waterefficiency.net/WE/Articles/25723.aspx.
Crowder, L.B. and G. Osherenko, O.R. Young, S. Airamé, E.A. Norse, N. Baron, J.C. Day, F. Douvere, C.N. Ehler, B.S. Halpern, S.J. Langdon, K.L. McLeod, J.C. Ogden, R.E. Peach, A.A. Rosenberg, J.A. Wilson (2007) “Resolving mismatches in U.S. ocean governance,” Science, Vol. 313, pp. 716-618.
Dalton, T.M. (2006) “Exploring participants' views of participatory coastal and marine resource management processes,” Coastal Management, Vol. 34, pp. 351-367.
Danoun, R., 2007, Desalination plants: potential impacts of brine discharge on marine life, The Ocean Technology Group, Sydney.
Department of International Development (DFID), 2002, Tools for development- A handbook for those engaged in development activities, DFID, London.
Dolnicar, S. and A. Hurlimann, B. Gru ̈n (2011) “What affects public acceptance of recycled and desalinated water,” Water research, Vol. 45, pp. 933-943.
Dolnicar, S. and A.I. Scha ̈fer (2009) “Desalinated versus recycled water: public perceptions and profiles of the accepters,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 90, pp. 888-900.
Elimelech, M. and W.A. Phillip (2011) “The future of seawater desalination: energy, technology, and the environment,” Science, Vol. 333, pp. 712-717.
European Environment Agency (EEA), 2009, European Environment Agency (EEA) Report No 2, EEA, Denmark.
European Environment Agency (EEA), 2010, The European environment - state and outlook 2010. Water resources: quantity and flows, EEA, Denmark.
Food and Agriculture Organizaatio (FAO), 1990, The community's toolbox: the idea, methods and tools for participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation in community forestry, FAO, Rome.
Food and Agriculture Organization and World Water Council (FAO and WWC), 2015, Towards a water and food secure future: critical perspectives for policy-makers, FAO and WWC, Marseille.
Gibson, F.L. and S. Tapsuwan, I. Walker, E. Randrema (2015) “Drivers of an urban community’s acceptance of a large desalination scheme for drinking water,” Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 528, pp. 38-44.
Gopnik, M. and C. Fieseler, L. Cantral, K. McClellan, L. Pendleton, L. Crowder (2012) “Coming to the table: Early stakeholder engagement in marine spatial planning,” Marine Policy, Vol. 36, pp. 1139-1149.
Hall, N. and P. Ashworth, P. Devine-Wright (2013) “Societal acceptance of wind farms: Analysis of four common themes across Australian case studies,” Energy Policy, Vol. 58, pp. 200-213.
Hoepner, T. (1999) “A procedure for environmental impact assessments (EIA) for seawater desalination plants,” Desalination, Vol. 124, pp. 1-12.
Ho ̈epner, T. and S. Lattemann (2002) “Chemical impacts from seawater desalination plants- a case study of the northern Red Sea,” Desalination, Vol. 152, pp. 133-140.
Ho ̈epner, T. and S. Lattemann (2008) “Environmantal impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination,” Desalination, Vol. 220, pp. 1-15.
International Desalination Association (IDA), 2004, The IDA Desalination Yearbook, 2004-2005, IDA, USA.
International Desalination Association (IDA), 2006, The IDA Desalination Yearbook, 2006-2007, IDA, USA.
International Desalination Association (IDA), 2013, The IDA Desalination Yearbook, 2013-2014, IDA, USA.
International Desalination Association (IDA), 2014, The IDA Desalination Yearbook, 2014-2015, IDA, USA.
José Luis Fuentes-Bargues. (2014) “Analysis of the process of environmental impact assessment for seawater desalination plants in Spain,” Desalination, Vol. 347, pp. 166-174.
King, T.J. and D. Ooi, J. Cary, A. Fisher, R. Schibeci, K. Murphy, K. O’Toole, M. Mearns, J.A. Donaldson, 2012, Public perceptions of, and responses to, desalination in australia: a report on findings, Alered Deakin Reasearch Institute, Australia.
Latorre, M. (2005) “Environmental impact of brine disposal on posidonia seagrasses,” Desalination, Vol. 182, pp. 517-524.
Lattemann, S. and T. Ho ̈pner, 2009, Protecting the marine environment. seawater desalination, Green Energy and Technology, Oldenburg.
Leverenz, H.L. and G. Tchobanoglous, T. Asano (2011) “Direct potable reuse: a future imperative. J. Water Reuse,” Desalination, Vol. 1, pp. 2-10.
Maccoby, E. and N. Maccoby, 1954, The interview: a tool of social science handbook of social psychology, Addison-Wesley Massachusetts, Boston.
Marks J. and B. Martin, M. Zadoroznyj (2008) “How Australians order acceptance of recycled water,” Journal of Sociology, Vol. 44, pp. 83-99.
McLoughlin, P., 2004, Scientists say risk of water wars rising. http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/News_Room/Multimedia/coverage/pdf/reuters.
Meerganz von Medeazza, G.L. (2005) “Direct and socially- induced environmental impacts of desalination,” Desalination, Vol. 185, pp. 57-70.
Miles, E.L. and A. Underdal, S. Andresen, E.M. Carlin, J. Wettestad, J.B. Skjærseth, 2002, Environmental regime effectiveness: confronting theory with evidence, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
Morgan, M.G. and B. Fischhoff, A. Bostrom, C.J. Atman, 2002, Risk communication: A mental models approach, Cambridge University Press, NY.
New York Times, 2015, California imposes first mandatory water restrictions to deal with drought, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/us/california-imposes-first-ever-water-restrictions-to-deal-with-drought.html?_r=0.
Oki, T. and S. Kanae (2006) “Global hydrological cycles and world water resources,” Science, Vol. 313, pp. 1068-1072.
Overseas Development Administration (ODA), 1995, Note on enhancing stakeholder participation in aid activities, ODA, London.
Palmer, N., 2014, Why we need seawater desalination plants. opinion piece. national centre of excellence in desalination Australia, http://desalination.edu.au/2014/10/why-we-need-seawater-desalinationplants/#.VUd395PcAXg.
Pomeroy, R. and F. Douvere (2008) “The engagement of stakeholders in a marine spatial planning process,” Marine Policy, Vol. 32, pp. 816-822.
Raventos, N. and E. Macpherson, A. García-Rubiés (2006) “Effect of brine discharge from a desalination plant on macrobenthic communities in the NW,” Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 62, pp. 1-14.
Saaty, T. L., 1986, The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill, NY.
Schiermeier, Q. (2008) “Water: purification with a pinch of salt,” Nature, Vol. 452, pp. 260-261.
Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, 2009, Semi-Structured interview, http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/involvingpeople/methodologies/individualmethodologies/interviews.htm#semibenefits.
Sociology center, 2010, Sociological research skills research methods, http://www.sociology.org.uk/methfi.pdf.
Tal, A. (2006) “Seeking sustainability: Israel’s evolving water management Strategy,” Science, Vol. 313, pp. 1081-1084.
Theodori, G.L. and B.J. Wynveen, W. Fox, D.B. Burnett (2009) “Public perception of desalinated water from oil and gas field operations: data from Texas,” Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 22, pp. 674-685.
Tietenberg, T.H. and L. Lewis, 2009, Environmental and natural resource economics, Pearson Education, NY.
UNEP/MAP/MED POL, 2003, Sea water desalination in the mediterranean: assessment and guidelines, UNEP/MAP, Athens.
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), 2008, Desalination resource and guidance manual for environmental impact assessments, UNEP/WHO, Manama.
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 2009, UNFPA Annual Report 2008, United Nations Population Fund, NY.
United States Government Accountability Office, 2014, Freshwater supply concerns continue, and uncertainties complicate planning, United States Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC.
Vaknin, S., 2005, The emerging water wars, http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3092482,00.html.
West Lothian Council, 2009, Interviews, http://www.westlothian.gov.uk/.
Winter, T. and D.J. Pannell, L. McCann (2002) “The economics of desalination and it’s potential application in Australia,” Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, Vol. 46, pp. 1-13.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), 2005, Facts and trends: water, WBCD, Switzerland.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 2007, Making water- desalination: option or distraction for a thirsty world, Switzerland.
Yermiyahu, U. and A.Tal, A. Ben-Gal, A. Bar-Tal, J. Tarchitzky, O. Lahav (2007) “Rethinking desalinated water quality and agriculture,” Science, Vol. 318, pp. 920-921.
Zotalis, K. and E.G. Dialynas, N. Mamassis, A.N. Angelakis (2014) “Review: desalination technologies: Hellenic experience,” Water, Vol. 6, pp. 1134-1150.