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研究生： 任永星
Jen, Yung-Hsin
論文名稱： 具雜訊展抑能力之積體化三角積分降壓轉換器
An Integrated Sigma-Delta Noise-Spread Buck Converter
指導教授： 蔡建泓
Tsai, Chien-Hung
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2008
畢業學年度： 96
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 119
中文關鍵詞： 直流轉直流轉換器 、三角積分調變器
外文關鍵詞： DC-DC converter, sigma-delta modulator
相關次數： 點閱：72  下載：6 
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    • 本論文提出一個可供選擇之全積體化離散時間二階一位元三角調變積分器控制之
    低雜訊直流轉直流轉換器，包含完整之暫態小訊號模型與電路設計。這個轉換器以TSMC 0.35um 3.3V CMOS 製程設計與製造。其回授控制器DT-SDM2 可操作於400K~1M Hz 取樣頻率。DT-SDM2 操作於1M Hz 取樣頻率時與傳統工作於200KHz之PWM控制器相比，其抑制雜訊的能力可達到50dB，於1 MHz 頻率處降低noise floor達53dB，且能有效抑制效率2M Hz 內之雜訊能量達12.5%，其轉換效率仍可高達95.6%，且僅具有0.83%極低之輸出電壓漣波。若相較於連續時間二階一位元直流轉直流降壓轉換器，本論文所提出之全積體化離散時間二階一位元三角調變積分器控制之直流轉直流轉換器也具有達25dB 差距之較優異抑制雜訊能力。

    An integrated sigma.delta noise-spread buck converter using a discrete-time second
    order single.bit sigma-delta modulator (DT-SDM2) is presented. The DT-SDM2 buck
    converter and a compared PWM controller are designed and fabricated on a standard
    TSMC 0.35μm 3.3V CMOS process. Compared to a traditional PWM controller switching
    at 200 kHz, the DT-SDM2 sampling at 1M Hz suppresses the noise tone by 50dB at PWM switching frequency, spreads the noise floor by 53dB at DT-SDM2 sampling frequency,and decreases total noise power by 12.5% in 2M Hz with 95.6% efficiency and 0.83% output voltage ripple. The operating frequency of the proposed DT-SDM2 ranges from 400 KHz to 1 MHz. Simulation results show that DT-SDM2 has better noise performance than PWM and continuous.time SDM2 (CT-SDM2) buck converter.

    第一章 緒論..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 研究背景與動機.................................................................................................... 1 1.2 相關研究發展........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 論文架構簡介........................................................................................................ 5 第二章 三角調變積分器基本原理......................................................................................7 2.1 傳統ADC 原理..................................................................................................... 7 2.2 量化器與量化雜訊................................................................................................ 8 2.3 超取樣(oversampling)定理..................................................................................11 2.4 雜訊整型(noise shaping) ..................................................................................... 12 2.5 一階三角調變積分器 ( first-order Sigma-delta modulator ) ............................. 13 2.5.1 一階三角調變積分器之訊雜比(SNR) .................................................... 14 2.5.2 一階三角調變積分器之平均輸出........................................................... 15 2.5.3 一階三角調變積分器之穩定度分析....................................................... 16 2.6 二階三角調變積分器.......................................................................................... 17 2.7 二階三角調變積分器之係數比例縮小.............................................................. 18 第三章 三角調變積分器降壓穩壓器基本原理................................................................21 3.1 直流穩態分析...................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 連續導通模式........................................................................................... 22 3.1.2 不連續導通模式....................................................................................... 25 3.2 控制器.................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.1 脈波寬度調變(PWM)控制器................................................................... 28 3.2.2 三角調變積分器(SDM)控制器................................................................ 28 3.3 暫態分析與小訊號模型...................................................................................... 29 3.3.1 功率級小訊號模型................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 二階三角調變積分器之小訊號模型....................................................... 32 3.4 電壓模式控制原理.............................................................................................. 36 3.5 穩壓器效能與定義.............................................................................................. 39 3.6 電源效率比較...................................................................................................... 39 3.7 控制器輸出頻譜比較.......................................................................................... 40 第四章 規格制定與設計考量............................................................................................43 4.1 降壓轉換器規格.................................................................................................. 43 4.2 系統與補償器設計考量...................................................................................... 44 4.2.1 相位邊限與頻寬....................................................................................... 44 4.2.2 功率級電容與電感................................................................................... 45 V 4.2.3 補償器設計............................................................................................... 45 4.3 三角調變積分器考量.......................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 離散時間三角調變積分器基本動作原理............................................... 47 4.3.2 離散時間三角調變積分器設計考量....................................................... 50 4.4 三角調變積分降壓轉換器設計考量.................................................................. 61 4.4.1 功率電晶體最佳化.................................................................................... 61 4.4.2 誤差放大器............................................................................................... 62 第五章 系統模擬平台建立................................................................................................63 5.1 SIMULINK 元件簡介.......................................................................................... 63 5.2 離散時間二階三角調變積分器非理想模型...................................................... 64 5.3 三角調變積分控制器降壓轉換器模型............................................................... 75 5.3.1 功率級模型............................................................................................... 75 5.3.2 補償器....................................................................................................... 77 5.3.3 降壓轉換器MATLAB SIMULINK 模型................................................. 79 5.3.4 PWM 控制降壓轉換器MATLAB SIMULINK 模型.............................. 80 5.3.5 頻譜比較................................................................................................... 81 第六章 電路設計、模擬與佈局........................................................................................83 6.1 二階三角調變積分控制器.................................................................................. 84 6.1.1 訂定訊號範圍........................................................................................... 84 6.1.2 運算放大器............................................................................................... 84 6.1.3 遲滯比較器............................................................................................... 86 6.1.4 Static Latch (D Latch) ................................................................................ 88 6.1.5 回授控制邏輯(Feedback Control Logic) .................................................. 89 6.1.6 四相位時脈產生器(4-phase Clock generator) .......................................... 89 6.1.7 開關的尺寸................................................................................................ 91 6.1.8 二階三角調變積分器佈局與模擬............................................................ 92 6.2 PWM 電壓模式之降壓轉換器............................................................................ 93 6.2.1 誤差放大器................................................................................................ 94 6.2.2 比較器........................................................................................................ 95 6.2.3 鋸齒波產生器............................................................................................ 96 6.2.4 Dead-Time Control..................................................................................... 96 6.2.5 緩啟動電路................................................................................................ 97 6.3 降壓轉換器之佈局............................................................................................... 98 6.4 降壓轉換器模擬結果.......................................................................................... 99 6.4.1 TT 模式下降壓轉換器模擬結果.............................................................. 99 6.4.2 溫度變異與製程變異............................................................................. 105 6.4.3 效率......................................................................................................... 106 VI 6.4.4 Line Regulation........................................................................................ 107 6.4.5 Load Regulation ....................................................................................... 108 6.4.6 預計規格與比較...................................................................................... 109 6.4.7 量測考量..................................................................................................111 第七章 結論與未來研究方向..........................................................................................112 7.1 總結與貢獻.........................................................................................................112 7.2 未來研究方向.....................................................................................................112 參考文獻............................................................................................................................113 附錄 An Integrated Sigma-Delta Noise-Shaped Buck Converter...............................116

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