本論文研究題目為應用於負載點供電具數位式電量等化功能之鋰電池管理系統，詳細探討電池管理系統之電池電量估測技術以及電池電量等化技術，包含架構以及演算法。本論文作品根據研究結果設計一複合式數位電池管理系統，具備電池電量估測技術、電池電量等化技術以及負載點供電功能。
本作品在電池電量估測技術上面，採用開回路電壓法，並加入電池內阻補償校正技術以增加其準確度；在電池電量等化技術上面，擁有兩種模式分別為電池對負載平衡以及電池對電池平衡以因應使用者大部分操作情況；負載點供電功能提供使用者導入應用端之彈性及適應性。
本作品針對一三顆Panasonic NCR-18650鋰離子電池組成之串聯電池組設計一電池管理系統。電池電量等化電路基於三級雙向返馳式轉換器連接而成；中央數位控制器擁有負載點電壓穩壓功能、電池電量估測演算法、電池電量等化演算法以及整體系統控制。整個數位控制系統透過FPGA開發板實現完成量測驗證。

In this thesis, Li-Ion Battery Management System with Digitally-Controlled Charge Equalization for Point-of-Load Applications, battery SoC estimation technique and battery equalization technique in battery management system (BMS) are discussed both in architecture and algorithm. A compound BMS with battery SoC estimation, battery equalization and point-of-load power supply function has been designed in this thesis.
Open circuit voltage method is adopted in this work and a calibration technique for battery inherent impendance compensation is added in as well. Battery equalization in this work has two modes, cell to load balancing and cell to cell balancing, in order to apply most user operation situations. Point-of-load power supply function provides user an adaptation and flexibility in application implementation.
A digital BMS has been designed for a three series-connected Panasonic NCR-18650 Li-Ion battery string. Battery equalizer is constructed by a three stage bi-birectional flyback converter. Point-of-load regulation, battery SoC estimation, battery equalization and whole system control are designed in the central digital controller which implemented by FPGA board and verified by measurement results.

[1] Y. Barsukov and J. Qian, Battery Power Management for Portable Devices. Artech House, 2013.
[2] H. Rahimi-Eichi, U. Ojha, F. Baronti, and M. Chow, "Battery Management System: An Overview of Its Application in the Smart Grid and Electric Vehicles," IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 4-16, 2013.
[3] L. Lu, X. Han, J. Li, J. Hua, and M. Ouyang, "A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 226, pp. 272-288, 2013/03/15/ 2013.
[4] D. Andrea, Battery Management Systems for Large Lithium Ion Battery Packs. Artech House, 2010.
[5] M. Brandl et al., "Batteries and battery management systems for electric vehicles," in 2012 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2012, pp. 971-976.
[6] Maxim Integrated, "Integrated Charger, Dual Main Step-Down Controllers, and Dual LDO Regulators," MAX17085B datasheet, [Online]. Available: https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX17085B.pdf
[7] N. Watrin, B. Blunier, and A. Miraoui, "Review of adaptive systems for lithium batteries State-of-Charge and State-of-Health estimation," in 2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), 2012, pp. 1-6.
[8] J. Gallardo-Lozano, E. Romero-Cadaval, M. I. Milanes-Montero, and M. A. Guerrero-Martinez, "Battery equalization active methods," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 246, pp. 934-949, 2014/01/15/ 2014.
[9] M. M. U. Rehman, F. Zhang, M. Evzelman, R. Zane, and D. Maksimovic, "Control of a series-input, parallel-output cell balancing system for electric vehicle battery packs," in 2015 IEEE 16th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2015, pp. 1-7.
[10] M. Shousha, T. McRae, A. Prodić, V. Marten, and J. Milios, "Design and Implementation of High Power Density Assisting Step-Up Converter With Integrated Battery Balancing Feature," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1068-1077, 2017.
[11] Q. Cai, D. J. L. Brett, D. Browning, and N. P. Brandon, "A sizing-design methodology for hybrid fuel cell power systems and its application to an unmanned underwater vehicle," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 19, pp. 6559-6569, 2010/10/01/ 2010.
[12] D. L. a. T. B. Reddy, Handbook Of Batteries. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001.
[13] R. Padbury and X. Zhang, "Lithium–oxygen batteries—Limiting factors that affect performance," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 10, pp. 4436-4444, 2011/05/15/ 2011.
[14] N. Kularatna, "Rechargeable batteries and their management," IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 20-33, 2011.
[15] G. Ning, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov, "A generalized cycle life model of rechargeable Li-ion batteries," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2012-2022, 2006/02/01/ 2006.
[16] 洪琬宜, "串聯電池之平衡充放電方法," 電機工程學系, 國立成功大學, 2013.
[17] A. A.-H. Hussein and I. Batarseh, "A Review of Charging Algorithms for Nickel and Lithium Battery Chargers," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 830-838, 2011.
[18] Panasonic. "Lithium-Ion Battery NCR 18650B datasheet" [Online]. Available: https://www.batteryspace.com/prod-specs/NCR18650B.pdf
[19] C. S. Moo, K. S. Ng, and Y. C. Hsieh, "Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules," in 2005 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 983-988.
[20] H. Park, C. Kim, G. Moon, J. Lee, and J. K. Oh, "Two-Stage Cell Balancing Scheme for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Strings," in 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2007, pp. 273-279.
[21] M. Kim, C. Kim, J. Kim, and G. Moon, "A modularized BMS with an active cell balancing circuit for lithium-ion batteries in V2G system," in 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2012, pp. 401-406.
[22] M. Bragard, N. Soltau, S. Thomas, and R. W. D. Doncker, "The Balance of Renewable Sources and User Demands in Grids: Power Electronics for Modular Battery Energy Storage Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3049-3056, 2010.
[23] T. H. Phung, A. Collet, and J. Crebier, "An Optimized Topology for Next-to-Next Balancing of Series-Connected Lithium-ion Cells," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 4603-4613, 2014.
[24] 財團法人車輛研究測試中心, "智慧型電池電量狀態估測與充放電等化技術," 2017.
[25] Maxim Integrated, “12 Channel, High Voltage Sensor, Smart Data-Acquisition Interface”, MAX11068 datasheet [Online]. Available: https://media.digikey.com/pdf/Data%20Sheets/Maxim%20PDFs/MAX11068.pdf
[26] Texas Instruments, "bq297xx Cost-Effective Voltage and Current Protection Integrated Circuit for Single-Cell Li-Ion and Li-Polymer Batteries" [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq2970.pdf
[27] Texas Instruments, "16-Cell EV/HEV Integrated Battery Monitor and Protector", bq76PL455A-Q1 datasheet, [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq76pl455a-q1.pdf
[28] Analog Devices, “Lithium Ion Battery Monitoring System”, AD7280A datasheet, [Online]. Available: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD7280A.pdf
[29] Analog Devices, “Multicell Battery Monitors”, LTC6804 datasheet, [Online]. Available: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/680412fc.pdf
[30] Texas Instruments, "PowerLAN™ Master Gateway Battery Management Controller With PowerPump™ Cell Balancing Technology," bq78PL114 datasheet, [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq78pl114.pdf
[31] Texas Instruments, "bq27750 Impedance Track™ Battery Gas Gauge and Protection Solution for 1-Series Cell Li-Ion Battery Packs", bq27750 datasheet [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq27750.pdf
[32] Texas Instruments, "bq76925 Host-Controlled Analog Front End for 3-Series to 6-Series Cell Li-Ion/Li-Polymer Battery Protection and Gas Gauging Applications," bq76925 datasheet [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq76925.pdf
[33] Maxim Integrated, "Stand-Alone Model Gauge m5 Fuel Gauge with SHA-256 Authentication," [Online]. Available: https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX17201-MAX17215.pdf
[34] Texas Instruments, "bq76PL536A-Q13-to-6 Series Cell Lithium-Ion Battery Monitorand Secondary Protection IC for EV and HEV Applications," bq76PL536A datasheet, [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/bq76pl536a-q1.pdf
[35] Anlalog Devices, "High Efficiency Bidirectional Multicell Battery Balancer," LTC3300 datasheet, [Online]. Available: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/33001fb.pdf
[36] Analog Devices, "2.5A Monolithic Active Cell Balancer with Telemetry Interface," LTC8584 datasheet, [Online]. Available: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/8584fb.pdf
[37] R. Li, J. Wu, H. Wang, and G. Li, "Prediction of state of charge of Lithium-ion rechargeable battery with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy theory," in 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2010, pp. 684-688.
[38] Texas Instruments, "Battery Monitoring Basics," [Online]. Available: https://training.ti.com/sites/default/files/BatteryMonitoringBasics.ppt
[39] K. Ng, C. Moo, C. Yi-Ping, and Y. Hsieh, "State-of-charge estimation for lead-acid batteries based on dynamic open-circuit voltage," in 2008 IEEE 2nd International Power and Energy Conference, 2008, pp. 972-976.
[40] X. Cao, Q. Zhong, Y. Qiao, and Z. Deng, "Multilayer Modular Balancing Strategy for Individual Cells in a Battery Pack," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 526-536, 2018.
[41] S. Lee, K. Lee, Y. Choi, and B. Kang, "Modularized Design of Active Charge Equalizer for Li-Ion Battery Pack," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 8697-8706, 2018.
[42] M. Petzl and M. A. Danzer, "Advancements in OCV Measurement and Analysis for Lithium-Ion Batteries," IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 675-681, 2013.
[43] G. Fathoni, S. A. Widayat, P. A. Topan, A. Jalil, A. I. Cahyadi, and O. Wahyunggoro, "Comparison of State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation performance based on three popular methods: Coulomb counting, open circuit voltage, and Kalman filter," in 2017 2nd International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Optics, Micro Electro-­Mechanical System, and Information Technology (ICACOMIT), 2017, pp. 70-74.
[44] L. Chia-Hsiang, H. Hong-Wei, and C. Ke-Horng, "Built-in resistance compensation (BRC) technique for fast charging Li-Ion battery charger," in 2008 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, 2008, pp. 33-36.
[45] C. Lin, C. Hsieh, and K. Chen, "A Li-Ion Battery Charger With Smooth Control Circuit and Built-In Resistance Compensator for Achieving Stable and Fast Charging," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 506-517, 2010.
[46] L. W. Juang, P. J. Kollmeyer, R. Zhao, T. M. Jahns, and R. D. Lorenz, "Coulomb counting state-of-charge algorithm for electric vehicles with a physics-based temperature dependent battery model," in 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015, pp. 5052-5059.
[47] K. Ng, Y. Huang, C. Moo, and Y. Hsieh, "An enhanced coulomb counting method for estimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lead-acid batteries," in INTELEC 2009 - 31st International Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2009, pp. 1-5.
[48] J. Nagata, K. Kawasaki, and H. Nakamoto, "A battery management system adapted for an energy harvester with a low-power state of charge monitoring method and a 24 microwatt intermittently enabled Coulomb counter," in 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2018, pp. 3556-3562.
[49] h. Hongwen, R. Xiong, and F. Jinxin, Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Battery Equivalent Circuit Models for State of Charge Estimation by an Experimental Approach. 2011.
[50] F. Baranti, R. Roncella, R. Saletti, and W. Zamboni, "FPGA implementation of the mix algorithm for state-of-charge estimation of Lithium-ion batteries," in IECON 2014 - 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2014, pp. 5641-5646.
[51] R. Morello et al., "Comparison of state and parameter estimators for electric vehicle batteries," in IECON 2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2015, pp. 005433-005438.
[52] F. Codecà, S. M. Savaresi, and V. Manzoni, "The mix estimation algorithm for battery State-of-Charge estimator- Analysis of the sensitivity to measurement errors," in Proceedings of the 48h IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) held jointly with 2009 28th Chinese Control Conference, 2009, pp. 8083-8088.
[53] G. L. Plett, "Sigma-point Kalman filtering for battery management systems of LiPB-based HEV battery packs: Part 1: Introduction and state estimation," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 1356-1368, 2006/10/27/ 2006.
[54] J. Kim, S. Lee, and B. H. Cho, "Complementary Cooperation Algorithm Based on DEKF Combined With Pattern Recognition for SOC/Capacity Estimation and SOH Prediction," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 436-451, 2012.
[55] L. W. Juang, P. J. Kollmeyer, T. M. Jahns, and R. D. Lorenz, "Implementation of online battery state-of-power and state-of-function estimation in electric vehicle applications," in 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2012, pp. 1819-1826.
[56] F. Zhang et al., "State-of-charge estimation based on microcontroller-implemented sigma-point Kalman filter in a modular cell balancing system for Lithium-Ion battery packs," in 2015 IEEE 16th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL), 2015, pp. 1-7.
[57] Y. Ma, P. Duan, Y. Sun, and H. Chen, "Equalization of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Based on Fuzzy Logic Control in Electric Vehicle," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 6762-6771, 2018.
[58] M. S. H. Lipu, M. A. Hannan, A. Hussain, M. H. M. Saad, A. Ayob, and F. Blaabjerg, "State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Using Recurrent NARX Neural Network Model Based Lighting Search Algorithm," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 28150-28161, 2018.
[59] J. Chen, Q. Ouyang, C. Xu, and H. Su, "Neural Network-Based State of Charge Observer Design for Lithium-Ion Batteries," IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 313-320, 2018.
[60] H. Lin, T. Liang, and S. Chen, "Estimation of Battery State of Health Using Probabilistic Neural Network," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 679-685, 2013.
[61] P. Singh and D. Reisner, "Fuzzy logic-based state-of-health determination of lead acid batteries," in 24th Annual International Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2002, pp. 583-590.
[62] Infineon Technologies, “Active Charge Balancing for Battery Stacks”, [Online]. Available: http://www.power-mag.com/pdf/feature_pdf/1222952166_PEE_Issue_3_2008_Battery_Management-Active_Charge_Balancing_for_Li-ion_Battery_Stacks.pdf
[63] A. Otto et al., "Thermo-Mechanical Stress Investigations on Newly Developed Passive Balancing Board for Battery Management Systems," in AmE 2016 - Automotive meets Electronics; 7th GMM-Symposium, 2016, pp. 1-6.
[64] F. Zhang, M. M. U. Rehman, R. Zane, and D. Maksimović, "Hybrid balancing in a modular battery management system for electric-drive vehicles," in 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2017, pp. 578-583.
[65] B. Dong, Y. Li, and Y. Han, "Parallel Architecture for Battery Charge Equalization," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 4906-4913, 2015.
[66] F. Baronti, G. Fantechi, R. Roncella, and R. Saletti, "High-Efficiency Digitally Controlled Charge Equalizer for Series-Connected Cells Based on Switching Converter and Super-Capacitor," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1139-1147, 2013.
[67] C. Kim, H. Park, and G. Moon, "A modularized two-stage charge equalization converter for series connected lithium-ion battery strings in an HEV," in 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008, pp. 992-997.
[68] N. Cui, Y. Shang, Q. Zhang, and C. Zhang, "A direct multi-cells-to-multi-cells equalizer based on LC matrix converter for series-connected battery strings," in 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2018, pp. 680-683.
[69] P. A. Cassani and S. S. Williamson, "Design, Testing, and Validation of a Simplified Control Scheme for a Novel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Battery Cell Equalizer," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 3956-3962, 2010.
[70] C. Karnjanapiboon, K. Jirasereeamornkul, and V. Monyakul, "High efficiency battery management system for serially connected battery string," in 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2009, pp. 1504-1509.
[71] H. Park, C. Kim, C. Kim, G. Moon, and J. Lee, "A Modularized Charge Equalizer for an HEV Lithium-Ion Battery String," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1464-1476, 2009.
[72] Q. Ouyang, J. Chen, J. Zheng, and H. Fang, "Optimal Cell-to-Cell Balancing Topology Design for Serially Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Packs," IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 350-360, 2018.
[73] Q. Ouyang, J. Chen, J. Zheng, and Y. Hong, "SOC Estimation-Based Quasi-Sliding Mode Control for Cell Balancing in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 3427-3436, 2018.
[74] A. M. Imtiaz and F. H. Khan, "“Time Shared Flyback Converter” Based Regenerative Cell Balancing Technique for Series Connected Li-Ion Battery Strings," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 5960-5975, 2013.
[75] M. A. Hannan, M. M. Hoque, S. E. Peng, and M. N. Uddin, "Lithium-Ion Battery Charge Equalization Algorithm for Electric Vehicle Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 2541-2549, 2017.
[76] C. Kim, M. Kim, and G. Moon, "A Modularized Charge Equalizer Using a Battery Monitoring IC for Series-Connected Li-Ion Battery Strings in Electric Vehicles," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 3779-3787, 2013.
[77] M. Kim, C. Kim, S. Cho, and G. Moon, "A cell selective charge equalizer using multi-output converter with auxiliary transformer," in 8th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia, 2011, pp. 310-317.
[78] A. Xu, S. Xie, and X. Liu, "Dynamic Voltage Equalization for Series-Connected Ultracapacitors in EV/HEV Applications," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 3981-3987, 2009.
[79] Y. Shang, C. Zhang, N. Cui, J. M. Guerrero, and K. Sun, "A crossed pack-to-cell equalizer based on quasi-resonant LC converter with adaptive fuzzy logic equalization control for series-connected lithium-ion battery strings," in 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2015, pp. 1685-1692.
[80] C. Zhang, Y. Shang, Z. Li, and N. Cui, "An Interleaved Equalization Architecture with Self-Learning Fuzzy Logic Control for Series-Connected Battery Strings," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 10923-10934, 2017.
[81] M. Evzelman, M. M. U. Rehman, K. Hathaway, R. Zane, D. Costinett, and D. Maksimovic, "Active Balancing System for Electric Vehicles With Incorporated Low-Voltage Bus," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 7887-7895, 2016.
[82] M. M. U. Rehman, F. Zhang, R. Zane, and D. Maksimovic, "Control of bidirectional DC/DC converters in reconfigurable, modular battery systems," in 2017 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2017, pp. 1277-1283.
[83] M. Shousha, T. McRae, A. Prodic, and V. Marten, "Assisting converter based integrated battery management system for low power applications," in 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014, 2014, pp. 1579-1583.
[84] M. Shousha, A. Prodić, V. Marten, and J. Milios, "Design and Implementation of Assisting Converter-Based Integrated Battery Management System for Electromobility Applications," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 825-842, 2018.
[85] 陳達進, "高效率低成本數位控制適配器之研究與設計," 電機工程學系, 國立成功大學, 2017.
[86] S. Maniktala, "Chapter 10 - Off-line Converter Design and Magnetics A2 - Brown, Marty," in Power Sources and SuppliesBurlington: Newnes, 2008, pp. 295-343.
[87] E. Walker. "Design Review: A Step-By-Step Approach to AC Line-Powered Converters" [Online]. Available: www.ti.com/lit/pdf/slup229
[88] A. A. Saliva. "Design Guide for Off-line Fixed Frequency DCM Flyback Converter" [Online]. Available: www.mouser.com/pdfdocs/2-8.pdf
[89] Richtek. "Feedback Control Design of Off-line Flyback Converter" [Online]. Available: www.richtek.com/assets/AppNote/AN017_EN/AN017.pdf
[90] ON-Semiconductor. "DC-DC Converters Feedback and Control" [Online]. Available: http://www.onsemi.cn/pub/Collateral/TND352-D.PDF
[91] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamental of Power Electronics, 2nd ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[92] W. Chen, X. Ruan, H. Yan, and C. K. Tse, "DC/DC Conversion Systems Consisting of Multiple Converter Modules: Stability, Control, and Experimental Verifications," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1463-1474, 2009.
[93] 陳煜欣, "具電流及熱平衡之無感測式數位四相降壓型轉換器," 電機工程學系, 國立成功大學, 2018.
[94] S. N. Manias and G. Kostakis, "Modular DC-DC convertor for high-output voltage applications," IEE Proceedings B - Electric Power Applications, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 97-102, 1993.
[95] K. Jung-Won, Y. Jung-Sik, and B. H. Cho, "Modeling, control, and design of input-series-output-parallel-connected converter for high-speed-train power system," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 536-544, 2001.
[96] V. Vorperian, "Synthesis of Medium Voltage dc-to-dc Converters From Low-Voltage, High-Frequency PWM Switching Converters," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1619-1635, 2007.
[97] S. Inoue and H. Akagi, "A Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converter as a Core Circuit of the Next-Generation Medium-Voltage Power Conversion System," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 535-542, 2007.
[98] Fairchild. AN-6093. "Design Guideline for Flyback Charger Using FAN104WMX" [Online]. Available: https://www.fairchildsemi.com/application-notes/AN/AN-6093.pdf
[99] A. Radić, A. Straka, and A. Prodić, "Low-volume stackable flyback converter with near minimum deviation controller," in 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014, 2014, pp. 1948-1953.