在富含硫酸鹽的環境中，混凝土會透過膨脹性產物的生成、強度損失與裂縫而劣化，且硫酸鹽反應越多，損害通常越嚴重。超高性能混凝土（Ultra-High Performance Concrete, UHPC）憑藉其緻密的微觀結構可抵抗這些環境，但這種緻密性本身也可能改變硫酸鹽侵蝕的作用方式。這引發了一個問題：一般混凝土已知的侵蝕途徑是否仍然適用於 UHPC。此外，配比設計變數，如爐石（GGBS）取代率、VAE 聚合物摻量與水泥類型，如何控制 UHPC 的硫酸鹽抵抗行為，目前仍不明確。
為探討此問題，本研究採用 2⁴ 因子設計，涵蓋 16 種 UHPC 配比與一種一般強度砂漿（Normal Strength Mortar, NSM）作為對照，主要探討三個變數：爐石取代率、VAE 聚合物摻量與水泥類型。試體於拆模後隨即浸泡於 5% 硫酸鈉溶液中，最長達 360 天，並涵蓋輸送性、物理、力學與微觀結構性能。
在所有試驗類別中，UHPC 均展現出遠優於 NSM 的硫酸鹽抵抗性，證實其緻密基質不僅能限制硫酸鹽的滲入，更改變了侵蝕的化學途徑。在各配比設計變數中，以爐石取代率的影響最為顯著：正常爐石取代率（Normal GGBS）啟動了孔隙填充途徑，而高爐石取代率（High GGBS）則轉向膨脹行為。VAE 增加了物理損害，但同時透過纖維與基質界面處的聚合物網絡效應，改善了力學性能的保持率。水泥類型則產生了分歧的結果：CEM II 在輸送性與抗壓方面表現較佳，而 CEM I 則因較高的界面過渡區（ITZ）鈣礬石富集，在抗拉保持率方面表現較佳。
綜合而言，這些結果指向一個核心結論：UHPC 的硫酸鹽抵抗性主要取決於孔隙幾何形態，而非反應產物的數量。本研究辨識出一種受孔徑控制的反應途徑，即相同的產物在受限的細孔中造成緻密化，而在較粗大的孔隙中則造成損害。由於在此材料系統中，物理損害與力學性能可能出現脫鉤現象，因此完整的硫酸鹽抵抗性評估需將兩者一併評估，而非單獨考量。

Concrete in sulfate rich environments deteriorates through expansive product formation, strength loss, and cracking, where more sulfate reaction means more damage. Ultra-High Performance Concrete resists these conditions through its dense microstructure, but this same density may change how sulfate attack works. This raises the question of whether the pathway known for normal concrete still applies. It also remains unclear how mix design variables such as GGBS replacement level, VAE addition, and cement type control this sulfate resistance behavior in UHPC.
To address this, a 2⁴ factorial design was adopted across 16 UHPC mixtures and one Normal Strength Mortar reference, examining three variables mainly GGBS replacement level, VAE polymer addition, and cement type. Specimens were exposed to 5% sodium sulfate solution immediately after demolding for up to 360 days, covering transport, physical, mechanical, and microstructural performance.
UHPC demonstrated fundamentally superior sulfate resistance over NSM across all test categories, confirming that its dense matrix not only limits sulfate ingress but redirects the chemistry of attack. Among the mix design variables, GGBS replacement level had the strongest influence, where Normal GGBS activated a pore filling pathway while High GGBS shifted toward expansion. VAE increased physical damage but simultaneously improved mechanical retention through polymer network effects at the fiber matrix interface. Cement type produced a split outcome where CEM II performed better in transport and compression while CEM I performed better in tensile retention through greater ITZ ettringite enrichment.
Together these findings point to a central conclusion that sulfate resistance in UHPC is governed by pore geometry rather than product quantity. A pore size-controlled reaction pathway was identified where the same products cause densification in confined pores and damage in coarser ones. Because physical damage and mechanical performance can decouple in this material system, comprehensive sulfate resistance assessment requires both to be evaluated together rather than in isolation.

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