簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 朱正國
Chu, Cheng-Kuo
論文名稱: 領導者-成員交換關係(LMX)對工作滿足及員工創造力之影響
The Impact of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) on Job Satisfaction and Employee Creativity
指導教授: 蔡明田
Tsai, Ming-Tien
共同指導教授: 蔡惠婷
Tsai, Huei-Ting
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 管理學院 - 高階管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)
論文出版年: 2011
畢業學年度: 99
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 75
中文關鍵詞: 領導者-成員交換理論 (LMX)員工的創造力工作滿足員工績效
外文關鍵詞: Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), Employee Creativity, Job Satisfaction, Employee Performance
相關次數: 點閱:204下載:5
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究是探討領導者-成員交換(LMX)關係對工作滿足、內在動機、外在報酬及情感性承諾有何影響,且同時探討各相關因素如何對員工創造力產生影響以及員工創造力與員工工作績效之間的關係。本研究以台灣企業員工為研究對象,採便利抽樣的方式於2010年11月中開始進行問卷調查,問卷調查期間為期1個月,以主管及其部屬配對式問卷方式進行,共計發放120 份主管問卷(每份含5位部屬)及600 份直屬部屬問卷,回收有效問卷為 395組,有效回收率為 65.7 % (395/600)。
    本研究利用 SPSS 15.0 以及Amos 7.0 統計分析軟體進行實證作業,使用的統計方法包括:敘述性統計分析、因素分析、信度分析、內容效度分析以及線性結構關係模式(SEM)來驗證各研究變數的影響關係。實證結果發現如下:
    1.領導者-成員交換(LMX)關係對內在動機、工作滿足、外在報酬及情感性承諾呈現顯著正向影響。
    2.內在動機、外在報酬與情感性承諾對工作滿足呈現顯著正向影響。
    3.內在動機對員工的創造力呈現顯著正向影響。
    4.工作滿足對員工的創造力無顯著正向影響。
    5.員工的創造力與員工工作績效呈現顯著正向影響。

    This study examines the relationships among the leader-member exchange (LMX), job satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reward, and affective commitment. This study also examines how these factors influence employee creativity and the relationship between employee creativity and employee performance. This research has chosen Taiwan organizational employees as its primary research subjects. Using the convenience sampling in the middle of November 2010, the survey was carried out over a one-month period. The survey was implemented by distributing pair questionnaires to leader-member in pairs consisting of a population of 600 (120 sets for leader, each set has 5 members, and 600 samples for members). There are total 395 valid samples and the effective response rate is 65.7%.
    This study is analyzed with statistics software by SPSS 15.0 and Amos 7.0. The empirical data was analyzed by descriptive statistics analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, and then the structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to measure correlations among the variables. The results of this study are as follows: (1) LMX has a significant positive effect on intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, extrinsic reward, and affective commitment. (2) intrinsic motivation, extrinsic reward and affective commitment have a significant positive effect on job satisfaction. (3) intrinsic motivation has a significant positive effect on employee creativity. (4) job satisfaction has no significant positive effect on employee creativity. (5) employee creativity has a significant positive effect on employee performance.

    摘 要 I ABSTRACT II 誌 謝 III 目 錄表目錄 IV 表目錄 V 圖目錄 VI 第一章緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的 3 第三節 研究範圍 3 第四節 研究流程 4 第二章 文獻探討 5 第一節 領導者-成員交換(簡稱LMX)理論 5 第二節 工作滿足 11 第三節 工作動機 15 第四節 組織承諾 18 第五節 創造力 21 第六節 工作績效 26 第七節 各構面關係之探討 28 第三章 研究方法 31 第一節 研究架構 31 第二節 操作性定義與問卷設計 32 第三節 研究假說 38 第四節 問卷設計與研究對象 39 第五節 資料分析方法 40 第四章 實證分析 43 第一節 樣本結構分析 43 第二節 因素分析 45 第三節 信效度分析 49 第四節 線性結構關係模式 53 第五節 各構面之差異分析 56 第五章 結論與建議 58 第一節 研究結論 58 第二節 研究限制與後續研究建議 61 參考文獻 62 附錄一 問卷 71

    一、中文部份:
    1.方俊儒(2001),「領導行為、工作特性與工作滿足關係之探討--以我國大型會計師事務所為例」,國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所
    2.王世福(2005),「工作價值觀、組織承諾、工作滿意與工作績效相關性之研究-以國軍徵募士兵為例」,靜宜大學企業管理研究所
    3.王佳玲(2004),「大學生情緒智力信念、創造力信念與情緒智力、創造力之關係」,國立國立政治大學教育研究所
    4.王精文、范凱棠(2006),「工作不滿足與持續承諾對員工創造力表現之影響」,人力資源管理學報冬季號,第六卷第四期,頁81 - 98
    5.王曉菡(2008),「華人工作動機與工作滿意度及組織承諾之關聯研究」,國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所
    6.江美姈(2007),「組織氣候、主管情緒智力及領導者與部屬交換關係對員工工作滿意及工作績效關聯性之研究-以營建產業為例」,國立成功大學高階管理碩士在職專班
    7.李安麗(1999),「研發人員工作動機與工作滿足對創造力之影響-以P公司為例」,第五屆企業人力資源管理診斷專案研究成果研討會
    8.吳佩芳(2003) ,「管理才能、工作動機與工作績效、部門績效關係之研究」,國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所
    9.吳萬益(2000),「企業研究方法」,華泰文化事業股份有限公司。
    10.邱艷婷(2005),「人力資源高績效工作實務對員工工作績效、組織公民行為關聯性之探討」,國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所
    11.林佳暖(2005),「師徒關係與組織承諾」,國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所
    12.周明鴻(2004),「主管的領導型態對於下屬的創造力及工作滿足之影響研究」,國立中興大學企業管理學系研究所
    13.郭千維(2009),「領導者-成員交換關係對成員溝通滿意度與創意績效之影響:以激勵語言為調節變項」,朝陽科技大學企業管理系碩士論文
    14.張仁杰(2001),「領導者/部屬交換理論與組織行為有關變數關係之研究」,國立成功大學企業管理研究所
    15.胡秀華(2004),「主管與部屬之交換關係對獎酬決策的影響:台灣與美國之比較」,國立台灣大學商學研究所
    16.陳靜怡譯 (2000),Schermerhorn, Jr. J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N.著,「組織行為」,台北:台灣西書出版社。
    17.孫靖(2007),「領導-成員交換理論對員工的工作績效及組織情感承諾的影響」,中國集體經濟,31: 125 ~ 126,中國西南交通大學經濟管理學院
    18.許士軍(1997),「管理學,東華書局」。
    19.黃李祥(2001),「工作特性、工作動機對工作滿足之關係研究─以半導體製造業為例」,立中央大學人力資源管理研究所
    20.趙傑夫(1988) ,「我國台灣地區國民中學校長工作壓力之研究-工作壓力與社會支持、因應方式、工作滿足關係之分析」,國立政治大學教育研究所
    21.蔡林亮(1993),「勞工工作價值觀、組織氣候與工作滿意度之關係研究─以嘉義地區製造業勞工為例」,國立中正大學勞工研究所
    22.鄭麗芳(2005),「領導風格與工作滿意度對情感性承諾影響之研究」,國立中央大學資訊管理研究所
    23.賴倩慧(1993),「領導型態、企業文化對學習型組織運作與員工工作滿足之關聯性研究」,國立成功大學企業管理研究所
    24.賴明凱(1999),「資訊電子產業研究發展創新相關因素之探討」,成功大學工業管理研究所
    25.藍堂愿(2005),「創造力人格特質與研發績效之關係」,國立中興大學高階經理人碩士在職專班
    26.饒瑞霖 (2000),「創造力攸關之內外在環境特質與內外在動機之關係-學童與廠商跨領域之比較研究」,中央大學企業管理研究所

    二、英文部份:
    1.Adams, J. S., (1963), “Toward an understanding of inequity”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67 (3), pp.422-436.
    2.Allen NJ, Meyer JP. (1996), “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity”, Journal of vocational behavior, 49 (3), pp.252-276
    3.Alderfer, C.P., (1972), “Existence, Relatedness, and Growth”, N.Y.: Free Press.
    4.Amabile T. M., (1983), “The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, pp.357-376.
    5.Amabile, T. M., (1985), “Motivation and creativity: effects of motivational orientation on creative writers”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(2), pp.393-399.
    6.Amabile, T. M., (1988), “A model of creativity and innovation in organization”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, pp.123-167.
    7.Amabile, T. M., Hill, K. G., Hennessey, B. A., & Tighe, E. M. (1994), “The work preference inventory: Assessing intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), pp.950-967
    8.Amabile, T. M., (1996), “Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity Boulder“, CO: Westview.
    9.Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H.,Lazenby, J., and Herron, H. (1996), “Assessing the work environment for creativity”, Academy of Management Journal, 5, 39, pp.1154-1184.
    10.Amabile, T. M,, (1997), “Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do“, California Management Review, 40 (1), pp.39-58.
    11.Arnold, H. J., and Feldman, (1986), Organizational Behavior, New York: McGraw Hill.
    12.Bass, B. M. (1985). “Leadership and performance beyond expectations”. New York:Free Press.
    13.Bobic, M., Davis, E., and Cunningham R. (1999), “The Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory”, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19, pp.18-31.
    14.Borman, W.C. & Motowidlo,S.J. (1993). “Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance”. In N. Schmitt, W. C. Borman, & Associates Personnel Selection in Organization, pp.71-98.
    15.Brief, Arthur P., and Aldag, Ramon J., (1977), “The Intrinsic Extrinsic Dichotomy Toward Conceptual Clarity”, Academy of Management Review , 2(3), pp. 496-500.
    16.Bussing A., Bissels, T., Fuchs, V., and Perrar, K., (1999), “A Dynamic Model of Work Satisfaction: Qualitative Approaches”, Human Relations, 52, pp. 999-1028
    17.Byars & Rue, (1994), “Why performance Appraisal Systems Fail”, Personnel Administration, pp.32-40.
    18.Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Lawler, E. E., and Weick, K. E., (1970), Managerial Behavior, Performance, and effectiveness, New York:Mcgraw-Hill.
    19.Campbell, JP (1990). “Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology”, In M. Dunnette & LM Houghs (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology , 1 (2), pp.687-371.
    20.Dansereau, F., Graen, G. B., & Haga, W.(1975), “A vertical linkage dyad approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13, 46-78.
    21.Deci, E. and Ryan, R., (1985), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior, New York: Plenum press.
    22.Dunegan, K. J., Duchon, D., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1992). “Examining the link between leadermember exchange and subordinate performance: The role of task analyzability and variety as moderators”, Journal of Management, 18, pp.59-76.
    23.Eisenberger, R., Aselage, J., (2009), “Incremental effects of reward on experienced performance pressure: positive outcomes for intrinsic interest and creativity”, Journal of organizational behavior, 30 (1), pp.95-117
    24.Farrell, D. J. (1978), “A casual model of job satisfaction”. Dissertation Abstracts International, 1, 4399.
    25.Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. NY: Basic Books
    26.Gerstner, C. R. & Day, V. (1997). “Meta-analytic review o leader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, pp.827-844.
    27.Graen, G. B., & Cashman, J. (1975), “A role-making model of leadership in formal organizations: A development approach”. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership Frontiers. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
    28.Graen, G.. B. (1976), “Role making processes within complex organizations”, In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 1201-1245. Chicago: Rand McNally.
    29.Graen, G. B., Novak, M. A. & Sommerkamp, P. (1982). “The Effect of Leader-member Exchange and Job Design on Productivity and Satisfaction: Testing a Usual Attachment Model”. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, pp.109-131.
    30.Graen, G.B. & Scandura, T. A. (1984). “Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, pp.428-436.
    31.Graen, G. B. & Scandura, T. A. (1987). “Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, pp.175-208.
    32.Graen,G..B. & Uhl-Bien,M. (1991). “The Transformation of Professionals into Self-Managing and Patially Self-designing Contributions:Toward a Theory of Leader-Making”, Journal of Management Systems, 3(3), pp.33-48.
    33.Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). “Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective”, Leadership Quarterly, 6, pp.219-247.
    34.Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P.S., and Gaertner, S., (2000), “A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium”, Journal of Management, 26(3), pp.463-488.
    35.Guilford, J.P., (1950), “Creativity”, American Psychologist, 9, pp.444-454.
    36.Hage, J., & Dewar, R. (1973). “Elite values versus organizational structure in predicting innovation”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, pp. 279-290
    37.Hall, D.T. and Goodale, J.G. (1986). “Human resources management: Strategy, design and implementation”. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company.
    38.Herzberg, B. M., (1959), The Motivation to Work, New York: John Wiley.
    39.Herzberg, F. (1966), Work and the nature of man. Clevevland, OH: The Word Publishing Co.
    40.Herbert, T. T. (1976). Dimensions of organizational behavior, New York: Collier Macmillan.
    41.Hodson, D., (1991), “Practical work in science : time for a reappraisal,” Studies in Science Education, 19, pp.175-184
    42.Hollenbeck, J. R. and C. R. Williams (1986), “Turnover Functionality Versus Turnover Frequency: A Note on Work Attitudes and Organizational Effectiveness” , Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, pp. 606-611.
    43.Hoppock, R., (1935), Job Satisfaction. New York:Harper & Row Inc.
    44.Howell, J. M. & Hall-Merenda, K. E. (1999). “ The ties that bind: The impact of leader-member exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, pp. 680-694.
    45.Jex, SM (1998), Stress and Job Performance, Theory, research, and implications for managerial practice, London: SAGE publications Inc.
    46.Jiambalvo, J., & Pratt, J. (1982). “The Complexity and Leadership Effectiveness in CPA Firms”, The Accounting Review, 7, pp.734-749
    47.Kane, V. E. (1976), “Process Capability Indices”, Journal of Quality Technology , 18, pp.41-52.
    48.Kirton, M.J. (1976), “Adaptors and Innovators:A description and measure”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, pp.622-629.
    49.Lawler, E, (1971), Pay and Organization Effectiveness: A Psychological View, New York: McGraw-Hill.
    50.Liden, R.C., & Graen, G.. B. (1980), “Generalizability of the Vertical Dyad Linkage Model of Leadership”, Academy of Management Journal, 23, pp.451-465.
    51.Liden, R. C. & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). “Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange:An empirical assessmemt through scale development”, Journal of Management, 24(1), pp.43-72.
    52.Liden, R.C., Sparrowe, R.T., & Wayne,S.J.(1997). “Leader-member exchange theory: the past and potential for the future”, Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15, pp.47-119.
    53.Limerick, D., and Cunnington, B. (1993), Managing the new organization. Jossey-Bass, SanFransico, CA.
    54.Locke, E. A. (1973), “Satisfactions and dissatisfactions among white and blue collar employee”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 58, pp.159-167.
    55.Locke, E. A. (1976), “What is job satisfaction? ”, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4 , pp.309-336.
    56.Maslow, A. H., (1954), Motivation and Personality, New York:Happer & Brothers Pub.
    57.Maslyn, J. M. & Uhl-Bein, M. (2001). “Leader-Member Exchange and Its Dimensions:Effects of Self-Effort and Other’s Effect on Relationship Quality”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), pp.697-708.
    58.Matthew, E. J., (1987), “The relationship Between Leader Behavior and Subordinate Satisfaction In An Audit Environment”, University of A & M, Texas.
    59.Meyer, J. P., and Allen, N. J. (1991), “A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment”, Human Resource Management, 1, pp.61-89.
    60.Morris, J.H., and Sherman, J. D. (1981), “Generalizability of an organizational commitment”, Academy of management Journal, 24, pp.512-526.
    61.Mumford, M.D., Scott, G.M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J.M. (2002), “Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships”, Leadership Quarterly, 13, pp.705-750.
    62.Oldham G.R., Cummings A. (1996), “Employee creativity:Personal and contextual factors at work”, Academy of Management Journal, 37, pp.580-607.
    63.O'Reilly, C. A., and Chatman, J. A. (1986), “Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification and internalization on prosocial behavior”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, pp.492-499.
    64.O'Reilly, C. A., J. Chatman, and F. Caldwell, (1991), “People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person- Organization Fit”, Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), pp.487-516.
    65.Podsakoff, P. M., and MacKenzie, S. B. (1989), “A Second Generation Measure of Organizational Citizenship Behavior”, Working paper, Indiana University,
    66.Policastro, E., & Gardner, H. (1999) , “ From case studies to robust generalizations: An approach to the study of creativity”, In R.J. Sternberg (ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp. 213-255). New York: Cambridge University Press
    67.Porter , L. W., and Lawler, E. E., (1968), “What Job Attitudes Tell about Motivation”, Harvard Business Review, January- February, 46(1), pp.118-126.
    68.Porter, L.W., & Lawler, E.E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL: Irwin-Dorsey Press.
    69.Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., and Mowday, R. T., Boulian, P. V., (1974), “Organization Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Among PsychiatricTechnicians”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, pp.603-609.
    70.Price, J., and Mueller, C. W. (1981), “A causal model of turnover for nurses”, Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), pp. 543- 565.
    71.Renzulli, J. S., (1978), What makes giftedness? Re-examining a definition, PhiDelta Kappan, 60, pp.180-184.
    72.Rhodes, M., (1961), “An Analysis of Creativity”, In S. G. Isaksen (Ed.), Frontiers of Creativity Research, New York: Bearly Limited.
    73.Robbins, S.P, (1996), Organizational Behavior-Concepts, Controversies, and Application, 7th ed., Prentice-Hall, International Inc.
    74.Robbins, S. P.(2001), Organizational Behavior, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
    75.Robbins, S. P., and Mary Coulter, (1999), Management, New Jersey Prentice-Hall International Inc.
    76.Runco, M. A., Nemiro, J., & Walberg, H. J. (1998), “ Personal explicit theories ofcreativity”, Journal of Creative Behavior, 32(1), pp.1-17.
    77.Scandura, T. A. & Graen, G. B. (1984) , “Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention”, Journal of Applied Psychology, pp. 69,428-436.
    78.Schermerhorm.J.R. (1999), Management for Productivity, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    79.Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994), “Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace”, Academy of management Journal, 37(3), pp. 580-607.
    80.Scott, S. G. & Bruce, R. A. (1995), “Decision-Making Style: The Development and Assessent of a New Measure”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, In Press.
    81.Scott, W. G., & Mitchell T. R. (1976) , Organization theory: A structural and behavioral analysis, New York: Irwin.
    82.Seashore, S. E., & Taber, T. D., (1975), “Job satisfaction and their correlations”, American Behavior & Scientists, pp.333-368.
    83.Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. (1982), Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice, New York: Wiley.
    84.Skinner, B. F., (1971), Beyond freedom and dignity, New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
    85.Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. J., and Hulin, C. L.,(1969), The measurement of satisfaction in work & retirement, Chicago:Rand McNally.
    86.Sparrowe, R. T. & Liden, R. C. (1997). “Process and structure in leader-member exchange”, Academy of Management Review, 22, pp.522-552.
    87.Staw, B. M. (1977), “Two side of commitment”, Paper Presented at the National Academy of Management, Orlando, Florida.
    88.Steers. (1977), “Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), pp.46-62.
    89.Stephen, P. Robbins (1994), Organization Behavior, pp. 976-982
    90.Tesluk, P.E., Farr, J.L., and Klein, S.R. (1997). “Influences of Organizational Culture and Climate on Individual Creativity”, Journal of Creative Behavior, 31, pp. 27-41.
    91.Tett, R. P., and Meyer, J. P., (1993), “Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytical findings”, Personnel Psychology, 46 (2), pp.259-295.
    92.Tierney, P, Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999), “ An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships”, Personnel Psychology, 52: pp.591–620
    93.Vroom, V. H., (1962), “ Ego-involvement, job satisfaction and job performance”, Personnel Psychology, 15(2), pp.159-177.
    94.Vroom, V. H., (1964), Work and Motivation, NewYork:John Wiley & Sons Inc.
    95.Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C.(1997), “Perceived organizational support and Leader-Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective”, Academy of Management Journal,40, pp.82-111.
    96.Wernimont, P. F. (1972), “A system view of job satisfaction”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, pp.173- 176.
    97.Witt, L. A., & Boerkrem, M.N. (1989). “Climate for creative productivity as a predictor of research usefulness and organizational effectiveness in an R&D organization”, Creativity Research Journal, 2, pp.30-40.
    98.Whyte, W. H. J. (1956), The Organization Man. New York, Simon & Schuster.
    99.Yukl, G. (1994). Leadership in organizations (5th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
    100.Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). “When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice”, Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): pp.682-696.

    下載圖示 校內:2016-06-27公開
    校外:2016-06-27公開
    QR CODE