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研究生：	謝長成 Hsieh, Chang-Cheng
論文名稱：	利用多天線的Wi-Fi CSI資料非接觸式心率偵測 Non-Contact Heart Rate Monitoring Using Multiple Antenna Data from Wi-Fi CSI
指導教授：	藍崑展 Lan, Kun-Chan
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 資訊工程學系 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
論文出版年：	2026
畢業學年度：	114
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	107
中文關鍵詞：	Wi-Fi CSI 、非接觸式偵測、心率監測、MIMO 、峰值偵測、生理訊號處理
外文關鍵詞：	Wi-Fi CSI, Non-contact sensing, Heart rate monitoring, MIMO, Peak detection, Physiological signal processing
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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本論文提出一套利用商用 Wi-Fi 裝置與通道狀態資訊（CSI）進行非接觸式心率偵測的方法。相較於既有研究依賴高功率傳輸或僅使用單一路徑，本研究採用 3×3 MIMO 全向性天線配置以獲取豐富的空間多樣性，同時維持符合法規的低功率發射設定。
本系統的訊號處理流程包含：CSI ratio 校正、離散小波轉換、基於峰值集中度的動態子載波叢集選取、逐天線組主成分分析（PCA），以及結合波峰與波谷雙向品質指標的動態天線切換機制。為了進一步驗證此系統的有效性，本研究蒐集了五位受測者共 10,959 筆的同步資料集，並在比較估測誤差之外，針對系統的動態選擇行為（Selection behaviors）進行了深度的量化分析。
透過分析天線切換頻率、特徵點指標比例與子載波分佈，本論文從底層數據釐清了傳統少天線或靜態系統的失效條件，並物理性地驗證了系統動態適應室內多路徑與頻率衰落的必要性。實驗結果顯示，在結合上述動態機制與滑動視窗時序後處理後，系統成功收斂了尾端極端誤差，使整體平均絕對誤差（MAE）降至 1.383 bpm，中位數誤差達 0.710 bpm。本研究兼具演算法實作與物理機制探討，證實商用 Wi-Fi 裝置配合適當之動態處理機制，即可達成高可靠度的心率連續監測。

This thesis presents a non-contact heart rate monitoring framework using Wi-Fi Channel State Information (CSI) from commodity WLAN hardware. Utilizing a 3×3 MIMO omnidirectional antenna configuration, the system captures rich spatial diversity under regulatory-compliant low-power settings.
The proposed pipeline integrates CSI ratio calibration, discrete wavelet transform, dynamic subcarrier clustering, per-antenna-set PCA, and a quality-driven antenna-set selection mechanism based on both peak and onset morphological criteria. In addition to the system implementation, this study conducts a comprehensive dynamic analysis of the selection behaviors to validate the underlying physical mechanisms, using a dataset of 10,959 segments from five subjects.
By quantifying antenna switching dynamics, peak/onset utilization ratios, and subcarrier distributions, this thesis clarifies the failure conditions of prior static or few-antenna systems. The analysis physically validates the necessity of dynamically adapting to indoor spatial and frequency-selective fading. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework, further stabilized by a sliding-window temporal filter, effectively suppresses extreme tail errors. The system achieves a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.383 bpm and a median absolute error of 0.710 bpm, outperforming representative prior works. Combining algorithmic design with empirical physical insights, this study proves that commodity Wi-Fi devices can provide highly reliable continuous heart-rate monitoring.

摘要	I
ABSTRACT	II
CONTENTS	III
LIST OF FIGURES	VI
LIST OF TABLES	X
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	11
1 THE IMPORTANCE OF NON-CONTACT VITAL SIGN MONITORING	11
2 OVERVIEW OF NON-CONTACT VITAL SIGN SENSING TECHNOLOGIES	11
3 UNDERSTANDING WI-FI CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION (CSI)	12
4 PRINCIPLE OF HEARTBEAT DETECTION VIA WI-FI CSI	13
5 WEAKNESSES OF PRIOR WI-FI CSI HEART-RATE MONITORING METHODS USING FEW ANTENNAS	13
6 THE IMPORTANCE OF WI-FI TRANSMITTER POWER ON CSI MONITORING	15
7 RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION	16
CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORK	18
1 NON-CONTACT VITAL SIGN MONITORING ACROSS MODALITIES	18
2 WI-FI CSI-BASED VITAL SIGN MONITORING: RESPIRATION RATE	19
3 WI-FI CSI-BASED VITAL SIGN MONITORING: HEART RATE	20
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY	24
1 ARCHITECTURE	24
2 WI-FI CHANNEL STATE INFORMATION (CSI) MATHEMATICAL FUNDAMENTALS	24
2.1 Channel Impulse Response (CIR)	25
2.2 Channel Frequency Response (CFR) and OFDM	26
3 DOWNSAMPLING	27
4 CSI RATIO	29
4.1 Static and Dynamic Components of CSI	29
4.2 Hardware-Induced Phase Errors in CSI	30
4.3 CSI Ratio Formulation and Phase Offset Cancellation	31
4.4 Effect of CSI Ratio on Real Measurements	32
4.5 CSI Ratio in a 3×3 MIMO System	33
5 SAVITZKY–GOLAY FILTERING	34
6 ROTATION PROJECTION	35
6.1 Circular Vibration Pattern in the Complex Plane	35
6.2 Projection Axis Selection Using HSR	37
7 DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM	38
8 L2 NORMALIZATION	39
9 SUBCARRIER SELECTION	40
10 PCA ON SELECTED SUBCARRIER SIGNALS FOR EACH ANTENNA SET	43
11 PEAK DETECTION	45
12 ANTENNA SET SELECTION	46
13 HEART RATE ESTIMATION	49
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT	51
1 EXPERIMENT HARDWARE AND SCENARIO	51
2 DATA COLLECTION	54
3 OVERALL RESULT	55
4 COMPARE DIFFERENT SUBCARRIER SELECTION METHOD	61
5 COMPARE DIFFERENT ANTENNA SET SELECTION METHOD	62
6 COMPARE DIFFERENT PEAK DETECTION METHOD	64
7 COMPARE WITH PRIOR WORK	65
8 ERROR MITIGATION VIA SLIDING-WINDOW FILTERING	67
9 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SELECTION BEHAVIORS	70
9.1 Temporal Dynamics and Spatial Diversity of Antenna Sets	70
9.2 Efficacy of Peak and Onset Quality Criteria	72
9.3 Subcarrier Tracking and Frequency Selective Fading	73
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION	76
CHAPTER 6 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE WORK	77
1 LIMITATIONS	77
2 FUTURE WORK	80
REFERENCES	83
APPENDIX	87
APPENDIX A. RESULTS FOR EACH TRIAL USING THE PROPOSED METHOD	87
APPENDIX B. ERROR DISTRIBUTION FOR EACH TRIAL USING THE PROPOSED METHOD	95
APPENDIX C. RESULTS FOR EACH TRIAL USING THE PROPOSED METHOD WITH MOVING MEDIAN FILTERING	97
                                    

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