社會創業是個看起來相當矛盾的兩個詞彙，因其利他的行為主要是由利社會特徵所導致，然而創業行為本身則是相當利己的行為。然而此份研究，是基於相信所有的創業型態，皆源自於類似的創業意願，因此主張了一個具有野心的創業意圖模型，並認為此模型可以架構出不同的最終創業型態。研究者認為一名潛在創業家，應該擁有相同的創業意圖，然而基於這兩個看似相反的組成部分：財務回報和利社會特徵，將導致創業家行為朝著不同的方向發展，而成為：非創業家、商業創業家、社會創業家。此研究數據來自於各類型企業的159名台灣僱員和創業家，並進行了方差分析(chi-square)，Tukey和多項式logistic迴歸進行分析。結果顯示，非創業家和創業家之間的創業意圖有顯著不同，而商業和社會創業家之間的企業家意圖則是無顯著差異。財務回報可以預測這三種創業走向，然而利社會特徵在本研究模型中並未顯示出顯著差異。

Social entrepreneurship is a term contains two seemly-contradictory phrases, while prosocial traits motivate an others-interest-focused behaviors, entrepreneurial behaviors are more about self-interests. Believing that all types of entrepreneurship should share general entrepreneurial intention, this research proposed an ambitious construct to differentiate types of entrepreneurship in a single entrepreneurial intention-behavior model. We argue that one should possess with entrepreneurial intention in mind to become a potential entrepreneur, then based on these 2 seemly opposing components: Financial Returns and Prosocial Traits, may result in the entrepreneurial behavior to different directions, including non-entrepreneur, commercial entrepreneur and social entrepreneurs. Data collected from 159 Taiwanese employees and entrepreneurs from all types of enterprises. ANOVA, Tukey and Multinomial Logistic Regression were performed for analysis. Results showed that entrepreneurial intention differed between non-entrepreneur and entrepreneurs, however was indifferent between commercial and social entrepreneurs. Financial Returns provides significant prediction on these 3 types of entrepreneurship, while Prosocial Traits didn’t show significance differences in this research model.

李沂霖. (2009). 為什麼需要社會企業？公部門看社企：連結公益與市場，促成台灣社經與外交暖實力. 願景工程: 聯合線上股份有限公司.
李沂霖. (2019). 推動台灣社會創新，政府首重「串連」——唐鳳：讓社創組織彼此連結協力，成為促進永續發展的巨大動力. 社企流: 社企流.
張瀞文. (2008). 6年不到3成活下來 讓理念獲利有多難？. In 林以涵 (Ed.). 倡議＋: 聯合線上股份有限公司.
Aguinis, H., & Gottfredson, R. K. (2010). Best‐practice recommendations for estimating interaction effects using moderated multiple regression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6), 776-786.
Ai, C., & Norton, E. C. (2003). Interaction terms in logit and probit models. Economics Letters, 80(1), 123-129.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self‐efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683.
Ali, A. J., Lee, M., Hsieh, Y.-C., & Krishnan, K. (2005). Individualism and collectivism in Taiwan. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 12(4), 3-16.
Andersson, U., Cuervo-Cazurra, A., & Nielsen, B. B. (2020). Explaining interaction effects within and across levels of analysis Research Methods in International Business (Vol. 1, pp. 331-349).
Antonioli, D., Nicolli, F., Ramaciotti, L., & Rizzo, U. (2016). The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on academics’ entrepreneurial intention. Administrative Sciences, 6(4), 6-19.
Ariely, D., Bracha, A., & Meier, S. (2009). Doing good or doing well? Image motivation and monetary incentives in behaving prosocially. American Economic Review, 99(1), 544-555.
Austin, J., Stevenson, H., & Wei–Skillern, J. (2006). Social and commercial entrepreneurship: same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1), 1-22.
Bacq, S., Hartog, C., & Hoogendoorn, B. (2016). Beyond the moral portrayal of social entrepreneurs: An empirical approach to who they are and what drives them. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(4), 703-718.
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Self-efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, 5(1), 307-337.
Barbosa, S. D., Gerhardt, M. W., & Kickul, J. R. (2007). The role of cognitive style and risk preference on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 86-104.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Barton, M., Schaefer, R., & Canavati, S. (2018). To be or not to be a social entrepreneur: Motivational drivers amongst American business students. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6(1), 9-35.
Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2006). Incentives and prosocial behavior. American Economic Review, 96(5), 1652-1678.
Besley, T., & Ghatak, M. (2017). Profit with purpose? A theory of social enterprise. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(3), 19-58.
Betancourt, H. (1990). An attribution-empathy model of helping behavior: Behavioral intentions and judgments of help-giving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16(3), 573-591.
Bierhoff, H.-W. (2006). Sozialpsychologie: Ein Lehrbuch. W. Kohlhammer Verlag: W. Kohlhammer Verlag.
Bierhoff, H. W., & Rohmann, E. (2004). Altruistic personality in the context of the empathy–altruism hypothesis. European Journal of Personality, 18(4), 351-365.
Bogatyreva, K., Edelman, L. F., Manolova, T. S., Osiyevskyy, O., & Shirokova, G. (2019). When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions? The role of national culture. Journal of Business Research, 96, 309-321.
Braga, J., Proença, T., & Ferreira, M. R. (2014). Motivations for social entrepreneurship–Evidences from Portugal. Tékhne, 12, 11-21.
Cassar, G. (2007). Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 19(1), 89-107.
Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316.
Chen, M.-H., Chen, B. H., & Chi, C. G.-q. (2019). Socially responsible investment by generation Z: A cross-cultural study of Taiwanese and American investors. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 28(3), 334-350.
Dacin, M. T., Dacin, P. A., & Tracey, P. (2011). Social entrepreneurship: A critique and future directions. Organization Science, 22(5), 1203-1213.
Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we don't need a new theory and how we move forward from here. Academy of management perspectives, 24(3), 37-57.
Dees, J. G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship: Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Cumberland, A., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Zhou, Q., & Carlo, G. (2002). Prosocial development in early adulthood: a longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 993-1006.
Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 91-119.
Ernst, K. (2018). Heart over mind–An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour. University of Wuppertal – Bergische Universität Wuppertal.
Fernandes, M. F., & Randall, D. M. (1992). The nature of social desirability response effects in ethics research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 2(2), 183-205.
Fitzsimmons, J. R., & Douglas, E. J. (2011). Interaction between feasibility and desirability in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(4), 431-440.
Forster, F., & Grichnik, D. (2013). Social entrepreneurial intention formation of corporate volunteers. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 153-181.
Germak, A. J., & Robinson, J. A. (2014). Exploring the motivation of nascent social entrepreneurs. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(1), 5-21.
Gieure, C., del Mar Benavides-Espinosa, M., & Roig-Dobón, S. (2020). The entrepreneurial process: The link between intentions and behavior. Journal of Business Research, 112, 541-548.
Graziano, W. G., Habashi, M. M., Sheese, B. E., & Tobin, R. M. (2007). Agreeableness, empathy, and helping: A person× situation perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 583-599.
Harding, R. (2007). Understanding social entrepreneurship. Industry and Higher Education, 21(1), 73-84.
Hinkle, D. E., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. G. (2003). Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences (Vol. 663): Houghton Mifflin College Division.
Hockerts, K. (2015). The social entrepreneurial antecedents scale (SEAS): A validation study. Social Enterprise Journal, 11(3), 260-280.
Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105-130.
Krueger Jr, N. F., & Brazeal, D. V. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(3), 91-104.
Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432.
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330.
Liñán, F. (2005). Development and validation of an Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). Paper presented at the 15th Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training Conference (2005).
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2006). Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-country sample. Spain: Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Economía Aplicada I.
Linnanen, L. (2005). An insider’s experiences with environmental entrepreneurship: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Mair, J., & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36-44.
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. In J. Mair, J. Robinson & K. Hockerts (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship (pp. 121-135). United Kindom: Springer.
McHugh, M. L. (2011). Multiple comparison analysis testing in ANOVA. Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica, 21(3), 203-209.
Rameson, L. T., Morelli, S. A., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). The neural correlates of empathy: experience, automaticity, and prosocial behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(1), 235-245.
Reitan, B. (1997). Where do we learn that entrepreneurship is feasible, desirable, and/or profitable. Paper presented at the ICSB World Conference.
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta–analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 291-332.
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72-90.
Shaw, E., & Carter, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(3).
Shirokova, G., Osiyevskyy, O., & Bogatyreva, K. (2016). Exploring the intention–behavior link in student entrepreneurship: Moderating effects of individual and environmental characteristics. European Management Journal, 34(4), 386-399.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2(1), 53-55.
Tran, A. T., & Von Korflesch, H. (2016). A conceptual model of social entrepreneurial intention based on the social cognitive career theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 17-38.
Tukamushaba, E. K., Orobia, L., & George, B. P. (2011). Development of a conceptual model to understand international social entrepreneurship and its application in the Ugandan context. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 282-298.
Unger, L. S., & Thumuluri, L. K. (1997). Trait empathy and continuous helping: The case of voluntarism. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12(3), 785-800.
Vega, G., & Kidwell, R. E. (2007). Toward a typology of new venture creators: Similarities and contrasts between business and social entrepreneurs. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 10(2), 15-28.
Yiu, D. W., Wan, W. P., Ng, F. W., Chen, X., & Su, J. (2014). Sentimental drivers of social entrepreneurship: A study of China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program. Management and Organization Review, 10(1), 55-80.