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研究生： 黃柏年
Huang, Po-Nien
論文名稱： 發光二極體低電流驅動與建模
LED Current-Reduction Drive and Modeling
指導教授： 林瑞禮
Lin, Ray-Lee
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2019
畢業學年度： 107
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 139
中文關鍵詞： 升壓型 、降壓型 、降-升壓型 、連續導通模式 、低電流驅動 、直流轉換器 、圖解法 、發光二極體 、發光二極體驅動器 、建模 、小信號 、狀態空間 、三端點 、轉移函數
外文關鍵詞： Boost, Buck, Buck-Boost, CCM, current-reduction drive, DC-DC converter, graphical approach, LED, LED driver, modeling, small-signal, state-space, three-terminal, transfer function
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    • 本論文提出發光二極體低電流驅動與建模。藉由發光二極體之低電流驅動方式，可降低電晶體開關與二極體導通損，提高發光二極體驅動電路系統效率。
    發光二極體功率因數和品質因數，可用於評估發光二極體的功率轉換效率。此外，狀態空間平均法，可用於具連續導通模式之降-升壓、升壓、降壓型發光二極體驅動電路系統的建模。將所提出之擴充型三端點小信號模型，結合電晶體開關導通電阻，及二極體等效串聯電阻（ESR）與順向導通電壓降之後，可用於具連續導通模式之直流轉換器與發光二極體驅電路的建模。
    相較於並聯方式，將相同數量的發光二極體串聯，可降低驅動電流，提高發光二極體驅動電路系統的電能轉換效率。然而，將發光二極體以串聯方式連接，需要高耐壓的電晶體開關與二極體。高耐壓電晶體開關具較高的導通電阻，且二極體亦會有較高的順向導通電壓降。因此，為提高建模準確度，除了高耐壓電晶體開關的導通電阻外，亦須將高耐壓二極體的等效串聯電阻及順向導通電壓降，包含在發光二極體驅動器系統的等效電路中。
    針對發光功率規格，以低電流驅動方式，藉由圖解法可得到最大電能轉換效率所需的發光二極體數量。對於連續導通模式的降-升壓、升壓、降壓型的轉換器與發光二極體驅動電路，以所提出之擴充型小信號模型，可獲得控制到輸出轉移函數，並與SIMPLIS®模擬結果相互驗證。

    This thesis presents the LED current-reduction drive and modeling. With the LED current-reduction drive, the conduction losses on MOSFET and diode are reduced to improve the efficiency of LED driver systems.
    The LED power factor and quality factor are proposed to evaluate the LED power conversion efficiency. Besides, the state-space average approach is demonstrated to model the CCM Buck-Boost, Boost and Buck type LED drivers. The expanded three-terminal PWM switch model incorporates the MOSFET on-resistance, the equivalent series resistance (ESR) and forward voltage drop of diode is proposed to model the CCM DC-DC converters and LED drivers.
    With the same LED number, compared with the LEDs in parallel connection, the LEDs in series connection flow less current to achieve high power conversion efficiency of LED driver systems. However, the LEDs in series connection requires high-voltage MOSFET and diode for LED drivers. The high-voltage MOSFET and diode has higher on-resistance and forward voltage drop. Therefore, in order to enhance the modeling accuracy, besides the on-resistance of the high-voltage MOSFET, the ESR and forward voltage drop of high-voltage diode have to be included into the equivalent circuit models of LED drivers.
    For the demanded specifications and current-reduction drive, the required number of LEDs is specified for maximum power conversion efficiency by the graphical approach. For the CCM converters and LED drivers of Buck-Boost, Boost and Buck types, by using the proposed expanded PWM switch model, the transfer functions of control-to-output are obtained and validated with SIMPLIS® circuit simulation results.

    Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Motivation 3 1.3. Thesis Outline 4 Chapter 2. LED Array Design for Current-Reduction Drive 5 2.1. Introduction 5 2.2. Three-Parameter Approach for Single LED Characterization 5 2.2.1. Parameters Characterization 5 2.2.2. DC and AC Equivalent Resistances 8 2.2.3. Modified Approximate Linear Model 9 2.3. LED Power Factor and Quality Factor 10 2.3.1. Alternative Approximate Linear Model 10 2.3.2. Bandgap, Resistive and Dissipated Powers 11 2.3.3. LED Power Factor and Quality Factor 12 2.3.4. LED Current-Reduction Drive 13 2.4. Design Guideline of LED Array for Current-Reduction Drive 14 2.4.1. Relationship of LED Luminous Flux and Current 14 2.4.2. Graphical Approach for LED Current-Reduction Drive Design 16 2.4.3. Demonstration Example 22 2.4.4. Parameterization of Approximate Linear Model for LED Array 26 2.5. Summary 27 Chapter 3. State-Space Average Model for CCM LED Drivers 28 3.1. Introduction 28 3.2. State-Space Equations for LED Drivers 28 3.2.1. Buck-Boost Type LED Driver 28 3.2.2. Boost-Type and Buck-Type LED Drivers 34 3.3. State-Space Average Model for LED Drivers 40 3.3.1. Buck-Boost Type LED Driver 40 3.3.2. Boost-Type and Buck-Type LED Drivers 44 3.4. DC Output Voltages and Currents of LED Drivers 47 3.5. Decoupling of Equivalent Circuit Models for LED Drivers 48 3.6. Validation of State-Space Average Model for LED Drivers 51 3.7. Summary 60 Chapter 4. Expanded Three-Terminal PWM Switch Model for CCM Converters 62 4.1. Introduction 62 4.2. CCM Three-Terminal PWM Switch Model 62 4.3. Expanded CCM Three-Terminal PWM Switch Model 65 4.4. Equivalent Circuit Models of CCM DC-DC Converters 69 4.4.1. Buck-Boost Converter 69 4.4.2. Boost Converter 72 4.4.3. Buck Converter 74 4.5. Decoupling of Equivalent Circuit Models for CCM DC-DC Converters 76 4.5.1. Decoupling of DC Equivalent Circuits 77 4.5.2. Decoupling of Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 80 4.6. Validation of Small-Signal Circuit Models for CCM DC-DC Converters 87 4.7. Summary 97 Chapter 5. Expanded Three-Terminal PWM Switch Model for CCM LED Drivers 98 5.1. Introduction 98 5.2. DC Equivalent Circuit Using Expended PWM Switch Model 98 5.2.1. Buck-Boost Type LED Driver 98 5.2.2. Boost-Type LED Driver 102 5.2.3. Buck-Type LED Driver 105 5.3. Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Using Expended PWM Switch Model 108 5.3.1. Buck-Boost Type LED Driver 108 5.3.2. Boost-Type LED Driver 110 5.3.3. Buck-Type LED Driver 113 5.4. Validations of Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits for LED Drivers 116 5.5. Summary 121 Chapter 6. Conclusions 123 References 124 Appendix A Transfer Functions of Control-to-Output for CCM DC-DC Converters and LED Drivers 129 A.1 Transfer Functions of Control-to-Output for CCM Buck-Boost, Boost and Buck LED Drivers Derived by Using State-Space Average Model 129 A.2 Transfer Functions of Control-to-Output for CCM Buck-Boost, Boost and Buck Converters Derived by Using Expanded PWM Switch Model 131 A.3 Transfer Functions of Control-to-Output for CCM Buck-Boost, Boost and Buck LED Drivers Derived by Using Expanded PWM Switch Model 132 Appendix B Characterization of MOSFET On-Resistance, Diode ESR and Forward Voltage Drop by SIMPLIS® Simulations 134 B.1 Characterization of MOSFET On-Resistance 134 B.2 Characterization of Diode ESR and Forward Voltage Drop 137 Vita 139

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