臺南市外海的浮筏式牡蠣養殖發展自1970年代中，至今仍延續傳統的養殖模式，使用保麗龍浮具提供浮力，讓浮筏定置於海面。然而保麗龍材質極易碎裂，牡蠣養殖使用保麗龍浮具的行為已造成海岸嚴重污染並衍生諸多問題。臺南市自2004年起已訂定法規並實施獎勵、輔導措施，對養殖行為與漁具進行管理，並研討禁用保麗龍浮具措施多年，但管理成效有其極限。歷來多項學術研究，從不同面向探討改善管理之道，但學術領域和主管機關都未對保麗龍浮具衍生之問題進行全面性的了解，可能因此低估問題規模與衝擊的嚴重性，而未能更積極地落實管理。而文獻中也缺少探究蚵農對養殖衍生問題的認知，與其回應政府管理的行為決策機制和背後的心理結構，可能因此無法幫助政府設計出對蚵農而言適當、有效的管理措施和執行方式。為全面性、系統性地了解使用保麗龍浮具衍生的問題，本研究從社會–生態系統的觀點，應用壓力–回應理論與方法，對問題進行研究。針對國內、外水產養殖保麗龍浮具管理案例進行比較分析，釐清日本、韓國、中國、越南及臺灣其他縣市的作法是否適用於臺南市的管理，乃建議參考韓國建立環保浮具認證制度、強制漁民使用環保浮具並禁用保麗龍浮具、實行浮具實名制、強制浮具製造商負擔延伸生產者責任處理廢浮具，或參考日本推動浮具廢棄物在地資源循環與研發生物可分解材質浮具的策略以幫助改善問題。本研究以半結構式訪談法，了解臺南市的浮具管理主管機關、漁會與7位專家如何看待浮具管理所面臨的挑戰與機會，並訪談19位海岸使用者權益關係人，從其個人微觀的角度，了解牡蠣養殖廢棄漁具衍生的問題，對其個人心理以及對社會、經濟造成的衝擊。本研究也透過觀察法與深度訪談法，了解蚵農的空間使用行為模式背後的心理機制，以及蚵農群體內部的規範、價值與世界觀，並分析前述心理、社會因素如何影響浮具管理發展的過程和結果。此部份共訪談23位蚵農，研究發現蚵農將政府的管理與環團、社會輿論視為外部干預，不滿外部者剝奪其對固有生產與生活領域–海岸環境的控制權力，而對管理產生對抗性以致對政策的接受度低，而此情形有可能是管理失靈的根本原因。在改良式浮具政策具體推動後，本研究設計面訪式問卷調查90位蚵農對浮具衍生問題的感知、對管理政策措施的接受度、對改良式浮具的屬性偏好與願付價格，以及自主回收處理廢浮具的動機，透過統計分析了解影響政策接受度與願付價格之因素。統計結果顯示年齡越高、教育程度越低與安平產區的蚵農對保麗龍浮具衍生問題的認知程度偏低；而蚵農對保麗龍浮具衍生問題的認知程度是影響其對禁用保麗龍浮具政策接受度的關鍵因素；又同意禁用保麗龍浮具政策者之改良式浮具願付價格顯著高於不同意者，因此加強對蚵農的環境教育和政策溝通是關鍵的管理策略。受訪者對改良式浮具的平均願付價格為224.16元，有超過5成受訪者只能接受浮具單價200元以下的價格，則若政府取消補助措施，可能出現蚵農本益失衡，必須退出產業的情形。最後，將前面各階段所得研究結果，套用「整合社會－生態系統之DAPSI(W)R(M)框架」系統性地分析保麗龍浮具所衍生的問題，會對環境產生的壓力包括：2006~2021年間有超過51.25萬個廢保麗龍浮具和無數碎片及微塑膠、毒物進入海洋，並在環境、生態與生態系統服務三個層級造成環境狀態改變，進而對人類福利產生8大面向的衝擊。本研究針對前述衝擊提出9大策略、共24項的管理策略與方案，並以十項宗旨回應管理評估框架，從多元面向對既有與新建議的管理策略、方案進行風險分析與可行性評估。另也分析浮具管理可能會對產業造成社會、經濟的負面影響，因此建議政府應更審慎地研討、實施改良式浮具補助措施，避免在禁用保麗龍浮具政策的推動過程中，犧牲產業中弱勢族群的生計與權益以及整體產業的永續性。最後將24項管理策略與方案區分為短、中、長期的管理目標，對相關管理單位提出建議。

The raft oyster farming in Tainan City started in the 1970s, and oyster farmers continue to use Styrofoam floats for buoyancy to keep rafts floating on the sea surface. However, Styrofoam is highly fragile, and its use in oyster farming has caused severe pollution and numerous issues. Since 2004, Tainan City has implemented regulations, guidance and incentive measures to manage farming practices and gears, discussing the ban on Styrofoam float for years, but management effectiveness was limited. Numerous studies have explored various aspects of improving management. However, neither academia nor government have comprehensively understood the complex issues derived from using Styrofoam floats, potentially underestimating the scale and severity of the impact and failing to implement more proactive management. Literature also lacks exploration of oyster farmers' perceptions of Styrofoam pollution derived from their production practices and their decision-making mechanisms in response to government management, as well as the underlying mental construct, possibly hindering the design of appropriate and effective management measures. In order to comprehensively and systematically understand the issues derived from the use of Styrofoam floats, this study applied a pressure-response approach to study the issues from the perspective of a social-ecological system. This study compared and analyzed domestic and international aquaculture Styrofoam float management cases, clarifying whether practices from other regions can be applied to Tainan City's management. Recommendations include referencing Korea's eco-friendly float certification system, mandating eco-friendly floats while banning Styrofoam floats, implementing a float tagging system, enforcing extended producer responsibility for float manufacturers, and adopting Japan's strategies for local resource recycling of Styrofoam float waste and developing biodegradable float materials.
This study used semi-structured interviews to understand how float management authorities, the Fisherman’s Association, and 7 experts’ perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in float management. It also interviewed 19 coastal stakeholders to understand the issues derived from oyster farming derelict fishing gears (DFGs), their mental impact, and societal and economic effects from a personal microscopic perspective. Through observation and in-depth interviews, the study explored the mental construct underlying oyster farmers' spatial use behavior patterns and the norms, values, and worldviews within the oyster farming community. It analyzed how these mental and social factors influence the process and outcomes of the float management system, finding that oyster farmers think that the government management, environmental NGOs' advocation, and public opinion as external interventions, resenting the perceived loss of control over their traditional production and living domain – the coastal area. This resistance to those interventions may be the root cause of management failure. After the implementation of alternative float policy, the study designed face-to-face questionnaires to survey oyster farmers' perceptions of Styrofoam pollution, acceptance of management policies, preferences for alternative float attributes, willingness to pay (WTP) for alternative floats, and motivations for voluntary float recovery and disposal. The farmers’ average WTP for alternative float is 224.16 NTD (approximately $ 6.95) per float. 53.9 % of respondents can only accept a price below 200 NTD. Statistical analysis revealed factors influencing policy acceptance and WTP, finding that older, less educated farmers and those in the Anping production area had lower awareness of Styrofoam pollution-related issues. Farmers' awareness of these issues was a key factor in their acceptance of the Styrofoam float ban policy. Those who agreed with the ban showed significantly higher WTP for alternative floats, indicating that strengthening environmental education and policy communication for oyster farmers is a crucial management strategy. Finally, by applying the framework of "DAPSI(W)R(M) in the context of an integrated socio-ecological system," the study systematically analyzed the issues derived from oyster farmers' use of Styrofoam floats. Environmental pressures include over 512,500 lost and discarded Styrofoam floats and countless fragments and microplastics entering the ocean between 2006 and 2021, causing state changes at environmental, ecological, and ecosystem service levels, leading to eight aspects of impacts on human welfare. This study proposed 9 strategies with 24 management measures to address these impacts, evaluating existing and newly proposed management strategies and measures through risk analysis and feasibility assessment from multiple perspectives using the 10-tenet framework for assessing management responses. It also analyzed potential negative social and economic impacts from float management, recommending that the government carefully consider and implement subsidy measures for alternative floats to avoid sacrificing the livelihoods and rights of vulnerable groups and the industry's sustainability while implementing the Styrofoam float ban policy. Finally, the 24 management measures were categorized into short-, medium-, and long-term management objectives, providing recommendations for relevant management authorities.

英文
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