面對氣候變化、已經有許多研究試圖找出個人應對日益極端的氣候和自然災害而採取預防行動的潛在動機，即風險感知。透過探索當代科學文獻，本研究發現仍少有研究探討宗教和個人信仰如何影響風險感知。因此、本案例研究對與洪水風險感知、氣候知識以及宗教和宿命論信仰相關的知識缺口進行了深入的分析，以比較台灣台南居民的個人信仰、當前防洪措施、以及他們對未來氣候變遷調適的傾向。本研究以問卷調查作為收集資料的方法、利用 SPSSv17 線性迴歸和雙變量相關分析揭示個人信念與風險感知之間的關係，研究發現，宗教信仰與環境觀和洪水風險感知有很強的相關性，而宿命論信仰與宗教信仰、洪水風險感知或環境觀則沒有顯著相關性。研究結果與前人將宗教信仰與宿命論信仰視為互補的研究有所差異。本研究結果亦包括提出一個研究架構，詳細說明了個人信仰（例如宗教和命運）、洪水風險感知之間的關聯、及其對氣候變遷感知和調適的影響，有助於對防災領域相關知識的理解，並作為後續探討相關因子的基礎。

In the face of climate change, many studies have sought to find out the underlying motivations that inspire and influence individuals to take preventative action against increasingly extreme weather and natural disasters, known as risk perception. However, there is a knowledge gap concerning religious and spiritual beliefs and how they may influence risk perception within individuals. As such, this case study conducts a more in-depth analysis of these previously underexplored variables within the knowledge gap relating to flood risk perception, climate knowledge, and religious and fatalistic beliefs in order to uncover the relationship between the personal beliefs of residents in Tainan City, Taiwan, their current flood prevention measures, and their propensity towards future climate change prevention measures. This study uses questionnaires and SPSSv17 to collect data and reveal the key points of the relationship between personal beliefs and risk perception through linear regression and bivariate correlation analysis, revealing a positive relationship between the respondent’s faith, beliefs, and the given themes of the research. The study finds that religious faith has a strong correlation with environmental views and flood risk perception, while fatalistic beliefs have no significant correlation with religion, flood risk perception, or environmental views, distinguishing this study from others that align the two beliefs as complementary to each other. Results include recommendations for a new framework detailing the connection between personal beliefs, flood risk perception, and their impact on climate change perception and adaptations that may contribute to the body of literature surrounding disaster prevention and be used to explain future studies focused on the same variables.

Academia Sinica. (2024, April 1). 臺灣南部的特殊陣頭？化妝遊行變成消災解厄的行動神靈？由數名神童組成的百足真人？蜈蚣陣的前世今生——專訪中研院臺灣史研究所謝國興研究員. https://Pansci.Asia/Archives/375164.
Adger, W. N., Barnett, J., Brown, K., Marshall, N., & O’Brien, K. (2013). Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation. In Nature Climate Change (Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 112–117). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1666
Bayrak, M. M., Hsu, Y. Y., Hung, L. S., Tsai, H. M., & ‘E Vayayana, T. (2021a). Global climate change and indigenous peoples in Taiwan: A critical bibliometric analysis and review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010029
Bayrak, M. M., Hsu, Y. Y., Hung, L. S., Tsai, H. M., & ‘E Vayayana, T. (2021b). Global climate change and indigenous peoples in Taiwan: A critical bibliometric analysis and review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010029
Bempah, S. A., & Øyhus, A. O. (2017a). The role of social perception in disaster risk reduction: Beliefs, perception, and attitudes regarding flood disasters in communities along the Volta River, Ghana. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 23, 104-108.
Bempah, S. A., & Øyhus, A. O. (2017b). The role of social perception in disaster risk reduction: Beliefs, perception, and attitudes regarding flood disasters in communities along the Volta River, Ghana. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 23, 104-108.
Bird, D. K. (2009). The use of questionnaires for acquiring information on public perception of natural hazards and risk mitigation-a review of current knowledge and practice. In Hazards Earth Syst. Sci (Vol. 9). www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1307/2009/
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Parsonage. In Cambridge.org dictionary. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/parsonage
Chih, A. (2024, April 8). After Taiwan’s Powerful Earthquake, Christian Aid Groups Work to Rebuild Lives - Christianity Today. Christianity Today. https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/04/taiwan-earthquake-hualien-christian-disaster-relief/
Devitt, L., Neal, J., Coxon, G., Savage, J., & Wagener, T. (2023). Flood hazard potential reveals global floodplain settlement patterns. Nature Communications, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38297-9
Doong, D. J., Lo, W., Vojinovic, Z., Lee, W. L., & Lee, S. P. (2016). Development of a new generation of flood inundation maps-a case study of the coastal city of Tainan, Taiwan. Water (Switzerland), 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110521
Garcia, S. N. K. (2002). E Nā Hālau Hula, Nana Kākou Iā Laka (Look to the Source): Finding Balance Between the Practice of Hula Forest Gathering and the Ecological Realities of Hawaii's Native Forests (Doctoral dissertation, [Honolulu]:[University of Hawaii at Manoa],[December 2002]).
Haden, V. R., Niles, M. T., Lubell, M., Perlman, J., & Jackson, L. E. (2012). Global and Local Concerns: What Attitudes and Beliefs Motivate Farmers to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change? PLoS ONE, 7(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052882
Hall, S., Sloan-Aagard, C., Harris, R., Emmett, C., Prasetyadi, C., Pettersson, J., Cope, A., & Hamson Cox, M. (2022). Perceptions of tsunami susceptibility and self-efficacy among adolescents in Indonesia: The influence of gender, religion, location, age, hazard information source, and past experience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103151
Herring, A. M. (2012). Social vulnerability and faith in disasters: An investigation into the role of religion in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.
Ho, M. C., Shaw, D., Lin, S., & Chiu, Y. C. (2008a). How do disaster characteristics influence risk perception? Risk Analysis, 28(3), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01040.x
Ho, M. C., Shaw, D., Lin, S., & Chiu, Y. C. (2008b). How do disaster characteristics influence risk perception? Risk Analysis, 28(3), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01040.x
Janku, A., & Pietz, D. (Eds.). (2018). Landscape Change and Resource Utilization in East Asia: Perspectives from Environmental History.
Janzen, J. G. (1990). The Character of the Calf and Its Cult in Exodus 32 (Vol. 52, Issue 4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/43718157
Jenkins, W., Berry, E., & Kreider, L. B. (2018). Annual Review of Environment and Resources Religion and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. (2015). Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396–403. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975
Koehrsen, J. (2021). Muslims and climate change: How Islam, Muslim organizations, and religious leaders influence climate change perceptions and mitigation activities. In Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change (Vol. 12, Issue 3). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.702
Kuo, Y. L. (2016). Is there a trade-off between households’ precautions, mitigations and public protection for flood risk? Environmental Hazards, 15(4), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2016.1208729
Lawson, J. (2012). The emergent sea of nature and religion: A study of faith-based responses to issues of environmental sustainability (Doctoral dissertation, Deakin University).
Lechowska, E. (2018). What determines flood risk perception? A review of factors of flood risk perception and relations between its basic elements. Natural Hazards, 94(3), 1341–1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3480-z
McClure, J. (2017). Fatalism, Causal Reasoning, and Natural Hazards. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.39
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). Agnosticism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 17, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/agnosticism
Mukaka, M. M. (2012). Statistics Corner: A guide to appropriate use of Correlation coefficient in medical research. In Malawi Medical Journal (Vol. 24, Issue 3). www.mmj.medcol.mw
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, U. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 - 2030.
Mangi, S. N., Shah, S. D., & Jamal, F. (2024a). Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Belief about Disaster Risk Reduction. Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao, 29(3), 106-116.
Mangi, S. N., Shah, S. D., & Jamal, F. (2024b). Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Belief about Disaster Risk Reduction. Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao, 29(3), 106-116.
Ngo, C. C., Poortvliet, P. M., & Feindt, P. H. (2020a). Drivers of flood and climate change risk perceptions and intention to adapt: an explorative survey in coastal and delta Vietnam. Journal of Risk Research, 23(4), 424–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591484
Ngo, C. C., Poortvliet, P. M., & Feindt, P. H. (2020b). Drivers of flood and climate change risk perceptions and intention to adapt: an explorative survey in coastal and delta Vietnam. Journal of Risk Research, 23(4), 424–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2019.1591484
Noll, B., Filatova, T., Need, A., & Taberna, A. (2022a). Contextualizing cross-national patterns in household climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 12(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01222-3
Noll, B., Filatova, T., Need, A., & Taberna, A. (2022b). Contextualizing cross-national patterns in household climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 12(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01222-3
Norenzayan, A., & Lee, A. (2010). It Was Meant to Happen: Explaining Cultural Variations in Fate Attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 702–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019141
O’Connor, R. E., Bard, R. J., & Fisher, A. (1999). Risk Perceptions, General Environmental Beliefs, and Willingness to Address Climate Change. Risk Analysis, 19(3), 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1999.tb00421.x
Ostadtaghizadeh, A., Nouri, M., Aghababaeian, H., Roohani-Majd, A., Olyanasab, S. Z., Azami-Aghdash, S., Nateghpour, M., Khalesinejad, S. J., & Asghari Jighe, M. (2024). Disaster Mitigation and preparedness from the Perspective of Holy Quran. Evidence Based Health Policy, Management and Economics. https://doi.org/10.18502/jebhpme.v7i4.15479
Owusu, E. (2024). Evangelisation of all Creation: An Analysis of the Neglected Target Group of Mark 16:15. E-Journal of Religious and Theological Studies, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.38159/erats.20241033
Pandey, R. S., & Liou, Y. A. (2022a). Typhoon strength rising in the past four decades. Weather and Climate Extremes, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2022.100446
Pandey, R. S., & Liou, Y. A. (2022b). Typhoon strength rising in the past four decades. Weather and Climate Extremes, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2022.100446
Pepper, M., & Leonard, R. (2016). How Ecotheological Beliefs Vary Among Australian Churchgoers and Consequences for Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors. Review of Religious Research, 58(1), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0234-1
Pollenz, P. (1950). Changes in the Form and Function of Hawaiian Hulas. In New Series (Vol. 52, Issue 2).
Rizka Amalia, Siti Ardianti, & Azlia Fasya Kintara. (2023). Moral Values in the Story of Prophet Lut. MAQOLAT: Journal of Islamic Studies, 1(3), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.58355/maqolat.v1i3.17
Rosati, M. (2025, January 8). Il Cantico delle Creature, da 800 anni voce di speranza. https://www.avvenire.it/chiesa/pagine/il-cantico-delle-creature-da-800-anni-voce-di-spe
Ruiu, G. (2012a). Is fatalism a cultural belief? An empirical analysis on the origin of fatalistic tendencies. Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Ruiu, G. (2012b). Is fatalism a cultural belief? An empirical analysis on the origin of fatalistic tendencies. Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Saroglou, V., Delpierre, V., & Dernelle, R. (2004). Values and religiosity: A meta-analysis of studies using Schwartz’s model. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 721–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.005
Schipper, E. L. F. (2010). Religion as an integral part of determining and reducing climate change and disaster risk: an agenda for research. Der klimawandel: sozialwissenschaftliche perspektiven, 377-393.
Slimak, M. W., & Dietz, T. (2006). Personal values, beliefs, and ecological risk perception. Risk Analysis, 26(6), 1689–1705. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00832.x
Sohrabizadeh, S., Jahangiri, K., & Khani Jazani, R. (2018). Religiosity, Gender, and Natural Disasters: A Qualitative Study of Disaster-Stricken Regions in Iran. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(3), 807–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0398-9
Sun, P. L., Yang, C. C., & Lin, T. W. (2011). How to amend land subsidence treatment policies to solve coastal subsidence problems in Taiwan. Regional Environmental Change, 11(3), 679–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0199-0
Sun, Y., & Han, Z. (2018). Climate change risk perception in taiwan: Correlation with individual and societal factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010091
Taiban, S., Lin, H. N., & Ko, C. C. (2020). Disaster, relocation, and resilience: recovery and adaptation of Karamemedesane in Lily Tribal Community after Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan. Environmental Hazards, 19(2), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2019.1708234
Tatsuki, S., Hayashi, H., Zoleta-Nantes, D. B., Banba, M., Hasegawa, K., & Tamura, K. (2004). The impact of risk perception, disaster schema, resources, intention, attitude, and norms upon risk aversive behavior among Marikina city residents: structural equation modeling with latent variables. In Proceedings of Asia Conference on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 1, pp. 267-272).
Tsai, F. H., & Hsu, H. T. (2022). Relationship between Swimming Ability of College Students and Their Regular Exercise Habits. Sports, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100145
Wang, H. W., Castillo Castro, D. S., & Chen, G. W. (2024). Managing residual flood risk: Lessons learned from experiences in Taiwan. Progress in Disaster Science, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100337
Wilson, R. S., Herziger, A., Hamilton, M., & Brooks, J. S. (2020). From incremental to transformative adaptation in individual responses to climate-exacerbated hazards. In Nature Climate Change (Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp. 200–208). Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0691-6
Yang, C. H., Huang, Y. T., Janes, C., Lin, K. C., & Lu, T. H. (2008). Belief in ghost month can help prevent drowning deaths: A natural experiment on the effects of cultural beliefs on risky behaviours. Social Science and Medicine, 66(9), 1990–1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.014
Yang, F., & Hu, A. (2012). Mapping chinese folk religion in mainland China and Taiwan. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(3), 505–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01660.x
Yen, N. S., & Tsai, F. C. (2007). Risk perception in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2007.00214.x
Zimmerman-Liu, T. (2023a). The Development and Dissemination of Pro-Environmental Dharma among Taiwan’s Humanistic Buddhists. Religions, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020273
Zimmerman-Liu, T. (2023b). The Development and Dissemination of Pro-Environmental Dharma among Taiwan’s Humanistic Buddhists. Religions, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020273
經濟部水利署第六河川局. (2021). 曾文溪的前世今生.