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研究生： 林暉涵
Lin, Hui-Han
論文名稱： 在無線感測網路中探討封包結合技術之錯誤率以及功率耗損
On Reliability and Power Consumption of Packet Combining in Wireless Sensor Networks
指導教授： 劉光浩
Liu, Kuang-Hao
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電腦與通信工程研究所
Institute of Computer & Communication Engineering
論文出版年： 2012
畢業學年度： 100
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 69
中文關鍵詞： 封包結合 、錯誤率 、功率耗損
外文關鍵詞： packet combining, packet error rate, power consumption
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    • 在無線感測網路中，確保緊急且重要的資料能夠被可靠的傳輸是很重要的，比如說洪水的監測或是地震的警示資訊等等。在無線網路中，有許多的技術已經被發展來增加傳輸的穩定度，然而在考慮有限能源的情況之下，這些技術並不一定適合應用在無線感測網路上，因為無線感測網路的節點有著較低的功率耗損以及能源限制的特性。因此在設計無線感測網路的同時，必須考慮到穩定的傳輸以及功率耗損的部分。在這篇論文中，討論了一種錯誤更正的機制叫做封包結合的技術，使用封包結合技術能夠儲存損壞的封包，進而嘗試從多個損壞的封包中還原原本正確的封包。在模擬的過程中使用雷利衰減通道來當作無線通道的模型並且探討封包錯誤率以及相對的功率耗損的問題。模擬結果指出使用封包結合的技術有助於提升系統的穩定度，但是相對的也額外付出了一些功率上面的耗損，在模擬過程中也發現大部分的傳輸功率都是消耗在傳輸封包的過程中，使用封包結合技術消耗的功率相對於傳輸的過程只佔了一小部分，因此，利用封包結合的技術來達到錯誤更正是可以應用在無線感測網路上的。

    In wireless sensor networks, ensuring reliable transmissions is of vital importance for urgent data dissemination such as
    ood monitoring and seismism warning. While many techniques have been developed to improve transmission reliability for wireless networks, they are necessarily energy-e cient and thus may not be suitable to wireless sensor networks, where nodes have very stringent requirements on low power consumption. The design of a system must consider the trade-off between reliable transmissions and power consumption. In this thesis, a novel error-correction technique called packet combining is considered. Packet combining is characterized by its ability to correct corrupted packets using bu ered information instead of error correction through retransmissions as in Automatic Repeat-reQuest. Simulations are used to evaluate the performance of packet combining in terms of packet error rate (PER) and power consumption over
    at Rayleigh fading channels. The simulation results show that packet combining can achieve at least 15 dB gain and only cost extra 13% power consumption. Moreover, compared to transmitting a packet, the power consumption of packet combining is a fraction. As a result, packet combining is a applicable technique for wireless sensor networks.

    Cover Page Certification of Passed Oral Examination Chinese Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i English Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi List of Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii List of Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Challenges and the Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Background and Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.1 Digital Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3.1 The Rayleigh Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3.2 The Model of Rayleigh Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4.1 Hybrid ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4.2 Type-I Hybrid ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 2.4.3 Type-II Hybrid ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 Linear Block Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5.1 Syndrome and Error Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.5.2 The Minimum Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.5.3 Error-Detecting and Error-Correcting Capabilities . . . . . . . 13 2.5.4 The Hamming Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.6 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.6.1 Method of Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.6.2 Power Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . 15 3 Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2 Decoding and Merging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2.1 Packet Encoding and Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2.2 Packet Merging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2.3 Overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3 Architecture of Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.1 The Transmitter Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.3.2 The Receiver Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4 Packet Combining Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.1 Strategy of Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.4.2 Strategy of Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.5 Power Consumption of Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.5.1 Power Consumption of Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.5.2 Power Consumption of Packet Combining. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 Simulation Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1 Simulation Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1.1 Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.1.2 The Environment of Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2 ARQ Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.3 Function Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.4 Analysis of Different Transmitting Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.5 Influence of Bu ffer Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.6 Power Consumption of Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.6.1 How to Measure the Power Consumption of the Sensor Node 33 4.6.2 Simulation of CPU Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.6.3 Simulate the CPU Cycles of Function in Packet Combining 34 4.6.4 Simulate the CPU Cycles of Di erent Bu er Size in Packet Combining 35 4.7 Trade-O between Packet Error Rate and Power Consumption in Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.7.1 Packet Error Rate Performance of Packet Combining . . . . . 37 4.7.2 Power Consumption of Packet Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5 Conclusions and Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.1 Summary of Thesis Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.2 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

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