簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 林奕臻
Lin, Yi-Zhen
論文名稱： 廠辦電動車停車場參與輔助服務之儲能系統排程與控制方法
ESS Scheduling and Control Approach for Factory-based EV Charging Station to Participate in Ancillary Services
指導教授： 楊宏澤
Yang, Hong-Tzer
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2022
畢業學年度： 110
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 108
中文關鍵詞： 三階段能源管理系統 、儲能系統 、電動車 、可再生能源 、契約容量 、輔助服務 、線性規劃 、模型預測控制
外文關鍵詞： three-stage energy management system (Three-stage EMS), energy storage system (ESS), electric vehicle (EV), renewable energy sources (RESs), contract capacity, ancillary service (AS), linear programming (LP), model predictive control (MPC)
相關次數： 點閱：101  下載：5 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 鑑於全球淨零排放浪潮與環保意識的抬頭，大量可再生能源和電動汽車加入電力系統，各國相繼擬定相關能源政策以因應電網面臨的改變與衝擊。能源管理系統能有效整合並且協調的控制分散式能源，透過合適的調控可再生能源和電動汽車，除了可以降低微電網的運營成本，更能在提升電力系統安全性和穩定性上扮演重要的角色。
    本文以微電網運營商之角度，為有效將資源達到最佳效益，提出三階段優化調度策略。第一階段擬定輔助服務最佳投標策略，第二階段採用集中式最佳化架構以最小化系統運營成本為目標，而第三階段基於分散式控制架構達到每座電動汽車充電樁和儲能系統的實時控制。模擬結果中，比較傳統集中式最佳化控制和所提方法之運算時間與營運成本，以驗證所提出方法具有執行輔助服務的能力並且實時可行。其中，儲能系統採用的模型預測控制架構能有效提高系統強健性(robustness)，並減少微電網需量超出契約容量的發生。

    Owing to the global trend of net-zero emissions and an increase in the environmental awareness, several renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have been integrated into power systems. Many countries have formulated relevant energy policies to deal with changes and impacts on the power grid. The energy management system (EMS) can effectively integrate and coordinate the control of distributed energy resources (DERs). Appropriate regulation of RESs and EVs can reduce the microgrid operating costs, and it is critical in improving the safety and stability of power systems.
    This thesis proposes a three-stage optimal dispatch strategy from a microgrid operator (MGO) perspective to effectively utilize resources. Stage 1 formulates the optimal bidding strategy for ancillary services (AS), Stage 2 adopts a centralized optimization architecture to minimize system operating costs, and Stage 3 adopts a decentralized control architecture to enable the real-time control of each EV charger, including the control of the energy storage system (ESS). The computation time and operating cost of the traditional centralized optimal control method and the proposed method were compared, verifying that the proposed method can execute AS and is feasible in real time. Moreover, the model predictive control (MPC) architecture adopted by the ESS can significantly improve the system robustness and reduce the occurrence of microgrid demand exceeding the contract capacity.

    摘要 I ABSTRACT II 誌謝 IV Table of Contents V List of Figures VIII List of Tables XI Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Review of Literature 2 1.3 Research Objective and Contributions 5 1.4 Organization of the Thesis 6 Chapter 2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND MODELING 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Overall System Framework 7 2.3 Function of Components 8 2.3.1 Electric Power Company 9 2.3.2 Micro-Grid Operator 9 2.3.3 Distribution Energy Resources 9 2.3.4 Electric Vehicle Charging Station 10 2.4 Energy Storage System 10 2.5 EV Chargers 12 2.6 Market Mechanisms 15 2.6.1 Time of Use Price 15 2.6.2 Contract Capacity 17 2.6.3 Charging Fees for EV Owners 19 2.6.4 Ancillary Services 19 Chapter 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION AND THE PROPOSED METHOD 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Problem Formulation 23 3.2.1 Stage 1: AS Capability Estimation 23 3.2.2 Stage 2: Day-Ahead Energy Planning 25 3.2.3 Stage 3: Real-Time Operation 35 3.3 Framework of the Proposed Method 41 3.3.1 Demand Control Method 41 3.3.2 Proposed Method Procedure 44 3.4 Proposed Solutions 51 3.4.1 Linear Programming 51 3.4.2 Time Series Model 54 3.4.3 Model Predictive Control 56 Chapter 4 SIMULATION RESULTS 58 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Simulation System Parameters 58 4.2.1 Microgrid System Parameters 58 4.2.2 ESS Parameters 63 4.2.3 EVCS Parameters 63 4.2.4 ARIMA Parameters 67 4.3 Simulation Results and Analysis 69 4.3.1 Economic Dispatch 69 4.3.2 Participation in Ancillary Services Market 72 4.3.3 Cost Analysis of Different Methods 79 4.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis of ESS Specifications and Contract Capacities 87 Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 100 5.1 Conclusion 100 5.2 Future Prospects 101 REFERENCES 102

    [1] L. Hattam and D. V. Greetham, “Green Neighbourhoods in Low Voltage Networks: Measuring Impact of Electric Vehicles and Photovoltaics on Load Profiles,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 105-116, Jan. 2017.
    [2] 蘇金勝，臺灣能源轉型機會與挑戰，《工程》第93卷01期，2020年3月。
    [3] 經濟部，能源轉型白皮書，2020年9月。
    [4] S. P. Durrani, S. Balluff, L. Wurzer, and S. Krauter, “Photovoltaic Yield Prediction Using an Irradiance Forecast Model Based on Multiple Neural Networks,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 255-267, Mar. 2018.
    [5] B. Khorramdel, C. Y. Chung, N. Safari, and G. C. D. Price, “A Fuzzy Adaptive Probabilistic Wind Power Prediction Framework Using Diffusion Kernel Density Estimators,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 7109-7121, Nov. 2018.
    [6] H. I. Su and A. E. Gamal, “Modeling and Analysis of the Role of Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: Power Balancing,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 4109-4117, Nov. 2013.
    [7] C. O. Dwyer, L. Ryan, and D. Flynn, “Efficient Large-Scale Energy Storage Dispatch: Challenges in Future High Renewable Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 3439-3450, Sep. 2017.
    [8] Market Research Future, “Electric Vehicle Market Research Report - Global Forecast till 2030,” Oct. 2020, [Online]. Available: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/electric-vehicles-market-1793 [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [9] E. Veldman and R. A. Verzijlbergh, “Distribution Grid Impacts of Smart Electric Vehicle Charging from Different Perspectives,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 333-342, Jan. 2015.
    [10] P. M. de Quevedo, G. Muñoz-Delgado, and J. Contreras, “Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Expansion Planning of Distribution Systems Considering Renewable Energy, Storage, and Charging Stations,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 794-804, Jan. 2019.
    [11] M. Tabari and A. Yazdani, “An Energy Management Strategy for a DC Distribution System for Power System Integration of Plug-in Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 659-668, Mar. 2016.
    [12] M. Faisal, M. A. Hannan, P. J. Ker, A. Hussain, M. B. Mansor, and F. Blaabjerg, “Review of Energy Storage System Technologies in Microgrid Applications: Issues and Challenges,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 35143-35164, 2018.
    [13] R. Wang, P. Wang, and G. Xiao, “Two-Stage Mechanism for Massive Electric Vehicle Charging Involving Renewable Energy,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 4159-4171, Jun. 2016.
    [14] D. Wu, H. Zeng, C. Lu, and B. Boulet, “Two-Stage Energy Management for Office Buildings with Workplace EV Charging and Renewable Energy,” IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 225-237, Mar. 2017.
    [15] Z. Liu, Q. Wu, M. Shahidehpour, C. Li, S. Huang, and W. Wei, “Transactive Real-Time Electric Vehicle Charging Management for Commercial Buildings with PV On-Site Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 4939-4950, Sep. 2019.
    [16] Y. Guo, J. Xiong, S. Xu, and W. Su, “Two-Stage Economic Operation of Microgrid-Like Electric Vehicle Parking Deck,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1703-1712, May 2016.
    [17] J. Hu, H. Zhou, Y. Li, P. Hou, and G. Yang, “Multi-time Scale Energy Management Strategy of Aggregator Characterized by Photovoltaic Generation and Electric Vehicles,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 727-736, Jul. 2020.
    [18] X. Hou, J. Wang, T. Huang, T. Wang, and P. Wang, “Smart Home Energy Management Optimization Method Considering Energy Storage and Electric Vehicle,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 144010-144020, 2019.
    [19] A. Sangswang and M. Konghirun, “Optimal Strategies in Home Energy Management System Integrating Solar Power, Energy Storage, and Vehicle-to-Grid for Grid Support and Energy Efficiency,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 5716-5728, Sep.-Oct. 2020.
    [20] W. Wang, L. Liu, J. Liu, and Z. Chen, “Energy Management and Optimization of Vehicle-to-Grid Systems for Wind Power Integration,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 172-180, Jan. 2021.
    [21] X. Zhang, G. Hug, J. Z. Kolter, and I. Harjunkoski, “Demand Response of Ancillary Service from Industrial Loads Coordinated with Energy Storage,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 951-961, Jan. 2018.
    [22] T. K. Chau, S. S. Yu, T. Fernando and H. H. Iu, “Demand-Side Regulation Provision From Industrial Loads Integrated With Solar PV Panels and Energy Storage System for Ancillary Services,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 5038-5049, Nov. 2018.
    [23] Q. Chen, N. Liu, C. Hu, L. Wang, and J. Zhang, “Autonomous Energy Management Strategy for Solid-State Transformer to Integrate PV-Assisted EV Charging Station Participating in Ancillary Service,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 258-269, Feb. 2017.
    [24] R. Vignali, L. Pellegrino, A. Gatti, and S. Canevese, “An Investigation of V2G Profitability with Robust Optimization and Bidding Price Heuristics,” 2020 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT), pp.1-6, 2020.
    [25] J. Gustavsson, “Energy Storage Technology Comparison,” KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology, 2016.
    [26] Asian Development Bank, “Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System,” Dec. 2018.
    [27] X. Hu, C. Zou, C. Zhang, and Y. Li, “Technological Developments in Batteries: A Survey of Principal Roles, Types, and Management Needs,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 20-31, Sep.-Oct. 2017.
    [28] P. Li1, Y. Zhao1, Y. Shen, and S. H. Bo, “Fracture Behavior in Battery Materials,” Journal of Physics: Energy, vol. 2, no. 2, Apr. 2020.
    [29] S. F. Schuster, T. Bach, E. Fledar, J. Muller, M. Brand, G. Sextl, and A. Jossen, “Nonlinear Aging Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Cells under Different Operational Conditions,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 1, pp. 44-53, Jun. 2015.
    [30] X. G. Yang, Y. Leng, G. Zhang, S. Ge, and C. Y. Wang, “Modeling of Lithium Plating Induced Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Transition from Linear to Nonlinear Aging,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 360, pp.28-40, Aug. 2017.
    [31] S. Atalay, M. Sheikh, A. Mariani, Y. Merla, E. Bower, and W. D. Widanage, “Theory of Battery Ageing in a Lithium-Ion Battery: Capacity Fade, Nonlinear Ageing and Lifetime Prediction,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 478, Dec. 2020.
    [32] M. Petrelli, D. Fioriti, A. Berizzi, and Davide Poli, “Multi-Year Planning of a Rural Microgrid Considering Storage Degradation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1459-1469, Mar. 2021.
    [33] Kelly, Kay, S. Noblet, and A. Brown, “Best Practices for Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Installations in the National Parks,” Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Dec. 2019.
    [34] A. Khaligh and M. D'Antonio, “Global Trends in High-Power On-Board Chargers for Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 3306-3324, Apr. 2019.
    [35] 經濟部標準檢驗局，電動車充電系統-介面，[Online]. Available: https://www.bsmi.gov.tw/wSite/public/Data/f1304492266965.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [36] M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, “Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2151-2169, May 2013.
    [37] A. Díaz and W. Wimmer, “Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment – EVSE,” IEA – 4E EDNA, Dec. 2017.
    [38] C. Lilly, “EV connector types,” [Online]. Available: https://www.zap-map.com/charge-points/connectors-speeds/ [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [39] O. Turksoy, U. Yilmaz, and A. Teke, “Overview of battery charger topologies in plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles,” Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Clean Energy (ICCE-2018), Famagusta, Cyprus, pp. 9-11, 2018.
    [40] 台達電子工業股份有限公司，DC Wallbox，[Online]. Available: https://filecenter.deltaww.com/Products/Download/08/catalogue/DC%20Wallbox_Leaflet_TW_202002.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [41] Eaton Corporation, “On-Board vs. Off Board Charging,” 2011, [Online]. Available: https://s3.amazonaws.com/automotiveworld/slides/amusa2012/John+Wirtz+-+Eaton.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [42] 台灣電力公司，電價表，2018年6月26日，[Online]. Available: https://www.taipower.com.tw/upload/238/2022060213502566374.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [43] 台灣電力公司，為何電業需要計收基本電費及超約附加費？，[Online]. Available: https://www.taipower.com.tw/TC/faq2_info.aspx?mid=80&id=84&chk=8732447a-0d1b-4888-90b9-f95ed3035019&param=pn%3d1 [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [44] 台灣電力公司，電價知識專區，[Online]. Available: https://www.taipower.com.tw/tc/page.aspx?mid=213&cid=352&cchk=52452a93-48e7-47ab-9cd3-b0c6836cf15e [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [45] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), “Electric Vehicle Pricing and Payments,” [Online]. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/about/ev-charging-stations-pricing.html [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [46] 台灣電力公司，輔助服務及備用容量交易試行平台第三次公開說明會，2021年4月，[Online]. Available: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vmPqMGx1Du9RSU7IKzuz-ZkB-VvoXeg7/view [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [47] Y. He, B. Venkatesh, and L. Guan, “Optimal Scheduling for Charging and Discharging of Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1095-1105, Sep. 2012.
    [48] G. B. Dantzig, “Maximization of a Linear Function of Variables Subject to Linear Inequalities,” Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, edited by T. C. Koopmans, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 339-347, 1951.
    [49] 方述誠，「線性規劃(Linear Programming)」，數學傳播，第十七卷一期，1993年3月，[Online]. Available: https://web.math.sinica.edu.tw/math_media/d171/17104.pdf [Accessed 5 Jun. 2022].
    [50] R. H. Shumway and D. S. Stoffer, “Time series analysis and its applications: with R examples (4th ed.),” Springer, 2017.
    [51] S. M. Pandit and S. M. Wu, “Time Series and System Analysis with Applications,” Krieger Pub Corporation, 2001.
    [52] G. E. P. Box, G. M. Jenkins, G. C. Reinsel, and G. M. Ljung, “Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (5th ed.),” Wiley, USA, 2015.
    [53] E. F. Camacho and C. Bordons, “Model Predictive Control,” Springer, London, 2007.
    [54] J. Smart and S. Schey, “Battery Electric Vehicle Driving and Charging Behavior Observed Early in the EV Project,” Society of Automotive Engineers World Congress 2012, Apr. 2012.

    下載圖示 校內：2024-08-03公開
    校外：2024-08-03公開
    QR CODE