本論文旨在探討多種再生能源場透過以模組化多階轉換器為基礎之多端高壓直流鏈連接至多機電力系統之穩定度分析。所建構之微電網包含浮動式太陽能場、浮動式與固定式離岸風場、潮汐發電系統與電網級儲能系統，分別經由多端高壓直流鏈連接至含有四部同步發電機之多機電力系統。本論文研究首先針對系統在不同工作條件下進行小訊號穩定度分析，進而設計模組化多階轉換器之輔助阻尼控制器，並透過頻域分析方法驗證其參數配置之合理性。本論文最後進行動態與暫態時域模擬，以評估控制器在各種擾動情境下之控制效能。由模擬結果顯示，本論文所設計之控制器可抑制系統振盪、提升穩定度與響應品質。

This thesis aims to investigate the stability of integrating multiple renewable energy farms into a multimachine power system (MMPS) via a multi-terminal high-voltage direct-current (MT-HVDC) link based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC). The constructed microgrid consists of a floating photovoltaic system (FPV), a floating offshore wind farm (FOWF), a fixed-bottom offshore wind farm (FBOWF), a tidal power generation system, and a grid-scale energy storage system, each connected to the MMPS comprising four synchronous generators through the MT-HVDC link. The study first performs small-signal stability analysis under different operating conditions. Subsequently, a supplementary damping controller (SDC) for the MMC is designed, and its parameter configuration is validated through frequency-domain analysis. Finally, dynamic and transient time-domain simulations are conducted to evaluate the SDC’s performance under various disturbance scenarios. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SDC can suppress system oscillations and enhance both stability and response quality.

[1] S. Z. Golroodbari and W. V. Sark, “Simulation of performance difference between offshore and land-based photovoltaic systems,”Journal of Progress in Photovoltaic: Research and Applications, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 873-886, May 2020.
[2] Y. Hu, J. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Zhan, and Z. Q. Chen, “Structural control for a barge-type floating offshore wind turbine with a skyhook inerter configuration,” in Proc. 2020 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), Hefei, Anhui, China, Aug. 22-24, 2020, pp. 3400-3405.
[3] A. R. Khatib, T. G. Paul, S. A. A. Ghamdi, and V. Kumar, “Shunt reactor control performances for HVAC submarine cable,”IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 5211-5220, Mar. 2024.
[4] K. R. Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission Systems, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2021.
[5] S. D. Joshi, M. B. Ghat, A. Shukla, and M. C. Chandorkar,“Improved balancing and sensing of submodule capacitor voltages in modular multilevel converter,”IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 57, no.1, pp. 537-548, Sep. 2020.
[6] Y. Sun, L. Han, B. Li, Z. Xu, S. Zhou, and D. Xu, “A hybrid modular multilevel converter comprising Si submodules and SiC submodules with its specialized capacitor voltage balancing strategy,”in Proc. 2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC), Haining, Zhejiang, China, Oct. 28-31, 2022, pp. 1-6.
[7] S. Lu, L. Yuan, K. Li, and Z. Zhao, “An improved phase-shifted carrier modulation scheme for a hybrid modular multilevel converter,”IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 81-97, Feb. 2016.
[8] H. R. A. Mohamed and Y. A. I. Mohamed, “Assessment and mitigation of DC breaker impacts on VSC-MTDC grid equipped with power flow controller,”IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, vol.4, pp. 237-251, Feb. 2023.
[9] M. C. Dinh, M. Park, and T. T. Nguyen, “Simplified floating offshore wind turbine model for time-domain simulation,”in Proc. 2019 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Brasov, Romania, Nov. 03-06, 2019, pp. 270-275.
[10] T. D. Pham, M. C. Dinh, H. M. Kim, and T. T. Nguyen, “Simplified floating wind turbine for real-time simulation of large-scale floating offshore wind farms,”Energies, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 1-18, Jul. 2021.
[11] H. P. Markieh, A. K. Hendukhale, M. Khorasanchi, and E. Oguz, “A review on conceptual design of support structures for floating solar power plants,” in Proc. 2023 7th Offshore Energy and Storage Symposium (OSES), Malta, San-Gwann, Jul. 12-14, 2023, pp. 1-8.
[12] Y. Tian, Q. Gao, D. Li, and Z. Mao, “Effect of wave conditions on offshore floating photovoltaic power generation,” in Proc. 2023 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Engineering (REPE), Beijing, China, Sep. 15-17, 2023, pp. 326-330.
[13] C. J. Ramanan, K. H. Lim, J. C. Kurnia, S. Roy, B. J. Bora, and B. J. Medhi,“Floating solar photovoltaic study on the effect of water velocity and temperature,'' in Proc. 2024 International Conference on Green Energy, Computing and Sustainable Technology (GECOST), Miri Sarawak, Malaysia, Jan. 17-19, 2024, pp. 370-374.
[14] X. Geng, B. Zhang, D. Qiu, Y. Chen, W. Xiao, and F. Xie, “Modeling and nonlinear dynamic analysis of a photovoltaic system with multiple parallel branches based on simplified discrete time model,”IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 10226-10238, Aug. 2024.
[15] R. Kahani, M. Jamil, and M. T. Iqbal, “An improved perturb and observed maximum power point tracking algorithm for photovoltaic power systems,”Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1165-1175, Jul. 2023.
[16] A. Rolan, E. R. Ramirez, S. Bogarra, and J. Saura, “Speed estimation in PMSG-based wind turbines from DC voltage measurement,” IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 101-113, Oct. 2024.
[17] P. Verma, K. Seethalekshmi, and B. Dwivedi, “A self-regulating virtual synchronous generator control of doubly fed induction generator-wind farms,” IEEE Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 35-43, Feb. 2023.
[18] S. Sbika, H. B. Azza, S. Zdiri, and A. Zaafouri, “Simualtion of the performance of a PMSG- based tidal current turbine under realistic operating conditions,”in Proc. 2025 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Systems and Emergent Technologies (ICASET), Mammamet-Yasmine, Tunisia, May 01-04, 2025, pp. 1-6.
[19] A. Peerzada, S. Bhattacharya, and D. Baldwin, “On the use of tidal power for enhancing power system resilience with networked microgrids,” in Proc. 2025 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Seattle, WA, USA, Jul. 21-25, 2024, pp. 1-5.
[20] B. Xiong, J. Tang, Y. Li, C. Xie, Z. Wang, X. Zhang, and H. B. Gooi,“ Design of a two-stage control strategy of vanadium redox flow battery energy storage systems for grid application,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2079-2091, Oct. 2022.
[21] K. Ma, E. Li, B. He, and X. Cai, “Mechanism and cancellation of DC current fluctuation in MMC excited by circulating current mitigation under nearest level control,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 6822-6831, Mar. 2022.
[22] H. Shen, Z. Dongye, L. Qi, M. Wang, X. Zhang, and P. Qiu,“Modeling of High-frequency electromagnetic oscillation for DC fault in MMC-HVDC systems,” CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1151-1160, Dec. 2022.
[23] 李庭佑，以模組化多階轉換器為基礎之多饋入式高壓直流輸電系統連接再生能源之穩定度改善分析，國立成功大學電機工程學系碩士論文，2024年6月。
[24] 武光山，採用以超級電容器為基礎之儲能設備於含有市電併聯型混合再生能源系統之性能改善，國立成功大學電機工程學系博士論文，2017年7月。
[25] B. Zhang, X. Du, C. Du, J. Zhao, and F. Li, “Stability modeling of a three-terminal MMC-HVDC transmission system,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1754-1763, Jun. 2022.
[26] Y. Zhu, J. Pou, and G. Konstantinou, “Impedance shaping effects and stability assessment of circulating current control schemes in modular multilevel converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 666-676, Aug. 2022.
[27] P. M. Anderson and A. A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2003.
[28] P. S. Kundur and O. P. Malik, Power System Stability and Control, New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[29] M. You, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, X. Xie, and C. Xu, “Parameter optimization of PID controller based on improved Sine-SOA algorithm,” in Proc. 2022 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), Guilin, Guangxi, China, Aug. 07-10, 2022, pp.12-17.
[30] N. S. Kalyan, B. S. Goud, R. Reddy, R. R. Udumula, M. Bajaj, N. K. Sharma, E. Elgamli, M. Shouran, and S. Kamel,“Seagull optimization algorithm-based fractional-order fuzzy controller for LFC of multi area diverse source system with realistic constraints,” Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 10, pp. 1-14, Jul. 2022.
[31] S. Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems,Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
[32] 官秉霖，採用串聯向量補償器於抑制混合式離岸風場之次同步共振，國立成功大學電機工程學系碩士論文，2017年7月。
[33] H. Liang, Z. He, J. Guo, X. Wang, Z. Lin, and L. Zhang, “Mass-spring damping-based tissue deformation modeling for robotic acupuncture,” in Proc. 2023 International Annual Conference on Complex Systems and Intelligent Science (CSIS-IAC), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, Oct. 20-22, 2023, pp. 647-652.
[34] M. G. Molina and L. E. Juanicó, “Dynamic modelling and control design of advanced photovoltaic solar system for distributed generation applications,” Journal of Electrical Engineering: Theory and Application, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 141-150, Jan. 2010.
[35] R. G. Dean and R. A. Dalrymple, Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists, Singapore: World Scientific, 1991.
[36] W. Janke, “Averaged models of pulse-modulated DC-DC power converters. Part I. Discussion of standard methods,” Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 609-631, Nov. 2012.
[37] M. Killi and S. Samanta, “Modified perturb and observe MPPT algorithm for drift avoidance in photovoltaic systems,”IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 5549-5559, Sep. 2015.
[38] X. Huang, P. Chen, J. Chen, and N. Liu, “Two-path hybrid rectifier power system and small signal modeling based on permanent magnet synchronous generator,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy Applications (ICPEA), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Nov. 18-20, 2022, pp. 1-6.
[39] F. Guo, T. Zheng, and Z. Wang, “Comparative study of direct power control with vector control for rotor side converter of DFIG,” in Proc. 9th IET International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 2012), Hong Kong, Nov. 18-21, 2012, pp. 1-6.
[40] I. Erlich, J. Kretschmann, J. Fortmann S. M.-Engelhardt, and H. Wrede,“Modeling of wind turbines based on doubly-fed induction generators for power system stability studies,” IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 909-919, Aug. 2007.
[41] L. M. Kangaji, A. Raji, and E. Orumwense, “Cutting-edge progress in offshore wind and tidal stream power technology-State-of-the-art, ”Journal of the AIMS energy, vol. 13, no.1, pp. 188-230, Jan. 2025.
[42] 潘建銘，利用靜態同步補償器於混合離岸式潮汐場之穩定度改善研究，國立成功大學電機工程學系碩士論文，2015年7月。
[43] L. Barelli, M. Longo, P. A. Ottaviano, D. Pelosi, D. Zaninelli, and F. Gallorini,“Vanadium redox flow battery integration in on-board electric systems for hybrid marine applications,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 6539-6546, Jul.-Aug. 2024.
[44] 柯王君奕，採用全釩氧化還原液流電池及超級電容器於市電併聯型混和再生能源系統之穩定度改善分析，國立成功大學電機工程學系碩士論文，2020年7月。
[45] V. Vittal, J. D. McCalley, P. M. Anderson, and A. A. Fouad, Power System Control and Stability, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2019.
[46] IEEE, “Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies,”IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 494-509, Feb. 1981.
[47] P. S. Kundur and O. P. Malik, Power System Stability and Control, New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2022.
[48] G. Dhiman, V. Kumar, “Seagull optimization algorithm: Theory and its applications for large-scale industrial engineering problems,”Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 165, no.3, pp. 169-196, Feb. 2019.
[49] J. Wang, Y. Li, and G. Hu, “Hybrid seagull optimization algorithm and its engineering application integrating Yin–Yang Pair idea,”Engineering with Computers, vol. 38, no.3, pp. 2821-2857, Sep. 2021.
[50] Y. Liu, Q. H. Wu, and X. X. Zhou, “Co-ordinated multiloop switching control of DFIG for resilience enhancement of wind power penetrated power systems,” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Energy, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1089-1099, Jul. 2016.