本研究以電荷縮減之程序進行蒙脫石(montmorillonite)層電荷密度修改，並以非離子型聚合物與界面活性劑插層電荷縮減蒙脫石(reduced charge montorillonite, RCM)，探討非離子聚合物與界劑吸附在蒙脫石層間表面之吸附機制，及了解蒙脫石結構電荷量對非離子聚合物與界劑吸附行為之影響，並觀察吸附非離子聚合物與界劑後之RCM懸浮液穩定性及流變行為的改變。
RCM之製備與性質分析結果顯示蒙脫石層間Li+飽和程度愈高，其受熱處理而電荷縮減之反應愈敏感。熱處理溫度和時間皆是影響蒙脫石電荷縮減程度的重要參數。RCM之結構電荷量愈高，其顆粒在水中之剝離程度愈大且穩定分散於水中，呈現之懸浮液黏度高。
非離子聚合物與界劑之等溫吸附實驗結果顯示RCM與非離子聚合物及界劑間之親和性相當強，其等溫吸附曲線屬Langmuir型。漫反射紅外光譜(DRIFTS)分析結果證明聚乙二醇型非離子界劑與聚乙烯氧化物(PEO)主要是藉其分子中乙烯氧之氧原子與黏土結構OH基之氫產生氫鍵作用而吸附於RCM表面。因此當RCM層電荷量降低，存在RCM層間表面之水合陽離子減少，使顯露之疏水矽氧烷(siloxane, Si-O-Si)表面積增多，因而促進分子中有乙烯氧(-CH2-CH2-O, EO)鏈之非離子聚合物與界劑大量吸附。而聚乙烯醇(PVA)分子鏈上之OH基與黏土層間表面氧產生氫鍵作用而吸附於RCM表面，另外PVA亦可藉其分子上的OH基與黏土結構OH基產生氫鍵吸附在RCM表面。低層電荷量之RCM有利於PEO與PVA吸附，然而當RCM層電荷量低於原始陽離子可交換量(CEC)一半時，造成單位層間部份坍塌而降低RCM對PEO與PVA的吸附量。聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)可能經由C=O官能基與RCM層間陽離子或其外圍水分子相互作用而鍵結，因此其等溫吸附結果顯示RCM層電荷量愈高對PVP之吸附量愈多。
X光粉末繞射(XRD)結果顯示非離子界劑與聚合物皆以平躺(train)方式插層於蒙脫石層間。低電荷量RCM吸附聚乙二醇型非離子界劑與PEO達飽和量時，其層間距擴展約為18 Å；另外，低電荷量RCM吸附PVA達飽和量時，層間距則擴展約為19 Å。高電荷量RCM吸附PVP達飽和量，其層間距最大可擴展至24.8 Å。
吸附聚乙二醇型非離子界劑與PEO造成蒙脫石之卡片屋結構瓦解，因而降低其懸浮液之黏度，但蒙脫石懸浮液仍可保有高穩定性。另外，單位層部份坍塌之較低電荷量RCM(170C-SAz Li)吸附聚乙二醇型非離子界劑與PEO後可提高其與水分子的親和性，促進較低電荷量RCM顆粒在懸浮液中之剝離程度並提高懸浮液之分散穩定性。然而PVA與PVP無法有效吸附在較低電荷量RCM(170C-SAz Li)層間表面，故其顆粒在懸浮液中之剝離程度仍低且無法穩定分散於水中。吸附大量PVP使高電荷量RCM (25C-SAz Li)顆粒因空間穩定作用而分散，並且懸浮液黏度降至最低。低電荷量RCM(150C-SAz Li)大量吸附PVA後，使其表面的聚合物以OH基彼此吸引，降低顆粒間排斥力，懸浮液黏度降至最低。

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of layer charge on the intercalation of nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants into layered silicates using a series of reduced charge montmorillonite (RCM), and to evaluate adsorptive properties of nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants on montmorillonite. Furthermore, the stability and rheological properties of nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants intercalated RCM suspensions were explored.
The results obtained from RCM preparation and characterization indicated that a high degree of Li+ saturation in the interlayer space leads to a high sensitivity of charge reduction of montmorillonite upon heating. Heating temperature and time were important parameters controling the degree of charge reduced of montmorillonite. Suspensions of high charge RCM exhibit a high viscosity and stability due to the delamination of montmorillonite into thinner particles.
The adsorption isotherms show that sorption of nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants on RCM appear to be of the high-affinity type, and can be fitted by the Langmuir equation. The results of DRIFT spectra concluded that the hydrophobic interaction (between CH2-CH2- groups and siloxane surface) and the hydrogen bonding (between ether oxygen of PEO and structure OH of montmorillonite) are the major driven forces for polyethylene glycol and PEO adsorption on montmorillonite. Low charge RCM with a less portion of the siloxane surface covered by exchangeable cations demonstrated an increasing polyethylene glycol and PEO adsorption capacity. The DRIFT spectra confirmed that hydrogen bonds are formed between the PVA hydroxyl groups and the oxygens of the silicate layer or structure OH of the montmorillonite. This suggests that PVA would adsorb preferentially on the surface of low charge RCM. On the other hand, PVA adsorption capacity is inhibited by the partially collapsion of RCMs layer structure occuring when the amount of interlayer cation is less than 50 per cent of its original exchange capacity. PVP adsorption increases with increasing in the layer charge of RCM. It appears that the adsorption of PVP on RCM was induced by the interaction between C=O group of PVP and interlayer cations or solvating water.
The results of the d001 spacing obtained by XRD indicated that nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants were intercalated into and consequently expanded the interlayer space of RCM. The adsorbed nonionic polymers and nonionic surfactants take train segments predominantly on RCM. The d-spacing of the RCM increased to ~18 Å when saturated with polyethylene glycol and PEO. The PVA and PVP saturated RCM, however, were expanded nearly to 19 Å and 24.8 Å, respectively.
Due to the collapse of card-house structure, polyethylene glycol and PEO adsorbed on RCM leads to a decrease in suspension viscosity. However, suspensions of polyethylene glycol and PEO/RCM still maintain its high stability. The delamination of low charge RCM (170C-SAz Li) in water was enhanced when polyethylene glycol and PEO intercalated into the partially collapsed layer of low charge RCM (170C-SAz Li), presumbly due to the hydrophilic ether oxygen of adsorbed polyethylene glycol and PEO. Nevertheless, poor efficiency of the penetration of PVA and PVP into the interlayer of RCM made low charge RCM (170C-SAz Li) suspensions unstable. The high charge RCM suspension presents a much lower viscosity value at the highest PVP loading due to the steric stabilization effect. When saturated with PVA, the repulsive force between particles of low charge RCM (150C-SAz Li) was decreased by the interaction of OH groups of adsorbed PVA and the viscosity of suspensions was lowered consequently.

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