本論文研製一可操作於連續導通與不連續導通模式之一次側控制單級高功因返馳式轉換器，使用平均電流模式達到高功率因數，主要分別取樣輔助繞組電壓的中間值及開關電流的中間值，進行估算輸出電壓及輸出電流，所提之估測方法可適用於轉換器操作於連續導通與不連續導通模式，可應用於寬交流輸入電壓範圍及寬負載變化之轉換器。最後，研製一單級高功因返馳式轉換器以驗證理論之分析，系統規格之輸入電壓為90-264 Vrms，輸出電壓24 V，額定輸出功率為96 W，並以數位控制方式達到電壓調節與電流調節及功率因數修正的功能。實驗結果顯示其功率因數皆可達0.98以上，輸出電壓調節誤差小於3.5%，輸出電流調節誤差小於7.5%，系統最高轉換效率為86.7%。

In this thesis, a novel primary-side controlled sampling algorithm is proposed for high power factor single-stage flyback converter, which is adapted to discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and continuous conduction mode (CCM) operations. The controlled sampling algorithm senses midpoint value of the auxiliary winding voltage va and midpoint value of the main switch current to estimate the output voltage and the output current without the secondary-side feedback circuit, the proposed primary-side controller has the advantages of simple structure, small size, and light weight for wide range single-stage flyback applications. The sampling algorithm can be adopted to DCM and CCM operations for wide input voltage range and wide output power range applications. A 96 W experimental prototype with proposed algorithm is implemented with digital controller to verify the performance. Experimental results show that the power factor is higher than 0.98 and the output voltage control accuracy is within 3.5% and the output current control accuracy is within 7.5%, the system efficiency is up to 86.7%.

[1] USB.org, “USB 3.1/ USB TYPE-CTM Desktop Front Panel Cable and Connector Implementation Document,” Jan. 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB3p1_Front_Panel_CabCon_Implment_Doc_Rev1p1.pdf
[2] USB.org, “Specifications of USB-PD,” Apr. 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/USB%20Power%20Delivery.zip
[3] J. Zhang, M. M. Jovanovic, and F. C. Lee, “Comparison between CCM Single-Stage and Two-Stage Boost PFC Converters,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 335-341, Mar. 1999.
[4] B. Sharifipour, J. S. Huang, P. Liao, L. Huber, and M. M. Jovanovic, “Manufacturing and Cost Analysis of Power-Factor-Correction Circuits,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 490-494, Feb.1998.
[5] D. D-C Lu, H. Iu, and V. Pjevalica, “Single-Stage AC/DC Boost-Forward Converter With High Power Factor and Regulated Bus and Output Voltages,” in IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2128 - 2132, Feb. 2009.
[6] M. Orabi, and T. Ninomiya, “A Unified Design of Single-Stage and Two-Stage PFC Converter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp.1720-1725, Aug. 2003.
[7] J. Liping, Z. Yingchao, J. Youquan, Z. Yongchang, and Z. Zhengming, “One Stage Flyback-Type Power Factor Correction Converter for LED Driver,” in Proc. IEEE ICEMS, pp. 2173-2176, Dec. 2013.
[8] W. Lin, H. Chen, and S. Ke, “Research on A Single-Stage Flyback/Boost LED Driver with Lower Output Ripple,” in Proc. IEEE SPEC, pp. 1-5, Dec. 2016.
[9] P. Kornetzky, H. Hei, and I. Batarseh, “A Novel One-Stage Power Factor Correction Converter,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 251-258, Feb.1997.
[10] L. Jia, Y. Liu, and D. Fang, “High Power Factor Single Stage Flyback Converter for Dimmable LED Driver,” in Proc. IEEE ECCE, pp. 3231-3238, Sep. 2015.
[11] C. W. Chang, and Y. Y. Tzou, “Primary-Side Sensing Error Analysis for Flyback Converters,” in Proc. IEEE IPEMC, pp. 524–528, May. 2009.
[12] Y. T. Lin, T. J. Liang, and K. H. Chen, “IC Design of Primary-Side Control for Flyback Converter,” in Proc. IEEE IFEEC, pp. 449-453, Nov. 2013.
[13] Y. Bai, W. Chen, X. Yang, X. Yang, and J. Sun, “A Novel Constant Current and Constant Voltage Adaptive Blanking Regulation Scheme for Primary-Side Controlled Flyback Converter,” in Proc. IEEE IPEMC, pp. 1652-1659, May. 2016.
[14] S. H. Yang, T. H. Tsai, H. C. Chen, C. C. Chiu, K. H. Chen, Y. H. Lin, J. R. Lin, and T. Y. Tsai, “High Accuracy Knee Voltage Detection for Primary-Side Control in Flyback Battery Charger,” in IEEE Trans. on Circuit and Systems, pp. 1003 - 1012, Dec. 2017.
[15] P. Hsieh, C. Chang, and C. Chen, “A Primary-Side Control Quasi-Resonant Flyback Converter with Tight Output Voltage Regulation and Self-Calibrated Valley Switching,” in Proc. IEEE ECCE, pp. 3406-3412, Oct. 2013.
[16] B. Keogh, B. Long, and J. Leisten, “Design Improvements for Primary-Side Regulated High-Power Flyback Converters in Continuous-Conduction-Mode,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 492-497, Mar. 2015.
[17] Y. Zhang, Marcel A. M. Hendrix, and Jorge L. Duarte, “CCM Flyback Converter Using an Observer-Based Digital Controller,” in Proc. IEEE ICIT, pp. 2056-2061, Mar. 2015.
[18] “UCC2863x, High-Power Flyback Controller with Primary-Side Regulation and Peak-Power Mode,” Texas Instruments, Dec. 2017.
[19] C. Lin and Y. Tzou, “Digital Primary-Side Sensing and PFC Control of A Flyback Converter,” in Proc. IEEE ECCE, pp. 2603-2608, Sep. 2011.
[20] J. Shao, "A Highly Accurate Constant Voltage (CV) and Constant Current (CC) Primary Side Controller for Offline Applications," in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 3311-3316, Mar. 2013.
[21] “FAN103, primary-side-regulation PWM controller,” Fairchild Semiconductor, Jan. 2014.
[22] J. Zhang, H. Zeng, and T. Jiang, “A Primary-Side Control Scheme for High Power Factor LED Driver with TRIAC Dimming Capability,” in IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., pp. 4619–4629, Nov. 2012.
[23] C. N. Wu, Y. L. Chen, and Y. M. Chen, “Primary-Side Peak Current Measurement Strategy for High-Precision Constant Output Current Control,” in IEEE Trans. on Power Electron. pp. 967-975, Feb. 2015.
[24] X. Xie, J. Wang, C. Zhao, Q. Lu, and S. Liu, “A Novel Output Current Estimation and Regulation Circuit for Primary Side Controlled High Power Factor Single-Stage Flyback Led Driver,” in IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., pp. 4602-4612, Nov. 2012.
[25] Y. Leng, Y. Wang, J. Jiang, and L. He, “A Primary-Side Controlled Single-Stage Flyback LED Driver with High Power Factor and High Accuracy,” in Proc. IEEE IFEEC, pp. 293-298, Nov. 2013.
[26] J. S. Li, T. J. Liang, K. H. Chen, Y. J. Lu, and J. S. Li, “Primary-Side Controller IC Design for Quasi-Resonant Flyback LED Driver,” in Proc. IEEE ECCE, pp. 5308- 5315, Oct. 2015.
[27] T. J. Liang, K. H. Chen, and J.F. Chen, “Primary Side Control for Flyback Converter Operating in DCM and CCM,” in IEEE Trans. on Power Electron., pp. 3604-3612, Apr. 2018.
[28] S. Xu, Q. Shen, C. Wang, D. Ding, and W. Sun, “A Digital Control Scheme for PSR Flyback Converter in CCM and DCM,” in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2019.
[29] S. Xu, X. Kou, C. Wang, Q. Qian, and W. Sun, “New Digital Control Method for Improving Dynamic Response of Synchronous Rectified Flyback Converter with CCM and DCM mode,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 338-343, 2018.
[30] B. K. Huang, Master Thesis, “Primary-Side Control IC for Flyback Converter with Wide-Range Operation”, M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. Eng., National Cheng Kung Univ., Tainan, Taiwan, Jun. 2018.
[31] Texas Instruments, “TMS320F28335 Digital Signal Controllers (DSCs) Data Manual,” Sep. 2008.