本論文提出了頻率為2.4 GHz的傳能發射器架構，和能夠反射倍頻諧波的獵能器整合。即可達到當傳能發射端發射一訊號時，獵能器可由雙頻天線接收基頻訊號和傳送倍頻訊號。倘若獵能器能量尚未獵取完成(未完成充電)時，則傳送倍頻諧波訊號至發射端，使發射端之天線偵測並明確定位該獵能器，為其快速充電。並於獵能器第一次完成充電(後端電路開始工作)，關閉倍頻諧波反射，專注於獵能器的功率轉換效率來維持充電供後端感測器持續工作。
本論文開發一個應用於2.4 GHz發射器中的訊號產生器晶片。此2.4 GHz無線傳能功率發射晶片，使用台積電180-nm製程下線，同時製作獨立的LC-VCO和Pre-amplifier。LC-VCO的可調頻率範圍為31.95%，包含所需的2.4 GHz訊號且輸出功率為0 dBm，偏移頻率1 MHz下控制電壓在0.9 V的相位雜訊為-113 dBc/Hz，共消耗的直流功率為18 mW。Pre-amplifier採用AB類功率放大器製作，在2.4 GHz上的最大功率增益為18.53 dB，最大功率增進效率(PAE)為11.85 %、OIP1dB為12.32 dBm、OIP3為24 dBm，所消耗的直流功率為250 mW。除了在晶片上打線接合LC-VCO和Pre-amplifier量測外，也使用PCB上整合。在晶片上整合量到的Power emitter的輸出功率在2.4 GHz為12.3 dBm，可調範圍與LC-VCO幾乎一致。在PCB上整合量到的Power emitter的輸出功率在2.4 GHz為6.15 dBm，經由Ansys HFSS和ADS(Advanced Design System)模擬後可得到接近的結果。
本論文開發具有反射倍頻諧波的獵能器整合，除了對獵能晶片做簡單的介紹外，特別對所使用的三級FGCC整流器做詳細的分析和模擬。認為三級FGCC整流器架構適合在低輸入功率約為-20 dBm下且能夠輸出電壓0.38 V推動後端電路。整合晶片採用實驗室現有的2.4 GHz倍頻諧波偵測獵能晶片，剛好是三級FGCC整流器架構，且具有反射倍頻諧波的能力。後端電路為市售e-peas公司的AEM30940電源管理模組剛好符合對獵能輸出功率較低的情況下進行電容充電和充飽後輸出兩組可自定義的LDO輸出電壓。經過獵能晶片整合成獵能器後，在反射倍頻諧波的同時輸出電壓在最低輸入功率-13 dBm下為0.445 V能持續對e-peas AEM30940電容充電，等電容充飽且關閉倍頻諧波的時候獵能器的轉能效率提高，輸出電壓在輸入功率-13 dBm下為0.46 V。一旦輸入功率變大，獵能器輸出電壓的差距會更大。e-peas AEM30940一旦電容充飽後，就會輸出一穩定直流電壓供後端感測器使用，便能達到一套無線傳能系統。

In this thesis, a Power emitter architecture with a frequency of 2.4 GHz and an energy harvester with capability of reflecting second-harmonic are proposed.
This thesis concerns the development of a signal generator chip used for a 2.4 GHz emitter. This 2.4 GHz wireless energy Power emitter chip is fabricated by TSMC's 180-nm process, and independent LC-VCO and Pre-amplifier are produced at the same time. The adjustable frequency range of LC-VCO is 31.95%, covering the required 2.4 GHz signal, and having the output power of 0 dBm. The phase noise at 1 MHz offset frequency from 2.4 GHz, when the control voltage is 0.9 V, is -113 dBc/Hz, and the total DC power consumption is the is 18 mW. The pre-amplifier is implemented in a class AB amplifier. The maximum power gain at 2.4 GHz is 18.53 dB. The maximum power enhancement efficiency (PAE) is 11.85%. The OIP1dB is 12.32 dBm, OIP3 is 24 dBm, and the DC power consumed is 250 mW. In addition to wire bonding LC-VCO and Pre-amplifier measurements on the chip, integration measurements on the PCB is also used. The output power of the Power emitter integrated on the chip is 12.3 dBm at 2.4 GHz, and the adjustable range is almost the same as that of the LC-VCO. The output power of the Power emitter integrated on the PCB is 6.15 dBm at 2.4 GHz.
This thesis also concerns on the development of the energy harvester integration with the detecting function of reflected second-harmonic. In addition to a brief introduction to the energy harvester chip, the detailed analysis and simulation of a three-stage fully gate cross-coupled(FGCC) rectifier used are made in particular. It is believed that the three-stage FGCC rectifier architecture is suitable for driving the back-end circuit with an output voltage of 0.38 V at a low input power of about -20 dBm. The integrated chip used is an existing 2.4 GHz frequency second-harmonic detection chip developed in our laboratory, which happens to be a three-stage FGCC rectifier structure, and has the ability to reflect the second harmonic. The back-end circuit is a commercially available AEM30940 power management module from the company e-peas, which is just with the ability to charge a capacitor and to output two sets of customizable LDO output voltages when the output power of the harvester is low. After the chip being integrated into an energy harvester, the output voltage is 0.445 V at the lowest input power at -13 dBm while reflecting the second-harmonic. It can continue to charge the e-peas AEM30940 capacitor, wait until the capacitor is fully charged and turn off the second harmonic. The power conversion efficiency of the energy harvester is improved when harmonics turn off, and the output voltage is 0.46 V at an input power of -13 dBm. Once the input power becomes larger, the gap in the output voltage of the energy harvester will be greater. Once the capacitor is fully charged, e-peas AEM30940 will output a stable DC voltage for the back-end sensor to use, and a wireless powering system can be achieved.

[1] A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari and M. Ayyash, "Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 2347-2376, Fourthquarter 2015.
[2] J. G. Andrews et al., "What Will 5G Be?," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1065-1082, June 2014.
[3] X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim and Z. Han, "Wireless Networks With RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 757-789, Secondquarter 2015.
[4] J. A. Paradiso and T. Starner, "Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics," in IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 18-27, Jan.-March 2005.
[5] S. Bandyopadhyay and A. P. Chandrakasan, "Platform architecture for solar, thermal and vibration energy combining with MPPT and single inductor," 2011 Symposium on VLSI Circuits - Digest of Technical Papers, 2011, pp. 238-239.
[6] V. Raghunathan, A. Kansal, J. Hsu, J. Friedman and M. Srivastava, "Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems," IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005., 2005, pp. 457-462.
[7] A. Khaligh, P. Zeng and C. Zheng, "Kinetic Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies—State of the Art," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 850-860, March 2010.
[8] R. Zhang and C. K. Ho, "MIMO Broadcasting for Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1989-2001, May 2013.
[9] D. Psychoudakis, W. Moulder, C. Chen, H. Zhu and J. L. Volakis, "A Portable Low-Power Harmonic Radar System and Conformal Tag for Insect Tracking," in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 7, pp. 444-447, 2008.
[10] A. Singh and V. M. Lubecke, "Respiratory Monitoring and Clutter Rejection Using a CW Doppler Radar With Passive RF Tags," in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 558-565, March 2012.
[11] C. Chen, S. Yang, T. Huang, F. Wu and P. Chung, "Chargeable object location identification technique for antenna-arrayed RF power emitter using microcontroller-based harmonic reflection detection circuit," 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2016, pp. 1-3.
[12] S. Thomas, J. Teizer and M. Reynolds, "SmartHat: A battery-free worker safety device employing passive UHF RFID technology," 2011 IEEE International Conference on RFID, 2011, pp. 85-90.
[13] H. Guo and R. Sobot, "RF power harvesting analog front-end circuit for implants," 2009 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2009, pp. 907-910.
[14] D. Ham and A. Hajimiri, "Concepts and methods in optimization of integrated LC VCOs," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 896-909, June 2001.
[15] Y. Wang, J. Xu, K. He, M. Wu and R. Zhang, "A 67.4–71.2-GHz nMOS-Only Complementary VCO With Buffer-Reused Feedback Technique," in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 810-813, Dec. 2019.
[16] D. Mai, S. Bui and T. Nguyen, "Design and Analysis of 15.8 GHz LC-VCO Using PMOS Cross Coupled," 2019 31st International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 2019, pp. 203-205.
[17] D. B. Leeson, "A simple model of feedback oscillator noise spectrum," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 329-330, Feb. 1966.
[18] S.C. Cripps, RF power amplifiers for wireless communications,2nd ed.,2006.
[19] A. Siligaris et al., "A 60 GHz Power Amplifier With 14.5 dBm Saturation Power and 25% Peak PAE in CMOS 65 nm SOI," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1286-1294, July 2010.
[20] A. Gadallah, A. Allam, A. B. Abdel-Rahman, H. Jia and R. K. Pokharel, "A high-efficiency, low-power 2.4 GHz class AB PA for WBAN applications using load pull," 2017 Japan-Africa Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computers (JAC-ECC), 2017, pp. 29-32.
[21] Y. S. Ng, L. L. K. Leung and K. N. Leung, "A 3-GHz fully-integrated CMOS Class-AB power amplifier," 2009 52nd IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009, pp. 995-998.
[22] T. Wang, J. Ke and C. Chiang, "A high-Psat high-PAE fully-integrated 5.8-GHz power amplifier in 0.18-µm CMOS," 2011 IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits, 2011, pp. 1-2.
[23] F. H. Raab et al., "Power amplifiers and transmitters for RF and microwave," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 814-826, March 2002.
[24] T. Umeda, H. Yoshida, S. Sekine, Y. Fujita, T. Suzuki and S. Otaka, "A 950-MHz rectifier circuit for sensor network tags with 10-m distance," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 35-41, Jan. 2006.
[25]H. Nakamoto et al., "A Passive UHF RF Identification CMOS Tag IC Using Ferroelectric RAM in 0.35-$mu{hbox {m}}$ Technology," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 101-110, Jan. 2007.
[26] K. Kotani and T. Ito, "High efficiency CMOS rectifier circuit with self-Vth-cancellation and power regulation functions for UHF RFIDs," 2007 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2007, pp. 119-122.
[27] K. Kotani and T. Ito, "High efficiency CMOS rectifier circuits for UHF RFIDs using Vth cancellation techniques," 2009 IEEE 8th International Conference on ASIC, 2009, pp. 549-552.
[28] K. Kotani, A. Sasaki and T. Ito, "High-Efficiency Differential-Drive CMOS Rectifier for UHF RFIDs," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 3011-3018, Nov. 2009.
[29] A. Sasaki, K.Kotani and T. Ito, "Differential-drive CMOS rectifier for UHF RFIDs with 66% PCE at −12 dBm Input," 2008 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2008, pp. 105-108.
[30] M. Mahmoud, A. B. Abdel-Rahman, G. A. Fahmy, A. Aliam, H. Jia and R. K. Pokharel, "Dynamic threshold compensated, low voltage CMOS energy harvesting rectifier for UHF applications," 2016 IEEE 59th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2016, pp. 1-4.
[31] W. W. Y. Lau and L. Siek, "A 2.45GHz CMOS rectifier for RF energy harvesting," 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2016, pp. 1-3.
[32] Y. Chang, S. S. Chouhan, and K. Halonen, “A scheme to improve PCE of differential-drive CMOS rectifier for low RF input power,’’ Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 113–124, Jan. 2017.
[33] W. W. Y. Lau and L. Siek, "2.45GHz wide input range CMOS rectifier for RF energy harvesting," 2017 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), 2017, pp. 1-4.
[34] D. Gannes, Kyle G. A., "Design of Analog CMOS Circuits for Batteryless Implantable Telemetry Systems" (2014). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2019.
[35] MCE KDI Integrated Products Corporation. [Online]. Available: https://www.digchip.com/datasheets/parts/datasheet/602/MH-42-pdf.php
[36] N. Pournoori, M. W. A. Khan, L. Ukkonen and T. Björninen, "RF Energy Harvesting System Integrating a Passive UHF RFID Tag as a Charge Storage Indicator," 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2018, pp. 685-686.
[37] G. Papotto, F. Carrara and G. Palmisano, "A 90-nm CMOS Threshold-Compensated RF Energy Harvester," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 1985-1997, Sept. 2011.
[38] M. Stoopman, S. Keyrouz, H. J. Visser, K. Philips and W. A. Serdijn, "Co-Design of a CMOS Rectifier and Small Loop Antenna for Highly Sensitive RF Energy Harvesters," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 622-634, March 2014.
[39] S. S. Chouhan and K. Halonen, "Voltage multiplier arrangement for heavy load conditions in RF energy harvesting," 2016 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NORCAS), 2016, pp. 1-5.
[40] A. K. Moghaddam, J. H. Chuah, H. Ramiah, J. Ahmadian, P. Mak and R. P. Martins, "A 73.9%-Efficiency CMOS Rectifier Using a Lower DC Feeding (LDCF) Self-Body-Biasing Technique for Far-Field RF Energy-Harvesting Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 992-1002, April 2017.
[41] Y. Lu et al., "A Wide Input Range Dual-Path CMOS Rectifier for RF Energy Harvesting," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 166-170, Feb. 2017.
[42] A. S. Almansouri, M. H. Ouda and K. N. Salama, "A CMOS RF-to-DC Power Converter With 86% Efficiency and −19.2-dBm Sensitivity," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 2409-2415, May 2018.
[43] The Federal Communcations Commission, FCC RULES FOR ISM BAND WIRELESS EQUIPMENT. [Online]. Available: https://afar.net/tutorials/fcc-rules/
[44] L. Tran, H. Cha, and W. Park, “RF power harvesting: a review on designing methodologies and applications,” in Micro and Nano System Letters, Feb. 2017.
[45] S. S. Chouhan and K. Halonen, "Voltage multiplier circuit for UHF RF to DC conversion for RFID applications," 2014 NORCHIP, 2014, pp. 1-4.
[46] C.-C. Yang., “Design of 2.4 GHz RF Energy Harvesting Tag With Detectable Second-Harmonic Identification Technique,”in NCKU Department of Electrical Engineering,2019.
[47] e-peas, AEM30940 Data Sheet, on line available: https://e-peas.com/
[48] Powercast Corp., available on line: http://www.powercastco.com/
[49] D.M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 2nd ed,1997.