本文旨在研製一磷酸鋰鐵電池均壓電路，其乃採用雙向直流轉換器電路及利用能量轉移與能量回收之概念，將電池多餘能量導入超電容中，期以轉移超電容之儲能至能量較低之電池，因而減緩電池串聯充放電所產生之不均壓問題，同時達成降低能量損失之目的。而為預測能量轉移狀態，本文首先針對電池進行充放電測試，俾以取得電池等效模型及其電壓與殘餘能量特性曲線，續針對已知之電池內部特性與本文所提出之直流轉換電路，推導研擬電池均壓機制，再將所提出之均壓電路詳以分析及電路模擬，同時經與實測波形相互比較，以驗證本文電路之可行性，進而執行電池間之均壓實作測試，其測試結果應足佐證本文電池特性分析及均壓電路研製之實用性，並已兼具實務應用與學術參考價值。

This thesis is aimed at the development of a lithium iron phosphate batteries, in which a bi-directional dc converter circuit is utilized to deliver the redundant energy to ultra-capacitors such that the unequal voltage problem of batteries can be solved, while the energy loss can be minimized simultaneously. As for the prediction of energy delivery status, the thesis begins with the charging and discharging of batteries of interest. After collecting those equivalent battery models along with the residual energy characteristics curves, the schemes of voltage equalization is hence derived for batteries based on the acquired battery features and dc converter circuits. This is followed by the analysis and simulations of the proposed voltage equalization circuits, with which the simulated waveforms and the experimental outcome are mutually compared in order to validate the feasibility of this proposed approach. From test results, they support the battery analysis results and confirm the practicality of the proposed voltage equalization circuits, where both industry application and academic reference values are meanwhile solidified.

[1] A. M. Gee, F. V. P. Robinson, and R. W. Dunn, “Analysis of Battery Lifetime Extension in a Small-Scale Wind-Energy System Using Supercapacitors,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 24-33, March 2013.

[2] A. Mirhoseini and F. Koushanfar, “HypoEnergy- Hybrid Supercapacitor-Battery Power-Supply Optimization for Energy Efficiency,” 2011 Europe Conference & Exhibition on Design, Automation & Test, Grenoble, France, pp. 1-4, March 2011.

[3] F. A. Nurman and A. H. Arofat, “A Current Compensator for Hybrid Power Plant Using Bidirectional Multiphase DC-DC Converter and Supercapacitor,” IEEE International Conference on Power Engineering and Renewable Energy, Bali, Indonesia, pp. 1-5, July 2012.

[4] F. Ongaro, S. Saggini, and P. Mattavelli, “Li-Ion Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Storage System for a Long Lifetime, Photovoltaic-Based Wireless Sensor Network,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 3944-3952, September 2012.

[5] N. Rizoug, B. Barbedette, R. Sadoun, and G. Feld, “Starter-Alternator Propel the Vehicle through a Hybrid Supply: Battery and Supercapacitors,” IEEE Annual Conference and Exposition on Applied Power Electronics, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 2583-2589, February 2012.

[6] N. H. Kutkut and D. M. Divan, “Dynamic Equalization Techniques for Series Battery Stacks,” IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference, Boston, USA, pp. 514-521, October 1996.

[7] J. Cao, N. Schofield, and A. Emadi, “Battery Balancing Methods: a Comprehensive Review,” IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Harbin, China, pp. 1-6, September 2008.

[8] H. S. Park, C. E. Kim, C. Ho. Kim, G. W. Moon, and J. H. Lee, “A Modularized Charge Equalizer for an HEV Lithium-Ion Battery String,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 1464-1476, May 2009.

[9] S. M. Lukic, J. Cao, R. C. Bansal, F. Rodriguez, and A. Emadi, “Energy Storage Systems for Automotive Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 2258-2267, June 2008.

[10] B. Lindemark, “Individual Cell Voltage Equalizers (ICE) for Reliable Battery Performance,” IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 196-201, November 1991.

[11] N. H. Kutkut, H. L. N. Wiegman, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Design Considerations for Charge Equalization of An Electric Vehicle Battery System,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 28-35, February 1999.

[12] T. Ming and T. Stuart, “Selective Buck-Boost Equalizer for Series Battery Packs,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 201-211, January 2000.

[13] S. T. Hung, D. C. Hopkins, and C. R. Mosling, “Extension of Battery Life via Charge Equalization Control,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 96-104, February 1993.

[14] N. H. Kutkut, “Nondissipative Current Diverter Using a Centralized Multi-Winding Transformer,” IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, St. Louis, MO, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 648-654, June 1997.

[15] C. S. Moo, Y. C. Hsieh, and I. S. Tsai, “Charge Equalization for Series-Connected Batteries,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 704-710, April 2003.

[16] N. H. Kutkut, “A Modular Nondissipative Current Diverter for EV Battery Charge Equalization,” IEEE Annual Conference on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, USA, Vol. 2, pp. 686-690, February 1998.

[17] Y. S. Lee and G. T. Cheng, “Quasi-Resonant Zero-Current-Switching Bidirectional Converter for Battery Equalization Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 1213-1224, September 2006.

[18] C. Pascual and P. T. Krein, “Switched Capacitor System for Automatic Series Battery Equalization,” IEEE Annual Conference on Applied Power Electronics Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Vol. 2, pp. 848-854, February 1997.

[19] R. Rao, S. Vrudhula, and D. N. Rakhmatov, “Battery Modeling for Energy Aware System Design,” IEEE Computer Society, Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 77-87, December 2003.

[20] K. A. Smith, “Electrochemical Control of Lithium-Ion Batteries,” IEEE Control Systems, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 18-25, April 2010.

[21] J. P. Christophersen and S. R. Shaw, “Using Radial Basis Functions to Approximate Battery Differential Capacity and Differential Voltage,” Journal of Power Source, Vol. 195, No. 4, pp. 1225-1234, February 2010.

[22] B. E. Conway, Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications, Baker & Taylor Books, April, 1999.

[23] E. E. T. Cihak and E. E. Z. Jakopovic, “Supercapacitors in Power Converter DC Link: a Short Overview of Design and Application Issues,” IEEE International Convention on Information, Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics, Opatija, Croatia, pp. 130-135, May 2011.

[24] V. Musolino, L. Piegari, and E. Tironi, “New Full-Frequency-Range Supercapacitor Model with Easy Identification Procedure,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 112-120, January 2013.

[25] J. Auer and J. Miller, “Ultracapacitor-Based Energy Management Strategies for ECVT Hybrid Vehicles,” IET Conference on Automotive Electronics, Warwick, UK, pp. 1-11, June 2007.

[26] B. Schweighofer, K. M. Raab, and G. Brasseur, “Modeling of High Power Automotive Batteries by the Use of an Automated Test System,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 1087-1091, August 2003.

[27] M. Chen and G. A. Rincon-Mora, “Accurate Electrical Battery Model Capable of Predicting Runtime and I-V Performance,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 504-511, June 2006.

[28] M. Einhorn, F. V. Conte, C. Kral, and J. Fleig, “Comparison, Selection, and Parameterization of Electrical Battery Models for Automotive Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 1429-1437, March 2013.

[29] T. Dong, J. Li, F. Zhao, Y. Yi, and Q. Jin, “Analysis on the Influence of Measurement Error on State of Charge Estimation of LiFePO4 Power Battery,” IEEE International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy & Environment, Shanghai, China, Vol. 1, pp. 644-649, May 2011.

[30] W. J. Zhang, “A Review of The Electrochemical Performance of Alloy Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries,” Journal of Power Source, Vol. 196, No. 1, pp. 13-24, January 2011.

[31] J. P. Christophersena, G. L. Hunta, C. D. Hoa, and D. Howellb, “Pulse Resistance Effects Due to Charging or Discharging of High-Power Lithium-Ion Cells A Path Dependence Study,” Journal of Power Source, Vol. 173, No. 2, pp. 998-1005, November 2007.

[32] S. J. Huang, B. G. Huang, and F. S. Pai, “Fast Charge Strategy Based on the Characterization and Evaluation of LiFePO4 Batteries,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 1555-1562, April 2013.

[33] J. Zhang, J. S. Lai, R. Y. Kim, and W. Yu, “High-Power Density Design of a Soft-Switching High-Power Bidirectional DC-DC Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 1145-1153, July 2007.

[34] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, “Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design 3rd Edition,” John Wiley & Sons, October 2002.

[35] S. Franco, “Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits 3rd edition”, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002.

[36] R. Schaumann and M. E. Van Valkenburg, “Design of Analog Filters”, Oxford, 2010.

[37] dsPIC30F4011/4012 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Inc., 2005.

[38] IR2110 Data Sheet, International Rectifier, 2005.

[39] National Instrument: http://www.ni.com/