秀麗線蟲 (Caenorhabditis elegans ,C. elegans)為評估奈米毒性效應之理想動物實驗系統，該系統具有易於維護且價格便宜等優點。奈米材料工程(Engineered nanomaterials, ENMs)應用端非常廣泛，導致在過去幾年中產量大增，其在環境中潛在的毒性效應與對健康的不利影響逐漸受到重視。碳基之ENMs如單壁奈米碳管(single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWCNT)在含水介質中不易分散，為了將其有效應用於水環境中，將該材料加入可與水相溶之官能基(如：羧基（-COOH）)，增加其溶解度是相當必要的。然而，這項改動也可能間接導致該材料的毒性改變。在本次研究中，將使用C. elegans評估carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-SWCNT) ENMs (濃度為0.001-1000 μg/ L)對其之各種毒性效應。本研究結果顯示，儘管在急毒性測試方面並沒有發現C. elegans有致死之現象，但暴露COOH-SWCNT濃度高於1 μg/L之C. elegans在第8天觀察到壽命有顯著降低之現象。在神經與生殖毒性評估之結果顯示，當COOH-SWCNT暴露濃度高於1 μg/L時，其C. elegans運動反應及卵的大小數量均顯著的下降。此外，在COOH-SWCNT暴露濃度高於0.01 μg/L時，對C. elegans生長同樣發現相似之結果。在活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)之研究結果也觀察到在第8天出現下降之趨勢，但並沒有發現顯著之影響。這可能歸因於前人的研究發現腺蟲體內檸檬酸循環(負責能量與ROS產生) 會抑制SWCNTs與線蟲暴露COOH-SWCNT 24小時後轉移至新鮮培養基之恢復能力所影響。Colocalization 實驗結果發現 COOH-SWCNT確實在線蟲體內具有生物累積效應，當暴露高濃度之COOH-SWCNT (10,000 μg/L)三小時後，沿著線蟲的頭部與中部區域COOH-SWCNT誘導了ROS產生，並可以穿透線蟲之腸道組織。總體而言，當COOH-SWCNT濃度高於1 μg/L時，即可導致C. elegans次級標靶器官退化與活性降低相關等生長延遲現象，進而導致壽命降低而非具有立即的毒性效應影響。

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in vivo model is an ideal system for nanotoxicity assessment due to its many attractive characteristics such as easy maintenance, cheap cost, etc. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have many useful applications and their production has increased rapidly over the past few years. Their potential existence in the environment has raised an important concern regarding their toxicity and adverse health effects. Carbon-based ENMs such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have poor dispersion in aqueous media that impedes water-based applications. Therefore their functionalization with water-compatible functionalities such as carboxyl groups (-COOH) is necessary for solubility improvement. However, functionalization with different functional groups lead to altered toxicities. In this study, the nanotoxicity of carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-SWCNT) ENMs (0.001-1000 μg/L) was evaluated using the C. elegans system for different endpoints such as survival (lethality and lifespan), behavioral or locomotion (head thrash and body bend), development (growth), reproduction (brood size), and biochemical (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and colocalization). We found that while no lethality occurred for COOH-SWCNT treatment of C. elegans, a significant reduction in their lifespan was observed for concentrations >1 μg/L COOH-SWCNT at day 8 after 24-hour acute exposure. For consideration of neurological and reproductive toxicity (the secondary targeted organs), the tests of locomotion and brood size number were significantly decreased at concentrations >1 μg/L. Furthermore, a similar result was found on the growth of C. elegans which was retarded significantly at concentrations >0.01 μg/L. Oxidative stress did not seem to cause the significant toxic effects since the intracellular ROS showed a decreasing trend at day 8. This may be attributed to the ability of C. elegans to recover and reduce ROS toxicity. Colocalization experiments showed that the COOH-SWCNT was bioaccumulated in the worms, inducing ROS production mainly along the head and middle regions at 3-hrs treatment with high concentrations (10,000 μg/L). In addition, intestinal penetration of the COOH-SWCNTs was also observed. Overall, concentrations >1 μg/L can cause the toxic effects to C. elegans as observed from the deterioration of the secondary targeted organs and the retardation of their growth which correlated with the decreasing their lifespan while not necessarily causing immediate lethality.

Acik, M. and Darling, S.B. (2016) Graphene in perovskite solar cells: device design, characterization and implementation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4(17), 6185-6235.
Altun, Z. and Hall, D. (2002) WormAtlas. URL http://www. wormatlas. org 1384.
Aminzadeh, Z., Jamalan, M., Chupani, L., Lenjannezhadian, H., Ghaffari, M.A., Aberomand, M. and Zeinali, M. (2017) In vitro reprotoxicity of carboxyl-functionalised single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on human spermatozoa. Andrologia 49(9).
Anderson, G.L., Boyd, W.A. and Williams, P.L. (2001) Assessment of sublethal endpoints for toxicity testing with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem 20(4), 833-838.
Anderson, G.L., Cole, R.D. and Williams, P.L. (2004) Assessing behavioral toxicity with Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem 23(5), 1235-1240.
Apul, O.G., Wang, Q., Zhou, Y. and Karanfil, T. (2013) Adsorption of aromatic organic contaminants by graphene nanosheets: Comparison with carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. Water Research 47(4), 1648-1654.
Arepalli, S., A Holmes, W., Nikolaev, P., G Hadjiev, V. and Scott, C. (2004) A Parametric Study of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Growth by Laser Ablation.
Aricò, A.S., Bruce, P., Scrosati, B., Tarascon, J.-M. and van Schalkwijk, W. (2005) Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices. Nature Materials 4, 366.
Armstead, A.L. and Li, B. (2016) Nanotoxicity: emerging concerns regarding nanomaterial safety and occupational hard metal (WC-Co) nanoparticle exposure. International Journal of Nanomedicine 11, 6421-6433.
Arndt, D.A., Moua, M., Chen, J. and Klaper, R.D. (2013) Core Structure and Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials Alter Impacts to Daphnid Mortality, Reproduction, and Growth: Acute Assays Do Not Predict Chronic Exposure Impacts. Environmental Science & Technology 47(16), 9444-9452.
Asadi, K., Timmering, E.C., Geuns, T.C.T., Pesquera, A., Centeno, A., Zurutuza, A., Klootwijk, J.H., Blom, P.W.M. and de Leeuw, D.M. (2015) Up-Scaling Graphene Electronics by Reproducible Metal–Graphene Contacts. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7(18), 9429-9435.
Asghar, W., Shafiee, H., Velasco, V., Sah, V.R., Guo, S., El Assal, R., Inci, F., Rajagopalan, A., Jahangir, M., Anchan, R.M., Mutter, G.L., Ozkan, M., Ozkan, C.S. and Demirci, U. (2016) Toxicology Study of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Reduced Graphene Oxide in Human Sperm. Sci Rep 6, 30270.
Astefanei, A., Núñez, O. and Galceran, M.T. (2015) Characterisation and determination of fullerenes: A critical review. Analytica Chimica Acta 882, 1-21.
ASTM (2012) ASTM E2456-06, "Standard Temrinology Relating to Nanotechnology". ASTM International.
Auffan, M., Rose, J., Chanéac, C., Jolivet, J.-P., Masion, A., Wiesner, M.R. and Bottero, J.-Y. (2011) Nanoethics and Nanotoxicology. Houdy, P., Lahmani, M. and Marano, F. (eds), pp. 269-290, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Baeza-Squiban, A. and Lanone, S. (2011) Nanoethics and Nanotoxicology. Houdy, P., Lahmani, M. and Marano, F. (eds), pp. 37-61, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Bakry, R., Vallant, R.M., Najam-ul-Haq, M., Rainer, M., Szabo, Z., Huck, C.W. and Bonn, G.K. (2007) Medicinal applications of fullerenes. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2(4), 639-649.
Balandin, A.A., Ghosh, S., Bao, W., Calizo, I., Teweldebrhan, D., Miao, F. and Lau, C.N. (2008) Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene. Nano Letters 8(3), 902-907.
Bangal, M., Ashtaputre, S., Marathe, S., Ethiraj, A., Hebalkar, N., Gosavi, S.W., Urban, J. and Kulkarni, S.K. (2005) Semiconductor Nanoparticles. Hyperfine Interactions 160(1), 81-94.
Barnes, W.L., Dereux, A. and Ebbesen, T.W. (2003) Surface plasmon subwavelength optics. Nature 424, 824.
Benítez-Martínez, S., López-Lorente, Á.I. and Valcárcel, M. (2016) Determination of TiO2 nanoparticles in sunscreen using N-doped graphene quantum dots as a fluorescent probe. Microchimica Acta 183(2), 781-789.
Black, M.C. and Williams, P.L. (2001) Preliminary assessment of metal toxicity in the middle tisza river (Hungary) flood plain. Journal of Soils and Sediments 1(4), 213-216.
Bower, C., Zhou, O., Zhu, W., Werder, D. and Jin, S. (2000) Nucleation and growth of carbon nanotubes by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition.
Boyd, W.A., Cole, R.D., Anderson, G.L. and Williams, P.L. (2003) The effects of metals and food availability on the behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Toxicol Chem 22(12), 3049-3055.
Braeckman, B.P., Houthoofd, K., De Vreese, A. and Vanfleteren, J.R. (1999) Apparent uncoupling of energy production and consumption in long-lived Clk mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Biol 9(9), 493-496.
Brenner, S. (1974) The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77(1), 71-94.
Brongersma, M.L. and Shalaev, V.M. (2010) Applied physics. The case for plasmonics. Science 328(5977), 440-441.
Cabaleiro, D., Colla, L., Barison, S., Lugo, L., Fedele, L. and Bobbo, S. (2017) Heat Transfer Capability of (Ethylene Glycol + Water)-Based Nanofluids Containing Graphene Nanoplatelets: Design and Thermophysical Profile. Nanoscale Research Letters 12(1), 53.
Cha, C., Shin, S.R., Annabi, N., Dokmeci, M.R. and Khademhosseini, A. (2013) Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Multi-Functional Materials for Biomedical Engineering. ACS nano 7(4), 2891-2897.
Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W.W. and Prasher, D.C. (1994) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263(5148), 802.
Chatterjee, N., Yang, J., Kim, H.M., Jo, E., Kim, P.J., Choi, K. and Choi, J. (2014) Potential toxicity of differential functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in human cell line (BEAS2B) and Caenorhabditis elegans. J Toxicol Environ Health A 77(22-24), 1399-1408.
Chen, C.-Y. and Jafvert, C.T. (2010) Photoreactivity of Carboxylated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Sunlight: Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Water. Environmental Science & Technology 44(17), 6674-6679.
Chen, P.H., Hsiao, K.M. and Chou, C.C. (2013) Molecular characterization of toxicity mechanism of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials 34(22), 5661-5669.
Chen, W., Duan, L. and Zhu, D. (2007) Adsorption of Polar and Nonpolar Organic Chemicals to Carbon Nanotubes. Environmental Science & Technology 41(24), 8295-8300.
Chen, Y. and Zhang, J. (2014) Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Controlled Structures for Nanodevice Applications. Accounts of Chemical Research 47(8), 2273-2281.
Cheng, C., Muller, K.H., Koziol, K.K., Skepper, J.N., Midgley, P.A., Welland, M.E. and Porter, A.E. (2009) Toxicity and imaging of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human macrophage cells. Biomaterials 30(25), 4152-4160.
Cohen-Tanugi, D. and Grossman, J.C. (2014) Mechanical Strength of Nanoporous Graphene as a Desalination Membrane. Nano Letters 14(11), 6171-6178.
Cui, X.Y., Jia, F., Chen, Y.X. and Gan, J. (2011) Influence of single-walled carbon nanotubes on microbial availability of phenanthrene in sediment. Ecotoxicology 20(6), 1277-1285.
Dai, H. (2002) Carbon nanotubes: opportunities and challenges. Surface Science 500(1), 218-241.
De Marchi, L., Pretti, C., Gabriel, B., Marques, P.A.A.P., Freitas, R. and Neto, V. (2018) An overview of graphene materials: Properties, applications and toxicity on aquatic environments. Science of The Total Environment 631-632, 1440-1456.
De Volder, M.F., Tawfick, S.H., Baughman, R.H. and Hart, A.J. (2013) Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 339(6119), 535-539.
Ding, H., Li, X., Wang, J., Zhang, X. and Chen, C. (2016) Adsorption of chlorophenols from aqueous solutions by pristine and surface functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Environ Sci (China) 43, 187-198.
Donaldson, K., Aitken, R., Tran, L., Stone, V., Duffin, R., Forrest, G. and Alexander, A. (2006) Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety. Toxicol Sci 92(1), 5-22.
Dong, Z., Kennedy, S.J. and Wu, Y. (2011) Electrospinning materials for energy-related applications and devices. Journal of Power Sources 196(11), 4886-4904.
Dongyoung, L., Ji‐yeon, R., Hyun‐jeong, E., Jeong‐Yun, C., JinWon, H. and Jinhee, C. (2012) Oxidative stress‐related PMK‐1 P38 MAPK activation as a mechanism for toxicity of silver nanoparticles to reproduction in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31(3), 585-592.
Donkin, S.G. and Dusenbery, D.B. (1993) A soil toxicity test using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and an effective method of recovery. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 25(2), 145-151.
Doudrick, K., Herckes, P. and Westerhoff, P. (2012) Detection of Carbon Nanotubes in Environmental Matrices Using Programmed Thermal Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 46(22), 12246-12253.
Dreaden, E.C., Alkilany, A.M., Huang, X., Murphy, C.J. and El-Sayed, M.A. (2012) The golden age: gold nanoparticles for biomedicine. Chemical Society Reviews 41(7), 2740-2779.
Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G. and Eklund, P.C. (1996) Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes: their properties and applications, Elsevier.
Dresselhaus, M.S., Dresselhaus, G. and Jorio, A. (2004) UNUSUAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES. Annual Review of Materials Research 34(1), 247-278.
Du, X., Skachko, I., Barker, A. and Andrei, E.Y. (2008) Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 3, 491.
Dubey, N., Bentini, R., Islam, I., Cao, T., Castro Neto, A.H. and Rosa, V. (2015) Graphene: A Versatile Carbon-Based Material for Bone Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells International 2015, 12.
Eatemadi, A., Daraee, H., Karimkhanloo, H., Kouhi, M., Zarghami, N., Akbarzadeh, A., Abasi, M., Hanifehpour, Y. and Joo, S.W. (2014) Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications. Nanoscale Research Letters 9(1), 393-393.
Ebbesen, T.W. and Ajayan, P.M. (1992) Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Nature 358, 220.
Fan, S., Chapline, M.G., Franklin, N.R., Tombler, T.W., Cassell, A.M. and Dai, H. (1999) Self-oriented regular arrays of carbon nanotubes and their field emission properties. Science 283(5401), 512-514.
Ferreira-Aparicio, P., Folgado, M.A. and Daza, L. (2009) High surface area graphite as alternative support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalysts. Journal of Power Sources 192(1), 57-62.
Figarol, A., Pourchez, J., Boudard, D., Forest, V., Tulliani, J.-M., Lecompte, J.-P., Cottier, M., Bernache-Assollant, D. and Grosseau, P. (2014) Biological response to purification and acid functionalization of carbon nanotubes. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 16(7), 2507.
Fischer, H.C. and Chan, W.C.W. (2007) Nanotoxicity: the growing need for in vivo study. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 18(6), 565-571.
Fraczek-Szczypta, A., Menaszek, E., Syeda, T.B., Misra, A., Alavijeh, M., Adu, J. and Blazewicz, S. (2012) Effect of MWCNT surface and chemical modification on in vitro cellular response. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14(10), 1181.
Fubini, B. (1997) Surface reactivity in the pathogenic response to particulates. Environ Health Perspect 105 Suppl 5, 1013-1020.
Furmaniak, S., Terzyk, A.P., Gauden, P.A. and Rychlicki, G. (2006) Simple models of adsorption in nanotubes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 295(2), 310-317.
Gautam, U.K., Vivekchand, S.R.C., Govindaraj, A., Kulkarni, G.U., Selvi, N.R. and Rao, C.N.R. (2005) Generation of Onions and Nanotubes of GaS and GaSe through Laser and Thermally Induced Exfoliation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 127(11), 3658-3659.
Gonzalez-Moragas, L., Roig, A. and Laromaine, A. (2015) C. elegans as a tool for in vivo nanoparticle assessment. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 219, 10-26.
Goodwin, C.M., Lewis, G.G., Fiorella, A., Ellison, M.D. and Kohn, R. (2014) Synthesis and toxicity testing of cysteine-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes with Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Advances 4(12), 5893-5900.
Gottschalk, F., Sonderer, T., Scholz, R.W. and Nowack, B. (2009) Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions. Environmental Science & Technology 43(24), 9216-9222.
Graham, M.L. and Prescott, M.J. (2015) The multifactorial role of the 3Rs in shifting the harm-benefit analysis in animal models of disease. European Journal of Pharmacology 759, 19-29.
Hall, D. and Altun, Z. (2008) Introduction to C. elegans anatomy. C. elegans Atlas. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1-15.
Ham, H.T., Choi, Y.S. and Chung, I.J. (2005) An explanation of dispersion states of single-walled carbon nanotubes in solvents and aqueous surfactant solutions using solubility parameters. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 286(1), 216-223.
Harrison, B.S. and Atala, A. (2007) Carbon nanotube applications for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 28(2), 344-353.
Harvey, S.C. and Orbidans, H.E. (2011) All Eggs Are Not Equal: The Maternal Environment Affects Progeny Reproduction and Developmental Fate in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS ONE 6(10), e25840.
Hirsch, A. (2002) Functionalization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 41(11), 1853-1859.
Hirth, S., Cena, L., Cox, G., Tomovic, Z., Peters, T. and Wohlleben, W. (2013) Scenarios and methods that induce protruding or released CNTs after degradation of nanocomposite materials. J Nanopart Res 15(4), 1504.
Hitchcock, D.R., Black, M.C. and Williams, P.L. (1997) Investigations into using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans for municipal and industrial wastewater toxicity testing. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33(3), 252-260.
Hodgkin, J. and Barnes, T.M. (1991) More is not better: brood size and population growth in a self-fertilizing nematode. Proc Biol Sci 246(1315), 19-24.
Hoss, S. and Weltje, L. (2007) Endocrine disruption in nematodes: effects and mechanisms. Ecotoxicology 16(1), 15-28.
Hoss, S., Arndt, M., Baumgarte, S., Tebbe, C.C., Nguyen, H.T. and Jehle, J.A. (2008) Effects of transgenic corn and Cry1Ab protein on the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 70(2), 334-340.
Höss, S., Haitzer, M., Traunspurger, W. and Steinberg Christian, E.W. (2009) Growth and fertility of Caenorhabditis elegans (nematoda) in unpolluted freshwater sediments: Response to particle size distribution and organic content. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(12), 2921-2925.
Höss, S., Haitzer, M., Traunspurger, W., Gratzer, H., Ahlf, W. and Steinberg, C. (1997) Influence of Particle Size Distribution and Content of Organic Matter on the Toxicity of Copper in Sediment Bioassays Using Caenorhabditis Elegans (Nematoda). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 99(1), 689-695.
Hou, W.-C., He, C.-J., Wang, Y.-S., Wang, D.K. and Zepp, R.G. (2016) Phototransformation-Induced Aggregation of Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: The Importance of Amorphous Carbon. Environmental Science & Technology 50(7), 3494-3502.
Hou, W.-C., Westerhoff, P. and Posner, J.D. (2013) Biological accumulation of engineered nanomaterials: a review of current knowledge. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 15(1), 103-122.
Hsu Pei‐Chun, L., O'Callaghan, M., Al‐Salim, N. and Hurst Mark, R.H. (2012) Quantum dot nanoparticles affect the reproductive system of Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 31(10), 2366-2374.
Hu, L., Choi, J.W., Yang, Y., Jeong, S., La Mantia, F., Cui, L.-F. and Cui, Y. (2009) Highly conductive paper for energy-storage devices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(51), 21490.
Hughes, S.E., Evason, K., Xiong, C. and Kornfeld, K. (2007) Genetic and pharmacological factors that influence reproductive aging in nematodes. PLoS Genet 3(2), e25.
Hyung, H., Fortner, J.D., Hughes, J.B. and Kim, J.H. (2007) Natural organic matter stabilizes carbon nanotubes in the aqueous phase. Environ Sci Technol 41(1), 179-184.
Iijima, S. (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56.
Iijima, S. and Ichihashi, T. (1993) Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363, 603.
Jackson, P., Jacobsen, N.R., Baun, A., Birkedal, R., Kuhnel, D., Jensen, K.A., Vogel, U. and Wallin, H. (2013) Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes. Chem Cent J 7(1), 154.
Jacobsen, N.R., Møller, P., Jensen, K.A., Vogel, U., Ladefoged, O., Loft, S. and Wallin, H. (2009) Lung inflammation and genotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles in ApoE-/- mice. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 6(1), 2.
Jensen, A.W., Wilson, S.R. and Schuster, D.I. (1996) Biological applications of fullerenes. Bioorg Med Chem 4(6), 767-779.
Jia, G., Wang, H., Yan, L., Wang, X., Pei, R., Yan, T., Zhao, Y. and Guo, X. (2005) Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene. Environ Sci Technol 39(5), 1378-1383.
Jiaming, C., Dehua, Y., Xiang, Z., Naigen, Z. and Huaping, L. (2017) Recent progress on the structure separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 28(45), 452001.
Jin, Y.-H., Lee, S.-H., Shim, H.-W., Ko, K.H. and Kim, D.-W. (2010) Tailoring high-surface-area nanocrystalline TiO2 polymorphs for high-power Li ion battery electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 55(24), 7315-7321.
Jorio, A., Dresselhaus, G. and S Dresselhaus, M. (2008) Carbon Nanotubes: Advanced Topics in the Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications.
Journet, C., Maser, W.K., Bernier, P., Loiseau, A., de la Chapelle, M.L., Lefrant, S., Deniard, P., Lee, R. and Fischer, J.E. (1997) Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique. Nature 388, 756.
Kamarudin, S.K., Achmad, F. and Daud, W.R.W. (2009) Overview on the application of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34(16), 6902-6916.
Kang, S., Herzberg, M., Rodrigues, D.F. and Elimelech, M. (2008) Antibacterial Effects of Carbon Nanotubes: Size Does Matter! Langmuir 24(13), 6409-6413.
Kar, T., Adhikari, U., Scheiner, S., Roy, A.K., Parreira, R.L.T., de S. Bergamo, P.A., Caramori, G.F. and Schneider, F.S.S. (2017) Solvation Enhances the Distinction between Carboxylated Armchair and Zigzag Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT-COOH). The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121(17), 9516-9527.
Kayser, E.B., Sedensky, M.M. and Morgan, P.G. (2004) The effects of complex I function and oxidative damage on lifespan and anesthetic sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 125(6), 455-464.
Keblinski, P., Nayak, S.K., Zapol, P. and Ajayan, P.M. (2002) Charge distribution and stability of charged carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev Lett 89(25), 255503.
Khan, I., Saeed, K. and Khan, I. (2017) Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
Kim, Y.-T., Han, J.H., Hong, B.H. and Kwon, Y.-U. (2010) Electrochemical Synthesis of CdSe Quantum-Dot Arrays on a Graphene Basal Plane Using Mesoporous Silica Thin-Film Templates. Advanced Materials 22(4), 515-518.
Koh, B. and Cheng, W. (2014) Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotube Aggregation and the Reversion of Carbon Nanotube Aggregates in Aqueous Medium. Langmuir 30(36), 10899-10909.
Kong, J., Cassell, A.M. and Dai, H. (1998) Chemical vapor deposition of methane for single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters 292(4), 567-574.
Kostarelos, K., Lacerda, L., Pastorin, G., Wu, W., Wieckowski, S., Luangsivilay, J., Godefroy, S., Pantarotto, D., Briand, J.-P., Muller, S., Prato, M. and Bianco, A. (2007) Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type. Nat Nanotechnol 2, 108.
Kroll, A., Pillukat, M.H., Hahn, D. and Schnekenburger, J. (2012) Interference of engineered nanoparticles with in vitro toxicity assays. Arch Toxicol 86(7), 1123-1136.
Kroto, H.W., Heath, J.R., O'Brien, S.C., Curl, R.F. and Smalley, R.E. (1985) C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318, 162.
Kuchibhatla, S.V.N.T., Karakoti, A.S., Bera, D. and Seal, S. (2007) One dimensional nanostructured materials. Progress in Materials Science 52(5), 699-913.
Lam, C.W., James, J.T., McCluskey, R. and Hunter, R.L. (2004) Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol Sci 77(1), 126-134.
Lam, C.W., James, J.T., McCluskey, R., Arepalli, S. and Hunter, R.L. (2006) A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit Rev Toxicol 36(3), 189-217.
Laurent, S., Forge, D., Port, M., Roch, A., Robic, C., Vander Elst, L. and Muller, R.N. (2008) Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications. Chemical Reviews 108(6), 2064-2110.
Laux, P., Riebeling, C., Booth, A.M., Brain, J.D., Brunner, J., Cerrillo, C., Creutzenberg, O., Estrela-Lopis, I., Gebel, T., Johanson, G., Jungnickel, H., Kock, H., Tentschert, J., Tlili, A., Schaffer, A., Sips, A.J.A.M., Yokel, R.A. and Luch, A. (2018) Challenges in characterizing the environmental fate and effects of carbon nanotubes and inorganic nanomaterials in aquatic systems. Environmental Science: Nano 5(1), 48-63.
Lee, J.Y., Hong, B.H., Kim, W.Y., Min, S.K., Kim, Y., Jouravlev, M.V., Bose, R., Kim, K.S., Hwang, I.-C., Kaufman, L.J., Wong, C.W., Kim, P. and Kim, K.S. (2009) Near-field focusing and magnification through self-assembled nanoscale spherical lenses. Nature 460, 498.
Lee, S.J., Hwang, A.B. and Kenyon, C. (2010) Inhibition of respiration extends C. elegans life span via reactive oxygen species that increase HIF-1 activity. Curr Biol 20(23), 2131-2136.
Leung, M.C.K., Williams, P.L., Benedetto, A., Au, C., Helmcke, K.J., Aschner, M. and Meyer, J.N. (2008) Caenorhabditis elegans: An Emerging Model in Biomedical and Environmental Toxicology. Toxicological Sciences 106(1), 5-28.
Li, H., Guan, L., Shi, Z. and Gu, Z. (2004) Direct Synthesis of High Purity Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers by Arc Discharge. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108(15), 4573-4575.
Li, H.-Q., Wang, Y.-G., Wang, C.-X. and Xia, Y.-Y. (2008) A competitive candidate material for aqueous supercapacitors: High surface-area graphite. Journal of Power Sources 185(2), 1557-1562.
Li, Y., Yu, S., Wu, Q., Tang, M. and Wang, D. (2013) Transmissions of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate are required for the formation of neurotoxicity from Al2O3-NPs in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Nanotoxicology 7(5), 1004-1013.
Li, Y., Yu, S., Wu, Q., Tang, M., Pu, Y. and Wang, D. (2012) Chronic Al2O3-nanoparticle exposure causes neurotoxic effects on locomotion behaviors by inducing severe ROS production and disruption of ROS defense mechanisms in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Hazardous Materials 219-220, 221-230.
Lin, D. and Xing, B. (2008) Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds by Carbon Nanotubes: Role of Aromaticity and Substitution of Hydroxyl Groups. Environmental Science & Technology 42(19), 7254-7259.
Lin, Y., Li, X., Xie, D., Feng, T., Chen, Y., Song, R., Tian, H., Ren, T., Zhong, M., Wang, K. and Zhu, H. (2013) Graphene/semiconductor heterojunction solar cells with modulated antireflection and graphene work function. Energy & Environmental Science 6(1), 108-115.
Liu, X., Wang, M., Zhang, S. and Pan, B. (2013) Application potential of carbon nanotubes in water treatment: A review. Journal of Environmental Sciences 25(7), 1263-1280.
Long, C.M., Nascarella, M.A. and Valberg, P.A. (2013) Carbon black vs. black carbon and other airborne materials containing elemental carbon: Physical and chemical distinctions. Environmental Pollution 181, 271-286.
Luo, X., Xu, S., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y. and Wu, L. (2017) Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induced the developmental abnormality of Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 17(6), 3913-3919.
Machado, F.M., Bergmann, C.P., Fernandes, T.H.M., Lima, E.C., Royer, B., Calvete, T. and Fagan, S.B. (2011) Adsorption of Reactive Red M-2BE dye from water solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. Journal of Hazardous Materials 192(3), 1122-1131.
Madani, S.Y., Tan, A., Dwek, M. and Seifalian, A.M. (2012) Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their binding to cancer cells. International Journal of Nanomedicine 7, 905-914.
Martínez, A., Francisco-Marquez, M. and Galano, A. (2010) Effect of Different Functional Groups on the Free Radical Scavenging Capability of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114(35), 14734-14739.
Mauter, M.S. and Elimelech, M. (2008) Environmental Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials. Environmental Science & Technology 42(16), 5843-5859.
Mendonça, M.C.P., Rizoli, C., Ávila, D.S., Amorim, M.J.B. and de Jesus, M.B. (2017) Nanomaterials in the Environment: Perspectives on in Vivo Terrestrial Toxicity Testing. Frontiers in Environmental Science 5(71).
Mitrano, D.M., Arroyo Rojas Dasilva, Y. and Nowack, B. (2015) Effect of Variations of Washing Solution Chemistry on Nanomaterial Physicochemical Changes in the Laundry Cycle. Environ Sci Technol 49(16), 9665-9673.
Mochalin, V.N., Shenderova, O., Ho, D. and Gogotsi, Y. (2011) The properties and applications of nanodiamonds. Nat Nanotechnol 7(1), 11-23.
Murphy, Michael P. (2009) How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochemical Journal 417(Pt 1), 1-13.
Muschiol, D., Schroeder, F. and Traunspurger, W. (2009) Life cycle and population growth rate of Caenorhabditis elegans studied by a new method. BMC Ecology 9, 14-14.
Mutwakil, M.H.A.Z., Reader, J.P., Holdich, D.M., Smithurst, P.R., Candido, E.P.M., Jones, D., Stringham, E.G. and de Pomerai, D.I. (1997) Use of Stress-Inducible Transgenic Nematodes as Biomarkers of Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Samples from an English River System. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32(2), 146-153.
Nanot, S., Thompson, N.A., Kim, J.-H., Wang, X., Rice, W.D., Hároz, E.H., Ganesan, Y., Pint, C.L. and Kono, J. (2013) Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials. Vajtai, R. (ed), pp. 105-146, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Nasir, A., Kausar, A. and Younus, A. (2015) A Review on Preparation, Properties and Applications of Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Materials. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 54(4), 325-341.
Nguyen, T., Pellegrin, B., Bernard, C., Gu, X., Gorham, J.M., Stutzman, P., Stanley, D., Shapiro, A., Byrd, E., Hettenhouser, R. and Chin, J. (2011) Fate of nanoparticles during life cycle of polymer nanocomposites. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 304(1), 012060.
Nicolai, A., Sumpter, B.G. and Meunier, V. (2014) Tunable water desalination across graphene oxide framework membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16(18), 8646-8654.
Nine, M.J., Cole, M.A., Tran, D.N.H. and Losic, D. (2015) Graphene: a multipurpose material for protective coatings. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3(24), 12580-12602.
Niyogi, S., Boukhalfa, S., Chikkannanavar, S.B., McDonald, T.J., Heben, M.J. and Doorn, S.K. (2007) Selective aggregation of single-walled carbon nanotubes via salt addition. J Am Chem Soc 129(7), 1898-1899.
Niyogi, S., Hamon, M.A., Hu, H., Zhao, B., Bhowmik, P., Sen, R., Itkis, M.E. and Haddon, R.C. (2002) Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Accounts of Chemical Research 35(12), 1105-1113.
Nouara, A., Wu, Q., Li, Y., Tang, M., Wang, H., Zhao, Y. and Wang, D. (2013) Carboxylic acid functionalization prevents the translocation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes at predicted environmentally relevant concentrations into targeted organs of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Nanoscale 5(13), 6088-6096.
Oberdorster, G., Sharp, Z., Atudorei, V., Elder, A., Gelein, R., Kreyling, W. and Cox, C. (2004) Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 16(6-7), 437-445.
Okada, M. and Furuzono, T. (2012) Hydroxylapatite nanoparticles: fabrication methods and medical applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 13(6), 064103.
Peng, H., Alemany, L.B., Margrave, J.L. and Khabashesku, V.N. (2003b) Sidewall Carboxylic Acid Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 125(49), 15174-15182.
Peng, X., Li, Y., Luan, Z., Di, Z., Wang, H., Tian, B. and Jia, Z. (2003a) Adsorption of 1,2-dichlorobenzene from water to carbon nanotubes. Chemical Physics Letters 376(1), 154-158.
Peredney, C.L. and Williams, P.L. (2000) Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for assessing heavy metal contamination in artificial soil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39(1), 113-118.
Petersen, E.J., Akkanen, J., Kukkonen, J.V.K. and Weber, W.J. (2009) Biological Uptake and Depuration of Carbon Nanotubes by Daphnia magna. Environmental Science & Technology 43(8), 2969-2975.
Petersen, E.J., Zhang, L., Mattison, N.T., O’Carroll, D.M., Whelton, A.J., Uddin, N., Nguyen, T., Huang, Q., Henry, T.B., Holbrook, R.D. and Chen, K.L. (2011) Potential Release Pathways, Environmental Fate, And Ecological Risks of Carbon Nanotubes. Environmental Science & Technology 45(23), 9837-9856.
Petrella, L.N. (2014) Natural variants of C. elegans demonstrate defects in both sperm function and oogenesis at elevated temperatures. PLoS ONE 9(11), e112377.
Pichardo, S., Gutierrez-Praena, D., Puerto, M., Sanchez, E., Grilo, A., Camean, A.M. and Jos, A. (2012) Oxidative stress responses to carboxylic acid functionalized single wall carbon nanotubes on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Toxicol In Vitro 26(5), 672-677.
Pierson, H.O. (1993) Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond, and Fullerenes: Properties, Processing, and Applications, Noyes Publications.
Pokropivny, V.V. and Skorokhod, V.V. (2007) Classification of nanostructures by dimensionality and concept of surface forms engineering in nanomaterial science. Materials Science and Engineering: C 27(5), 990-993.
Pradhan, D. and Leung, K.T. (2008) Vertical Growth of Two-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Nanostructures on ITO-Coated Glass:  Effects of Deposition Temperature and Deposition Time. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112(5), 1357-1364.
Puri, A., Loomis, K., Smith, B., Lee, J.H., Yavlovich, A., Heldman, E. and Blumenthal, R. (2009) Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 26(6), 523-580.
Pyrzynska, K., Stafiej, A. and Biesaga, M. (2007) Sorption behavior of acidic herbicides on carbon nanotubes. Microchimica Acta 159(3), 293-298.
Qazi, U. and Javaid, R. (2016) A Review on Metal Nanostructures: Preparation Methods and Their Potential Applications.
Qiu, Y., Wang, Z., Owens, A.C.E., Kulaots, I., Chen, Y., Kane, A.B. and Hurt, R.H. (2014) Antioxidant chemistry of graphene-based materials and its role in oxidation protection technology. Nanoscale 6(20), 11744-11755.
Quinton, B.T., Barnes, P.N., Varanasi, C.V., Burke, J., Tsao, B.-H., Yost, K.J. and Mukhopadhyay, S.M. (2013) A Comparative Study of Three Different Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques of Carbon Nanotube Growth on Diamond Films. Journal of Nanomaterials 2013, 9.
Rao, C.N., Kulkarni, G.U., Thomas, P.J. and Edwards, P.P. (2002) Size-dependent chemistry: properties of nanocrystals. Chemistry 8(1), 28-35.
Rao, J.P. and Geckeler, K.E. (2011) Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters. Progress in Polymer Science 36(7), 887-913.
Reina, G., Gonzalez-Dominguez, J.M., Criado, A., Vazquez, E., Bianco, A. and Prato, M. (2017) Promises, facts and challenges for graphene in biomedical applications. Chemical Society Reviews 46(15), 4400-4416.
Ren, J., Shen, S., Wang, D., Xi, Z., Guo, L., Pang, Z., Qian, Y., Sun, X. and Jiang, X. (2012) The targeted delivery of anticancer drugs to brain glioma by PEGylated oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with angiopep-2. Biomaterials 33(11), 3324-3333.
Ren, X., Zelenay, P., Thomas, S., Davey, J. and Gottesfeld, S. (2000) Recent advances in direct methanol fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Journal of Power Sources 86(1), 111-116.
Rhiem, S., Riding, M.J., Baumgartner, W., Martin, F.L., Semple, K.T., Jones, K.C., Schaffer, A. and Maes, H.M. (2015) Interactions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with algal cells: quantification of association, visualization of uptake, and measurement of alterations in the composition of cells. Environ Pollut 196, 431-439.
Riddle, D.L. (1997) C. elegans II 2nd edition.
Rodriguez-Yanez, Y., Munoz, B. and Albores, A. (2013) Mechanisms of toxicity by carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Mech Methods 23(3), 178-195.
Saifuddin, N., Raziah, A.Z. and Junizah, A.R. (2013) Carbon Nanotubes: A Review on Structure and Their Interaction with Proteins. Journal of Chemistry 2013, 18.
Saito R, D.G., Dresselhaus M S (2011) Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, pp. 137-162, PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO.
Sayes, C.M., Liang, F., Hudson, J.L., Mendez, J., Guo, W., Beach, J.M., Moore, V.C., Doyle, C.D., West, J.L., Billups, W.E., Ausman, K.D. and Colvin, V.L. (2006) Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Lett 161(2), 135-142.
Schaar, C.E., Dues, D.J., Spielbauer, K.K., Machiela, E., Cooper, J.F., Senchuk, M., Hekimi, S. and Van Raamsdonk, J.M. (2015) Mitochondrial and Cytoplasmic ROS Have Opposing Effects on Lifespan. PLoS Genet 11(2), e1004972.
Schipper, M.L., Nakayama-Ratchford, N., Davis, C.R., Kam, N.W., Chu, P., Liu, Z., Sun, X., Dai, H. and Gambhir, S.S. (2008) A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. Nat Nanotechnol 3(4), 216-221.
Schlagenhauf, L., Chu, B.T., Buha, J., Nuesch, F. and Wang, J. (2012) Release of carbon nanotubes from an epoxy-based nanocomposite during an abrasion process. Environ Sci Technol 46(13), 7366-7372.
Secor Ethan, B., Ahn Bok, Y., Gao Theodore, Z., Lewis Jennifer, A. and Hersam Mark, C. (2015) Rapid and Versatile Photonic Annealing of Graphene Inks for Flexible Printed Electronics. Advanced Materials 27(42), 6683-6688.
Selck, H., Handy, R.D., Fernandes, T.F., Klaine, S.J. and Petersen, E.J. (2016) Nanomaterials in the aquatic environment: A European Union-United States perspective on the status of ecotoxicity testing, research priorities, and challenges ahead. Environ Toxicol Chem 35(5), 1055-1067.
Shaye, D.D. and Greenwald, I. (2011) OrthoList: a compendium of C. elegans genes with human orthologs. PLoS One 6(5), e20085.
Shen, Q., Jiang, L., Zhang, H., Min, Q., Hou, W. and Zhu, J.-J. (2008) Three-dimensional Dendritic Pt Nanostructures: Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis and Electrochemical Applications. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112(42), 16385-16392.
Shvedova, A.A., Castranova, V., Kisin, E.R., Schwegler-Berry, D., Murray, A.R., Gandelsman, V.Z., Maynard, A. and Baron, P. (2003) Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66(20), 1909-1926.
Shvedova, A.A., Kisin, E.R., Mercer, R., Murray, A.R., Johnson, V.J., Potapovich, A.I., Tyurina, Y.Y., Gorelik, O., Arepalli, S., Schwegler-Berry, D., Hubbs, A.F., Antonini, J., Evans, D.E., Ku, B.K., Ramsey, D., Maynard, A., Kagan, V.E., Castranova, V. and Baron, P. (2005) Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289(5), L698-708.
Singh, Z. (2016) Applications and toxicity of graphene family nanomaterials and their composites. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 9, 15-28.
Sochova, I., Hofman, J. and Holoubek, I. (2007) Effects of seven organic pollutants on soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Int 33(6), 798-804.
Stringham Eve, G. and Candido, E.P.M. (1994) Transgenic hsp 16‐Lacz strains of the soil nematode caenorhabditis elegans as biological monitors of environmental stress. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(8), 1211-1220.
Su, M., Zheng, B. and Liu, J. (2000) A scalable CVD method for the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes with high catalyst productivity. Chemical Physics Letters 322(5), 321-326.
Sun, L., Lin, Z., Liao, K., Xi, Z. and Wang, D. (2015) Adverse effects of coal combustion related fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Total Environ 512-513, 251-260.
Sun, S., Murray, C.B., Weller, D., Folks, L. and Moser, A. (2000) Monodisperse FePt nanoparticles and ferromagnetic FePt nanocrystal superlattices. Science 287(5460), 1989-1992.
Sun, S., Sun, X., Chen, Z., Liu, Y., P. Wilkinson, D. and Zhang, J. (2017) Carbon Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Technologies: Fundamentals and Applications.
Tabet, L., Bussy, C., Setyan, A., Simon-Deckers, A., Rossi, M.J., Boczkowski, J. and Lanone, S. (2011) Coating carbon nanotubes with a polystyrene-based polymer protects against pulmonary toxicity. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 8(1), 3.
Takagi, A., Hirose, A., Nishimura, T., Fukumori, N., Ogata, A., Ohashi, N., Kitajima, S. and Kanno, J. (2008) Induction of mesothelioma in p53+/- mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci 33(1), 105-116.
Tapaszto, O., Balko, J., Puchy, V., Kun, P., Dobrik, G., Fogarassy, Z., Horvath, Z.E., Dusza, J., Balazsi, K., Balazsi, C. and Tapaszto, L. (2017) Highly wear-resistant and low-friction Si3N4 composites by addition of graphene nanoplatelets approaching the 2D limit. Sci Rep 7(1), 10087.
Tasis, D., Tagmatarchis, N., Bianco, A. and Prato, M. (2006) Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes. Chemical Reviews 106(3), 1105-1136.
Taylor, R., Hare, J.P., Abdul-Sada, A.a.K. and Kroto, H.W. (1990) Isolation, separation and characterisation of the fullerenes C60 and C70: the third form of carbon. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (20), 1423-1425.
Thess, A., Lee, R., Nikolaev, P., Dai, H., Petit, P., Robert, J., Xu, C., Lee, Y.H., Kim, S.G., Rinzler, A.G., Colbert, D.T., Scuseria, G.E., Tománek, D., Fischer, J.E. and Smalley, R.E. (1996) Crystalline Ropes of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes. Science 273(5274), 483.
Thomas, S.C., Harshita, Mishra, P.K. and Talegaonkar, S. (2015) Ceramic Nanoparticles: Fabrication Methods and Applications in Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 21(42), 6165-6188.
Thompson, B.C. and Frechet, J.M. (2008) Polymer-fullerene composite solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 47(1), 58-77.
Tiwari, J.N., Tiwari, R.N. and Kim, K.S. (2012) Zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced electrochemical energy devices. Progress in Materials Science 57(4), 724-803.
Traunspurger, W., Haitzer, M., Höss, S., Beier, S., Ahlf, W. and Steinberg, C. (2009) Ecotoxicological assessment of aquatic sediments with Caenorhabditis elegans (nematoda) — a method for testing liquid medium and whole‐sediment samples. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16(2), 245-250.
Van Raamsdonk, J.M., Meng, Y., Camp, D., Yang, W., Jia, X., Benard, C. and Hekimi, S. (2010) Decreased energy metabolism extends life span in Caenorhabditis elegans without reducing oxidative damage. Genetics 185(2), 559-571.
Vassilieva, L.L. and Lynch, M. (1999) The rate of spontaneous mutation for life-history traits in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 151(1), 119-129.
Wagener, S., Dommershausen, N., Jungnickel, H., Laux, P., Mitrano, D., Nowack, B., Schneider, G. and Luch, A. (2016) Textile Functionalization and Its Effects on the Release of Silver Nanoparticles into Artificial Sweat. Environ Sci Technol 50(11), 5927-5934.
Walker, G., Houthoofd, K., Vanfleteren, J.R. and Gems, D. (2005) Dietary restriction in C. elegans: from rate-of-living effects to nutrient sensing pathways. Mech Ageing Dev 126(9), 929-937.
Walther, J.H., Jaffe, R.L., Kotsalis, E.M., Werder, T., Halicioglu, T. and Koumoutsakos, P. (2004) Hydrophobic hydration of C60 and carbon nanotubes in water. Carbon 42(5), 1185-1194.
Wang, J., Lin, M., Yan, Y., Wang, Z., Ho, P.C. and Loh, K.P. (2009) CdSe/AsS Core−Shell Quantum Dots: Preparation and Two-Photon Fluorescence. Journal of the American Chemical Society 131(32), 11300-11301.
Warheit, D.B., Laurence, B.R., Reed, K.L., Roach, D.H., Reynolds, G.A. and Webb, T.R. (2004) Comparative pulmonary toxicity assessment of single-wall carbon nanotubes in rats. Toxicol Sci 77(1), 117-125.
Williams Phillip, L. and Dusenbery David, B. (1990) Aquatic toxicity testing using the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9(10), 1285-1290.
Wohlleben, W., Meier, M.W., Vogel, S., Landsiedel, R., Cox, G., Hirth, S. and Tomovic, Z. (2013) Elastic CNT-polyurethane nanocomposite: synthesis, performance and assessment of fragments released during use. Nanoscale 5(1), 369-380.
Won Bong, C., Eunju, B., Donghun, K., Soodoo, C., Byung-ho, C., Ju-hye, K., Eungmin, L. and Wanjun, P. (2004) Aligned carbon nanotubes for nanoelectronics. Nanotechnology 15(10), S512.
Wong, A., Boutis, P. and Hekimi, S. (1995) Mutations in the clk-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans affect developmental and behavioral timing. Genetics 139(3), 1247-1259.
Wu, Q., Li, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Ge, L., Wang, H. and Wang, D. (2013) Crucial role of the biological barrier at the primary targeted organs in controlling the translocation and toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Nanoscale 5(22), 11166-11178.
Yang, W., Li, J. and Hekimi, S. (2007) A Measurable increase in oxidative damage due to reduction in superoxide detoxification fails to shorten the life span of long-lived mitochondrial mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 177(4), 2063-2074.
Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Sun, L., Han, D., Li, H. and Wang, C. (2010) Pharmacological and toxicological target organelles and safe use of single-walled carbon nanotubes as drug carriers in treating Alzheimer disease. Nanomedicine 6(3), 427-441.
Zhang, G. and Wang, D. (2008) Fabrication of Heterogeneous Binary Arrays of Nanoparticles via Colloidal Lithography. Journal of the American Chemical Society 130(17), 5616-5617.
Zhang, M. and Li, J. (2009) Carbon nanotube in different shapes. Materials Today 12(6), 12-18.
Zhang, Y., Deng, J., Zhang, Y., Guo, F., Li, C., Zou, Z., Xi, W., Tang, J., Sun, Y., Yang, P., Han, Z., Li, D. and Jiang, C. (2013) Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes cause reversible acute lung injury and induce fibrosis in mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 91(1), 117-128.
Zhao, Y., Wu, Q., Li, Y. and Wang, D. (2013) Translocation, transfer, and in vivo safety evaluation of engineered nanomaterials in the non-mammalian alternative toxicity assay model of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Advances 3(17), 5741-5757.
Zhao, Y., Yang, J. and Wang, D. (2016) A MicroRNA-Mediated Insulin Signaling Pathway Regulates the Toxicity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 6, 23234.
Zhi, L., Fu, W., Wang, X. and Wang, D. (2016) ACS-22, a protein homologous to mammalian fatty acid transport protein 4, is essential for the control of the toxicity and translocation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in Caenorhabditis elegans. RSC Advances 6(5), 4151-4159.
Zindler, F., Glomstad, B., Altin, D., Liu, J., Jenssen, B.M. and Booth, A.M. (2016) Phenanthrene Bioavailability and Toxicity to Daphnia magna in the Presence of Carbon Nanotubes with Different Physicochemical Properties. Environmental Science & Technology 50(22), 12446-12454.