| 研究生: |
劉玫伶 Liu, Mei-Ling |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
閾下刺激式廣告之研究--以「產品置入」為例 Research on Subliminal Advertising-Take Product Placement for Example |
| 指導教授: |
蔡明田
Tsai, Ming-Tien |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
管理學院 - 企業管理學系 Department of Business Administration |
| 論文出版年: | 2002 |
| 畢業學年度: | 90 |
| 語文別: | 英文 |
| 論文頁數: | 86 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Advertising Effect, Brand Awareness, Life Style, Subliminal Advertising, Product Placement, Advertising attitude, Endorser Effect |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:92 下載:5 |
| 分享至: |
| 查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
none
The purpose of this essay is to understand how subliminal advertising works. Although the morals and effects of subliminal advertising are doubted, it is still used in many aspects. The most common of all is “product placement”. Most foreign studies emphasize the relation between the ways of product placement and product recalls. Neither is there a lot of research about product placement in Taiwan. So this study is going to discuss about the advertising effect of subliminal advertising deeper.
Questionnaire was designed to investigate product’s brand awareness, consumers’ attitude toward the movie script, actor, product placement and life style. The following method was used to verify all hypotheses: factor analysis, consistency analysis, variance analysis, T-test, cluster analysis, discriminate analysis and regression analysis. Valid samples in this study were 94. The findings are as following:
1.Brand awareness has significant influence on advertising effect, the higher brand awareness, will result in higher recall rate, attitude and intention of buying.
2.When the brand awareness is high, the higher attitude toward the movie script will have higher recall rate. But no matter how the brand awareness is, the attitude toward the movie script will have no influence on the attitude and intention of buying.
3.When the brand has certain level of awareness, the higher attitude toward product placement will have significant influence on the recall rate, attitude and intention of buying.
4.No matter the brand awareness is higher or lower, audiences’ attitude toward the actor will not have any influence on advertising effect.
5.People with different life style have different attitude toward product placement. However, they have no difference on the advertising effect and other dimensions in this study.
6.People who watched more movies per month will have better advertising effect. Other demographics don’t have significant difference on advertising effect.
REFERENCES
1. Aaker David A. & Alexander L. Biel, “Brand equity & Advertising.”, Hillsdale, N.J. :/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1993.
2. Aaker David A. Douglas M. Stayman and Michael R. Hagerty, “Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact and Sequence Effects.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.12, p.365-381, 1986.
3. Aaker David A, Rejeev Batra, John G. Myers, “Advertising Management.”, 4th edition, PRENTICE HALL, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992.
4. Aaker D.A., D.M. Stayman & M.R. Hagerty, “Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Import and Sequence Effects.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.12, p.365~p.380, March 1986.
5. Alsop Ronald “Advertisers Put Consumers on the Couch”, The Wall Street Journal, sec.2, p. 21, 1988 May.
6. Barban Dunn, Krugman,Reid, “Advertising: It’s Role in Modern Marketing.”, 7th edition, by The Dryden Press, a division of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.,1990.
7. Berger Ida E. and Andrew Mitchell, “The Effect of Advertising on Attitude Accessibility, Attitude Confidence and the Attitude-Behavior Relationship.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.16, p.269-279, Dec. 1989.
8. Cain Carol “Beyond advertising and publicity: Hybrid messages and public policy issues.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.23, Issue 4, P.91, 1994, Dec.
9. Childers T.L., Michael J.H. & Susan E.H., “Measurement of individual differences in visual verbal information processing.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.12, p.125, 1985.
10. Clarke D.G. “Econometric Measurement of the Duration of Advertising Effect on Sales.”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.13, p.345, Nov. 1986.
11. Cuperfain Ronnie & T.K. Clarke, “A new perceptive of Subliminal Perception.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.14, No. 1, p. 36~p. 41, 1985.
12. Fletcher Alan D. and Thomas A. Bowers, “Fundamentals of Advertising Research”, 3rd ed, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1988.
13. Gould Stephen J, Pola B. Gupta, Sonja Grabner Krauter, “Product placements in movies: a cross cultural analysis of Austrian, French and American consumers attitudes toward this emerging, international promotional medium.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.29, Issue 4, P.41, 2000, winter.
14. Greenwald Anthony G. and Clark Leavitt, “Audience Involvement in Advertising: Four levels.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.11, p.581, June 1984.
15. Hastak Manoj and Jerry C. Olson, “Assessing the Role of Brand-Related Cognitive Responses as Mediators of Communication Effects on Cognitive Structure.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.15, p.444-456, March 1989.
16. Hawkin Del, “The effect of subliminal stimulation on Drive Level and Brand Preference.”, Journal of Marketing Research, P.322, 1970.
17. Heider “Attitudes and Cognitive information.”, Journal of Psychology, vol.21, p.107, 1946.
18. Homer Pamela M., “The mediating Role of Attitude Toward the Ad: Some Additional Evidence.”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.27, Iss.1,P.78, Feb. 1990.
19. Homer P.M. & Kahle L.R., “A Social Adaptation Explanation of the Effects of Surrealism on Advertising.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.15, Iss. 2; P.50, 1986.
20. Honomichl Jack J. “The Ongoing Saga of ‘Mother Baking Soda’”, Advertising Age, p.M2, Sep. 20, 1982.
21. Hsu, Mei Hui “Advertising Effects of Product Placement in the Movies”, Graduate Thesis from Chinese Culture News Graduate.
22. Jacoby Jacob George J. Szybillo and J. Bustato-Schach, “Information-Acquisition Behavior in Brand Choice Situations.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.3, p.209-216, March 1977.
23. Janiszewski Chris “Preconscious Processing Effects: The Independence of Attitude Formation and Conscious Thought.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.15, p.199, Sep. 1988.
24. Kahale Lynn R. and Pamela M. Homer, “Physical Attractiveness of Celebrity Endorser: A Social Adaption Perspective.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.11, No.4, P. 954, 1984.
25. Kangman H.E., “What Makes Advertising Effective?”, Harvard Business Review,1975.
26. Krugman Hebert E. “The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement.”, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol.29, p.353, 1965.
27. Krugman Herbert E. “Memory without recall, Exposure without recognition.”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.17, No.4, p.7~p.12, August 1977
28. Kunst William R. Wilson and Robert B. Zajonc, “Affective Discrimination of Stimuli That Can Not Be Recognized.”, Science, vol.207, p.557, Feb. 1980.
29. Lavidge Robert J. and Gary A. Steiner, “A model for predictive measurements of advertising effectiveness.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.25, p.59, Oct. 1961.
30. Leonard N. Reid and Herbert J. Rotfeld, “Toward an Associative Model of Advertising Creativity,” Journal of Advertising, vol.4, p.128-134, 1976.
31. Levitt Theodore, “Marketing Myopia”, Harvard Business Review, vol.38, p.45-46, 1960.
32. Mackenzie S.B, R.J Lutz and G.E. Belch, “The role of Attitude Toward the ad as a Mediator of advertising Effectiveness: A test of Competing Explanations.”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.23, p.130, 1986.
33. Mackenzie S.B, R.J Lutz, “An empirical examination of the Structural Antecedent of Attitude Toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.53, p.48~p.65, April 1989.
34. MacKenzie Scott B. and Richard J. Lutz, “An Empirical of the Structural Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.53, p.48-65, 1989.
35. MacInnis, Deborah J. and Bernard J. Jaworski, “Information Processing from advertisements: Toward an Integrative Framework.”, Journal of Marketing, , vol.53, p.1-23, Oct. 1989.
36. McCracken, Grant “Who is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.16, No.3, p.310~p.320, Dec. 1989.
37. McGuire William J, “Some Internal Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Choice.”, Journal of Consumer Research, No.2, p.302
38. McGuire William J., “An Information Processing Model of Advertising Effectiveness”, in H.L Davis and A. J. Silk, Behavioral and Management Science in Marketing, p.156
39. Merkle, Phillip M. and Jim Cheeseman, “Current Status of Research on Subliminal Perception.”, Advertising in Consumer Research, p.298., 1987.
40. Moore Timothy E., “Subliminal Advertising: What you see What you get.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.46, p.38~p.47, Spring 1982.
41. Morgan, Anthony L., “Who’s Killing the Great Advertising Campaigns of America?”, Journal of Advertising Research, vol.24, p.33, 1985.
42. Morris B. Holbrook and Elizabeth C. Hirschman, “The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings and Fun,” Journal of Consumer Research, vol.9, p.132-140, Sep. 1982.
43. Murphy, John H. Isabella C.M. Cunningham, “Advertising and Marketing Communication Management.”, Elm Street Publishing Services, Inc., The Clarinda Company, 1993.
44. Myers, James H. and Mark I. Alpert, “Determinant Buying Attitudes: Meaning and Measurement.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.32, p.13-20, Oct. 1968.
45. Myron Gable, Henry T. Walkins, Lynn Harris, and Robert Feinberg, “An Evaluation of Subliminally Embedded Sexual Stimuli in Graphics.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.16, p.26-31, 1987.
46. Nebenzahl, Israel D. Eugence Secunda, “Consumer’s attitudes toward product placement in movies.”, International Journal of Advertising, vol.12, p.1~p.11, 1993
47. Nylen, David W. “Advertising”, 4th edition, South-Western Publishing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1993.
48. Obermiller, Carl “Varieties of Mere Exposure: The Effects of Processing Style and Repetition on Affective Response.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.12, p.17, 1985 June.
49. Ohanian Roobina, “Construction and Validation of a scale to measure Celebrity Endorsers, Perceived Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.19, No.3, p.39, 1990.
50. Olson J.C & Mitchell A. “Are product attribute beliefs the only mediation of advertising effects on brand attitude?”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.18, p.318, 1981.
51. Park C. Whan and Parker Lessig, “Familiarity and its Impacts on Consumer Decision Biases and Heuristics.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.8,p.223, 1981.
52. Petty Richard E., John T. Cacioppo and David Schumann, “Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.10, p.135-146, Sep. 1983.
53. Plummer Joseph T., “The Concept and Application of life style segmentation.”, Journal of Marketing, vol.38, p.33~p.37, Jan. 1974.
54. Ray Michael L. and Rajeev Batra, “Emotion and Persuasion in Advertising: What we do and Don’t know About Affect.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.10., p.543-547, 1983.
55. Rice, Butch Richard Bennett, “The relationship between Brand Usage and advertising tracking measurements: International findings.”, Journal of Advertising Research, vol.38, p.58~p.65, 1998.
56. Rinder, Buck “Celebrity Endorsers: Rewards and Risks.”, Brandweek, p.16, Sep.13, 1993.
57. Rossiter, Jonn R. and Larry Percy, “Attitude Change through Visual Imagery in Advertising.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.9, p.15, 1980.
58. Russell H. Colley, “Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results”, New York: Association of National Advertisers, 1961.
59. Russell I. Haley, “Benefit Segmentation: A Decision Oriented Research Tool,” Journal of Marketing, p.30-35, 1963 July.
60. Russell I. Haley, “Benefit Segmentation: Backwards and Forwards.”, Journal of Advertising Research, p.19-25, 1984.
61. Saegert, Joel “Why Marketing should Quit Giving Subliminal Advertising the Benefit of the Doubt.”, Psychology and Marketing, vol.4, Iss.2, P.107, 1987
62. Saegert, Joel “Another look at subliminal perception.”, Journal of Advertising Research, vol.19, No.1, p.55~p.57, Feb. 1979.
63. Sharmistha Law, Kathryn A. Braun, “I’ll have what she’s having: Gauing the impact of product placements on viewers.” Psychology & Marketing, vol.17, p. 1059~p.1073, 2000
64. Shimp Terence A., “Attitude toward the Ad as a Mediator of Consumer Brand Choice.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.10, p.9-15, 1981.
65. Shimp Terence A. and M. Wayne Delozier, “Promotion management and Marketing Communications” (Hinsdale: Dryden), p.345
66. Smith, Kirk H and Martha Rogers, “Effectiveness of Subliminal messages in television commercials: Two experiments.”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Dec 1994; Vol. 79, Iss. 6, P. 866
67. Stewart, David W. “The Moderating Role of Recall, Comprehension, and Brand Differentiation on the Persuasiveness of television advertising.”, Journal of Advertising Research, p.43-46, 1986.
68. Tarn, David D. C Cheng-Nan Chen, Meng Kuan Lai, “Reliability and Validity Test, Reconstruction and Cross-sectional Comparison of the ICP Life Style Scale.”, Investigation Research, vol.8, p.79-102
69. Tyler William D., “Amazing, But It’s True: Print Ads Are Getting More, Not less, Gutzy”, Advertising Age, p.35, March 5, 1973.
70. Vaughn Richard, “How advertising works: A planning model.”, Journal of Advertising Research, vol.26, p.27, 1980.
71. Wells Williams D. and Douglas J.Tigert, “Activities, Interests and Opinions,” Journal of Advertising Research, vol.11, p.27-35, 1971 Aug.
72. Wilkie William L. and Edgar A. Pessemier, “Issues in Marketing’s Use of Multi-attribute Attitude Models.”, Journal of Market Research, vol.10, p.428-441, 1973 Nov.
73. Wright, Peter L. “The Cognitive Responses Mediating the Acceptance of Advertising.”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol.10, p.53-62, Feb. 1973.
74. Zajonc R. B. “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure.”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monograph, vol.9, p.1-28, 1968.
75. Zajonc R. B. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Influences.”, American Psychologist, vol.35, p.151, 1980.
76. Zajonc R. B. and H. Markus, “Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences.”, Journal of Consumer Research, vol.9, p.123, 1982.
77. Zajonc Robert B. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Lead to Inferences.”, American Psychologist, vol.35, p.151-175, 1980.
78. Zanot, Eric J. J. David Pincus, and E. Joseph Lamp, “Public Perceptions of Subliminal Advertising.”, Journal of Advertising, vol.12, p.39-45, 1983.