簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 陳睿哲
Chen, Jui-Che
論文名稱： 水下噪音對鯨豚之影響：減噪策略與治理政策之系統性回顧
Impact of Underwater Noise on Cetaceans: A Systematic Review of Mitigation Strategies and Governance Policies
指導教授： 劉大綱
Liu, Ta-Kang
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 海洋科技與事務研究所
Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs
論文出版年： 2026
畢業學年度： 114
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 227
中文關鍵詞： 水下噪音 、鯨豚類 、系統性文獻回顧 、減噪技術 、治理政策 、適應性管理
外文關鍵詞： Underwater noise, Cetaceans, Systematic review, Mitigation strategies, Governance policies, Adaptive management
相關次數： 點閱：4  下載：0 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 水下噪音污染已成為全球海洋環境的重要壓力來源，對高度依賴聲音進行溝通、覓食與導航的鯨豚類動物造成顯著威脅。然而，現有研究多聚焦於單一物種或特定海域，缺乏對影響機制、減噪技術成效與治理政策工具的系統性整合分析。本研究採用 PRISMA 2020 系統性文獻回顧方法，針對 2008 年至 2025 年間 Web of Science 與 Scopus 資料庫之相關文獻進行系統檢索與篩選，最終納入 154 篇文獻，探討水下噪音對鯨豚之生態影響、減噪技術與管理措施之實證成效，以及現有治理政策之實施現況與限制。
    研究結果顯示，水下噪音對鯨豚的不利影響比例隨影響層級由生理（71.9%）、行為（84.8%）至族群層級（89.6%）呈現遞增趨勢。現有減噪措施以作業與管理措施（OMM）為主（67.0%），但多屬中成效；傳播路徑減噪措施（PBM）雖高成效比例較高（66.7%），卻因適用場域受限而普及率低；源頭減噪措施（SBM）則受成本與技術成熟度限制。在治理政策方面，現有政策仍以國家層級與純規管性策略（75.1%）為主，多數政策成效僅達中等，且缺乏長期聲景監測與適應性回饋機制。
    本研究指出，現有水下噪音治理存在「生態衝擊累積性與治理手段短期碎片化」、「技術實證成效與實務採用率」以及「政策工具選擇與實際治理成效」等三項結構性落差。建議未來治理應從短期程序導向轉向長期成效導向，強化多工具整合配置、聲景規劃與適應性管理機制，並建立跨部門協調與在地化應用框架，以提升水下噪音治理之長期有效性與生態保育效益。

    Underwater noise pollution has become a significant anthropogenic stressor in marine environments, yet existing research remains fragmented with limited integration of ecological impacts, mitigation effectiveness, and governance responses. This study conducts a systematic literature review following the PRISMA 2020 framework to synthesize evidence on the effects of underwater noise on cetaceans, the performance of mitigation measures, and the characteristics of current policy approaches. A total of 154 peer-reviewed articles published between 2008 and 2025 were included after screening from the Web of Science and Scopus databases.
    Research findings indicated that the proportion of adverse effects of underwater noise on cetaceans increased across impact levels, from physiological (71.9%) and behavioral (84.8%) to population-level effects (89.6%). Mitigation measures were dominated by operational and management measures (OMM; 67.0%), which generally achieved only moderate effectiveness. Propagation-based mitigation measures (PBM) showed a higher proportion of high effectiveness (66.7%), but their broader application was limited by site-specific constraints, while source-based mitigation measures (SBM) remained constrained by technological and economic barriers. Governance frameworks were predominantly national in scope and relied heavily on regulatory instruments (75.1%), yet most policies exhibited only moderate effectiveness and lacked long-term soundscape monitoring and adaptive feedback mechanisms.
    This review identifies three persistent structural gaps: a mismatch between cumulative ecological risks and short-term management responses, a gap between mitigation effectiveness and practical adoption, and a disconnect between policy-tool selection and governance performance. The findings suggest that future governance should move beyond fragmented, procedure-oriented management toward integrated and adaptive frameworks that combine multiple mitigation measures with long-term soundscape monitoring, adaptive feedback mechanisms, and cross-sectoral coordination.

    摘要 I SUMMARY II 誌謝 VIII 目錄 IX 表目錄 XIV 圖目錄 XV 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 2 1.2 研究目的 5 1.3 研究問題 5 1.4 研究架構 5 第二章 文獻回顧 7 2.1 水下噪音之性質和來源 7 2.1.1 水下聲音的物理特性與傳播機制 8 2.1.2 人為水下噪音的類型 8 2.1.3 人為水下噪音的主要來源 9 2.1.4 水下噪音監測指標與量測基準 11 2.2 鯨豚之聲學生態與生理機制 12 2.2.1 鯨豚的聲音溝通與回聲定位 13 2.2.2 鯨豚聽覺系統之生理構造 14 2.2.3 不同物種之聽覺敏感頻率範圍 15 2.3 水下噪音對鯨豚的影響 17 2.3.1 生理影響 17 2.3.2 行為影響 18 2.3.3 長期、累積性之族群層級影響 19 2.4 水下噪音減緩技術與策略 22 2.4.1 源頭減噪措施 22 2.4.2 傳播路徑減噪措施 23 2.4.3 作業與管理減噪措施 25 2.5 水下噪音治理政策與法規框架 26 2.5.1 國際層級 26 2.5.2 區域層級 27 2.5.3 國家層級 29 第三章 研究方法 31 3.1 系統性文獻回顧法 31 3.1.1 PRISMA 2020 準則說明 32 3.1.2 研究流程與步驟概述 32 3.2 文獻檢索策略 34 3.2.1 資料庫選擇 34 3.2.2 關鍵字設定與搜尋策略 35 3.2.3 搜尋時間範圍與語言限制 36 3.3 文獻篩選標準 36 3.3.1 文獻納入與排除標準 37 3.3.2 PRISMA 篩選流程 38 3.4 資料萃取與編碼 40 3.4.1 資料萃取表設計 40 3.4.2 萃取項目與編碼方式 41 3.4.3 資料清洗與標準化 42 3.5 資料合成與分析方法 45 3.5.1 描述性統計 46 3.5.2 敘述性綜合方法 47 3.5.3 多重對應分析 50 3.5.4 綜合分析架構 50 3.6 研究範圍與限制 51 第四章 結果與討論 52 4.1 納入文獻之基本特徵與整體分布 52 4.1.1 文獻發表年度趨勢 52 4.1.2 研究方法分布 53 4.1.3 研究地點與洲別分布 55 4.1.4 水下噪音來源類別分布 56 4.1.5 各研究問題之文獻對應比例 57 4.2 水下噪音對鯨豚之影響分析（RQ1） 58 4.2.1 RQ1文獻發表年度趨勢與主要噪音來源 58 4.2.2 研究方法與受測鯨豚物種分布 60 4.2.3 噪音來源與主要受測物種之交互分析 61 4.2.4 噪音來源與生物影響類型之交互分析 63 4.2.5 不同影響層級與生物影響類型之不利影響比例 64 4.3 水下噪音減緩技術與管理措施之成效分析（RQ2） 66 4.3.1 不同噪音來源之減噪措施分布 66 4.3.2 減噪大類（SBM、PBM、OMM）分布特徵 67 4.3.3 作業與管理措施（OMM）之子類別分布 68 4.3.4 前十大常見減噪技術分布 69 4.3.5 減噪措施之成效等級評估 71 4.3.6 小結 73 4.4 水下噪音治理政策與策略分析（RQ3） 73 4.4.1 不同治理層級之政策分布 74 4.4.2 主要國家與區域之政策分布 75 4.4.3 政策工具類型之分布 76 4.4.4 治理策略性質之分布：規管性、非規管性與混合型策略 77 4.4.5 不同治理層級之策略性質差異 78 4.4.6 不同噪音來源之政策分布與策略性質 79 4.4.7 不同策略性質之政策成效等級分布 81 4.4.8 小結 82 4.5 跨研究問題之多重對應分析 83 4.5.1 多重對應分析之維度與整體分布 83 4.5.2 各研究特徵之類別關聯結構 84 4.6 綜合討論 85 4.6.1 主要研究發現總結 85 4.6.2 研究發現之間的關鍵關聯、落差與矛盾 87 4.6.3 現有研究與治理體系的缺口 91 第五章 結論與建議 96 5.1 結論 96 5.2 建議 98 參考文獻 100 中文文獻 100 英文文獻 101 附錄A 全文審閱結果統計表 A-1 附錄B 文獻總覽表 B-1 附錄C RQ1水下噪音對鯨豚影響資料萃取表 C-1 附錄D RQ2減噪技術與管理措施資料萃取表 D-1 附錄E RQ3治理政策與策略資料萃取表 E-1

    中文文獻
    1.海洋委員會海洋保育署（2023）。水下噪音指引。https://www.oac.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?dataserno=202312260003&id=67&mcustomize=bulletin_view.jsp&parentpath=0%2C6
    2.海洋委員會海洋保育署（2025）。台灣鯨豚觀察員制度作業手冊（第四版）。https://www.oca.gov.tw/userfiles/A47020000A/files/台灣鯨豚觀察員制度作業手冊第四版公布.pdf
    3.海洋污染防治法（2023）。全國法規資料庫。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=O0040026
    4.海洋保育法（2024）。全國法規資料庫。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0090073
    英文文獻
    1. Andrew, R. K., Howe, B. M., Mercer, J. A., & Dzieciuch, M. A. (2002). Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California coast. Acoustics Research Letters Online, 3(2), 65–70.https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1461915
    2. Arranz, P., Glarou, M., & Sprogis, K. R. (2021). Decreased resting and nursing in short-finned pilot whales when exposed to louder petrol engine noise of a hybrid whale-watch vessel. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 21195.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00487-0
    3. Au, W. W. L. (1993). The sonar of dolphins. Springer.
    4. Baldachini, M., Pace, F., Buscaino, G., Racca, R., Wood, M. A., Burns, R. D. J., &Papale, E. (2025). Assessing the potential acoustic impact of floating offshore wind farms in the Central Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 212, Article 117615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117615
    5. Barkaszi, M. J., & Kelly, C. J. (2024). Analysis of protected species observer data:Strengths, weaknesses, and application in the assessment of marine mammal responses to seismic surveys in the northern Gulf of Mexico 2002-2015. Plos One, 19(3), Article e0300658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300658
    6. Baumgartner, M. (2025). Efficacy of real-time passive acoustic monitoring near wind energy industrial activities for mitigating risks to right whales. Endangered Species Research, 57, 413-430. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr01432
    7. Bellmann, M. A., May, A., Wendt, T., Gerlach, S., Remmers, P., & Brinkmann, J.(2020). Underwater noise during percussive pile driving: Influencing factors on piledriving noise and technical possibilities to comply with noise mitigation values. (ERa Report). ERa.https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Bellmann-et-al-2020.pdf
    8. Blair, H. B., Merchant, N. D., Friedlaender, A. S., Wiley, D. N., & Parks, S. E.(2016). Evidence for ship noise impacts on humpback whale foraging behaviour.Biology Letters, 12(8), Article 20160005. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0005102
    9. Bou-Cabo, M., Lara, G., Gutiérrez-Muñoz, P., Saavedra, C., Miralles, R., & Espinosa,V. (2022). A Risk-Based Model Using Communication Distance Reduction for the Assessment of Underwater Continuous Noise: An Application to the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)Inhabiting the Spanish North Atlantic Marine Demarcation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10 (5), Article 605.https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050605
    10. Brandt, M. J., Dragon, A. C., Diederichs, A., Bellmann, M. A., Wahl, V., Piper, W.,Nabe-Nielsen, J., & Nehls, G. (2018). Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 596, 213-232. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12560
    11. Breeze, H., Nolet, V., Thomson, D., Wright, A. J., Marotte, E., & Sanders, M. (2022).Efforts to advance underwater noise management in Canada: Introduction to the Marine Pollution Bulletin Special Issue. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 178, Article 113596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113596
    12. Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH). (2013). Standards for the investigation of the impacts of offshore wind turbines on the marine environment.
    13. Burnham, R. E., & Vagle, S. (2025). Using masking metrics as a means to quantify effect and guide mitigation measures of underwater anthropogenic noise. Ecosphere,16(7), Article e70314. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70314
    14. Burnham, R. E., Vagle, S., O'Neill, C., & Trounce, K. (2021). The Efficacy of Management Measures to Reduce Vessel Noise in Critical Habitat of Southern Resident Killer Whales in the Salish Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, Article 664691. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.664691
    15. Chahouri, A., Elouahmani, N., & Ouchene, H. (2022). Recent progress in marine noise pollution: A thorough review. Chemosphere, 291, Article 132983.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132983
    16. Clark, C. W., Ellison, W. T., Southall, B. L., Hatch, L., Van Parijs, S. M., Frankel, A.,& Ponirakis, D. (2009). Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems:Intuitions, analysis,and implication. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 395, 201–222.https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08402103
    17. Clement, D. M., Pavanato, H., Lenky, C., & Pine, M. K. (2025). Immediate and shortterm effects of pile-driving on Hector's dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, Article 1554536.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1554536
    18. Cocker, P. (2008). Observations of ocean ambient noise (10 Hz to 10 kHz) at the site of a former navy listening station to the west of Point Sur, California, from January to July of 2007. Master's thesis, Naval Postgraduate School.https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA483635.pdf
    19. Compton, R., Goodwin, L., Handy, R., & Abbott, V. (2008). A critical examination of worldwide guidelines for minimising the disturbance to marine mammals during seismic surveys. Marine Policy, 32(3), 255–262.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2007.05.005
    20. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). (2022). Technical series No. 99:Underwater noise.
    21. Cox, K. D., Looby, A., Davies, H. L., Murchy, K. A., Spriel, B., Rice, A. N., Juanes,F., & Côté, I. M. (2024). Military training in the Canadian Pacific: Taking aim at critical habitat or sufficient mitigation of noise pollution impacts? Marine Policy, 160,Article 105945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105945
    22. Dähne, M., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Rose, A., & Nabe-Nielsen, J. (2017). Bubble curtains attenuate noise from offshore wind farm construction and reduce temporary habitat loss for harbour porpoises. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 580, 221-237.https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12257
    23. Damato, N. (2024). Evaluating factors influencing compliance with vessel regulations to minimize disturbances to endangered killer whales (Orcinus orca). Marine Policy,161, Article 106036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106036
    24. Debusschere, E., Hostens, K., Adriaens, D., Ampe, B., Botteldooren, D., De Boeck,G., De Muynck, A., Sinha, A. K., Vandendriessche, S., Van Hoorebeke, L., Vincx,M., & Degraer, S. (2016). Acoustic stress responses in juvenile sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax induced by offshore pile driving. Environmental Pollution, 208,747–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.055104
    25. de Jong, K., Murray, C. C., Anabitarte, A., Bailey, S., Drake, L., Fernandes-Salvador,J. A., Hassellov, I. M., Heibeck, N., Jalkanen, J. P., Lehikoinen, A.,Merchant, N.,Nylund, A. T., & Redfern, J. V. (2025). Trade-offs and synergies in the management of environmental pressures: a case study on ship noise mitigation.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 218, Article 118073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118073
    26. Dolman, S. J., Evans, P. G. H., Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G., & Frisch, H. (2011).Active sonar, beaked whales and European regional policy. Marine Pollution Bulletin,63(1-4), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.034
    27. Dolman, S. J., & Jasny, M. (2015). Evolution of marine noise pollution management.Aquatic Mammals, 41(4), 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.41.4.2015.357
    28. Dolman, S. J., Weir, C. R., & Jasny, M. (2009). Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(4),465–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.013
    29. Donovan, C. R., Harris, C. M., Milazzo, L., Harwood, J., Marshall, L., & Williams, R.(2017). A simulation approach to assessing environmental risk of sound exposure to marine mammals. Ecology and Evolution, 7(7), 2101-2111.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2699
    30. Doyle, L. R., McCowan, B., Hanser, S. F., Chyba, C., Bucci, T., & Blue, J. E. (2008).Applicability of Information Theory to the Quantification of Responses to Anthropogenic Noise by Southeast Alaskan Humpback Whales. Entropy, 10(2), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.3390/entropy-e10020033
    31. Duarte, C. M., Chapuis, L., Collin, S. P., Costa, D. P., Devassy, R. P., Eguiluz, V. M.,Erbe, C., Gordon, T. A. C., Halpern, B. S., Harding, H. R., Havlik, M. N.,Meekan,M. G., Merchant, N. D., Miksis-Olds, J. L., Parsons, M., Predragovic, M., Radford, A.N., Radford, C. A., Simpson, S. D., ... Juanes, F. (2021). The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean. Science, 371(6529), eaba4658.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba4658
    32. Duncan, A. J., Gavrilov, A. N., Lucke, K., McCauley, R. D., & Parnum, I. M. (2017).A modelling comparison between received sound levels produced by a marine Vibroseis array and those from an airgun array for some typical seismic survey scenarios. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 119(1), 277–288.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.001
    33. Dunlop, R. (2024). Use of a behavioural response method to assess the risk of collision between migrating humpback whales and vessels. Marine Pollution Bulletin,199, Article 115986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115986
    34. Dunlop, R. A. (2019). The effects of vessel noise on the communication network of humpback whales. Royal Society Open Science, 6(11), Article 190967.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190967
    35. Dunlop, R. A., McCauley, R. D., & Noad, M. J. (2020). Ships and air guns reduce social interactions in humpback whales at greater ranges than other behavioral impacts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 154, Article 111072.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111072
    36. Dunn, C., Theriault, J., Hickmott, L., & Claridge, D. (2021). Slower ship speed in the Bahamas due to COVID-19 produces a dramatic reduction in ocean sound levels.Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, Article 673565.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.673565
    37. ECHO Program. (2023). Enhancing Cetacean Habitat and Observation Program:Annual report.
    38. Eickmeier, J., & Vallarta, J. (2022). Estimation of High-Frequency Auditory Masking in Beluga Whales by Commercial Vessels in Cook Inlet, Alaska. Transportation Research Record, Article 03611981221103230.https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221103230
    39. Elliott, B. W., Read, A. J., Godley, B. J., Nelms, S. E., & Nowacek, D. P. (2019).Critical information gaps remain in understanding impacts of industrial seismic surveys on marine vertebrates. Endangered Species Research, 39, 247-254.https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00968
    40. Elmegaard, S. L., McDonald, B. I., Teilmann, J., & Madsen, P. T. (2021). Heart rate and startle responses in diving, captive harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)exposed to transient noise and sonar. Biology Open, 10(6), Article bio058679.https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.058679
    41. Elmegaard, S. L., Teilmann, J., Rojano-Donate, L., Brennecke, D., Mikkelsen, L.,Balle, J. D., Gosewinkel, U., Kyhn, L. A., Tonnesen, P., Wahlberg, M., Ruser, A.,Siebert, U., & Madsen, P. T. (2023). Wild harbour porpoises startle and flee at low received levels from acoustic harassment device. Scientific Reports, 13(1),Article 16691. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43453-8
    42. Erbe, C. (2013). International regulation of underwater noise. Acoustics Australia, 41(1), 12-19.
    43. Erbe, C., Dähne, M., Gordon, J., Herata, H., Houser, D. S., Koschinski, S., Leaper, R.,McCauley, R., Miller, B., Müller, M., Murray, A., Oswald, J. N., Scholik-Schlomer,A. R., Schuster, M., Van Opzeeland, I. C., & Janik, V. M. (2019). Managing the effects of noise from ship traffic, seismic surveying and construction on marine mammals in Antarctica. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, Article 647.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00647
    44. Espada, R., Olaya-Ponzone, L., Martín-Moreno, E., Gil-Vera, P., Fernández, I. A.,Domínguez, D. P., & García-Gomez, J. C. (2025). Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)Migration in the Strait of Gibraltar: Evaluating Maritime Traffic Threats and Conservation Measures. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(11), Article 2156. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112156
    45. European Union (EU). (2020). Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)Good Environmental Status Indicator Framework.
    46. Farmer, N. A., Baker, K., Zeddies, D. G., Denes, S. L., Noren, D. P., Garrison, L. P.,Machernis, A., Fougères, E. M., & Zykov, M. (2018). Population consequences of disturbance by offshore oil and gas activity for endangered sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Biological Conservation, 227,189-204.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.006
    47. Fernandez-Betelu, O., Graham, I. M., Brookes, K. L., Cheney, B. J., Barton, T. R., &Thompson, P. M. (2021). Far-Field Effects of Impulsive Noise on Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, Article 664230.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.664230
    48. Findlay, C. R., Rojano-Doñate, L., Tougaard, J., Johnson, M. P., & Madsen, P. T.(2023). Small reductions in cargo vessel speed substantially reduce noise impacts to marine mammals. Science Advances, 9(25), Article eadf2987.https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf2987
    49. Finneran, J. J. (2018). Conditioned attenuation of auditory brainstem responses in dolphins warned of an intense noise exposure: Temporal and spectral patterns.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 143(2), 795-810.https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5022784
    50. Finneran, J. J., Lally, K., Mulsow, J., & Houser, D. S. (2024). Dolphin short-term auditory fatigue and self-mitigation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 155(3), 2241-2246. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0025387
    51. Forney, K. A., Southall, B. L., Slooten, E., Dawson, S., Read, A. J., Baird, R. W., &Brownell, R. L. (2017). Nowhere to go: noise impact assessments for marine mammalpopulations with high site fidelity. Endangered Species Research, 32, 391-413.https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00820
    52. Fouda, L., Wingfield, J. E., Fandel, A. D., Garrod, A., Hodge, K. B., Rice, A. N., &Bailey, H. (2018). Dolphins simplify their vocal calls in response to increased ambient noise. Biology Letters, 14(10), Article 20180484.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0484
    53. Gaggero, T., Armelloni, E., Codarin, A., Chicco, C., Spoto, M., Franzosini, C.,Ciriaco, S., & Picciulin, M. (2024). Electric boat underwater radiated noise and its potential impact on species of conservation interest. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 199,Article 115937.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115937
    54. Gagne, E., Perez-Ortega, B., Hendry, A. P., Melo-Santos, G., Walmsley, S. F., Rege-Colt, M., Austin, M., & May-Collado, L. J. (2022). Dolphin communication during widespread systematic noise reduction-a natural experiment amid COVID-19 lockdowns. Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 3, Article 934608.https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2022.934608
    55. Gall, A. B.-L., Graham, I. M., Merchant, N. D., & Thompson, P. M. (2021). Broadscale responses of harbor porpoises to pile-driving and vessel activities during offshore windfarm construction. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, Article 664724.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.664724
    56. Gall, A. B. L., Thompson, P., Merchant, N., & Graham, I. (2023). Vessel noise prior to pile driving at offshore windfarm sites deters harbour porpoises from potential injury zones. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 103, Article 107271.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2023.107271
    57. Gill, A. B. (2005). Offshore renewable energy: Ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(4), 605–615.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01060.x
    58. Gomez, C., Lawson, J. W., Wright, A. J., Buren, A. D., Tollit, D., & Lesage, V.(2016). A systematic review on the behavioural responses of wild marine mammals to noise: the disparity between science and policy. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 94(12), 801-819. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0098
    59. Graham, I. M., Gillespie, D., Gkikopoulou, K. C., Hastie, G. D., & Thompson, P. M.(2023). Directional hydrophone clusters reveal evasive responses of small cetaceans to disturbance during construction at offshore windfarms. Biology Letters, 19(1),Article 20220101. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0101
    60. Graham, I. M., Merchant, N. D., Farcas, A., Barton, T. R., Cheney, B., Bono, S., &Thompson, P. M. (2019). Harbour porpoise responses to pile-driving diminish over time. Royal Society Open Science, 6(6), Article 190335.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190335
    61. Graham, I. M., Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Farcas, A., Barton, T. R., Cheney, B.,Hastie, G. D., & Thompson, P. M. (2017). Responses of bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises to impact and vibration piling noise during harbor construction.Ecosphere, 8(5), Article e01793.https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1793
    62. Guan, S. N., & Brookens, T. (2021). The Use of Psychoacoustics in Marine Mammal Conservation in the United States: From Science to Management and Policy. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(5), Article 507.https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050507
    63. Hague, E. L., & McWhinnie, L. H. (2024). Narwhal, beluga and bowhead whale responses to marine vessel traffic: A systematic map. Ocean & Coastal Management,255, Article 107251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107251
    64. Halliday, W. D., Insley, S. J., Hilliard, R. C., de Jong, T., & Pine, M. K. (2017).Potential impacts of shipping noise on marine mammals in the western Canadian Arctic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 73-82.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.027
    65. Halliday, W. D., Pine, M. K., Citta, J. J., Harwood, L., Hauser, D. D. W., Hilliard, R.C., Lea, E. V., Loseto, L. L., Quakenbush, L., & Insley, S. J. (2021). Potential exposure of beluga and bowhead whales to underwater noise from ship traffic in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Ocean & Coastal Management, 204, Article 105473.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105473
    66. Halliday, W. D., Pine, M. K., & Insley, S. J. (2020). Underwater noise and Arctic marine mammals: review and policy recommendations. Environmental Reviews, 28(4), 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0033
    67. Hao, X. Q., Hamel, H., Grandjean, C. H., Fedutin, I., Wahlberg, M., Frankish, C. K.,& Nabe-Nielsen, J. (2024). Harbour porpoises respond to recreational boats by speeding up and moving away from the boat path. Ecology and Evolution, 14(5),Article e11433. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11433
    68. Haver, S. M., Adams, J. D., Hatch, L. T., Van Parijs, S. M., Dziak, R. P., Haxel, J.,Heppell, S. A., McKenna, M. F., Mellinger, D. K., & Gedamke, J. (2021). Large Vessel Activity and Low-Frequency Underwater Sound Benchmarks in United States Waters. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, Article 669528.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.669528
    69. Hendricks, B., Pine, M. K., Baer, G., Welton, M., Symonds, H. K., Dakin, D. T.,Alidina, H. M., Picard, C. R., & Wray, J. (2025). Quantifying vessel noise and acoustic habitat loss in marine soundscapes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 219, Article118150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118150
    70. Hermannsen, L., Beedholm, K., Tougaard, J., & Madsen, P. T. (2014). High frequency components of ship noise in shallow water with a discussion of implications for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4), 1640-1653. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4893908
    71. Hildebrand, J. A. (2009). Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 395, 5–20.https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08353
    72. Holt, M. M., Hanson, M. B., Giles, D. A., Emmons, C. K., & Hogan, J. T. (2017).Noise levels received by endangered killer whales Orcinus orca before and after implementation of vessel regulations. Endangered Species Research, 34, 15-26.https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00841
    73. Holt, M. M., Noren, D. P., Veirs, V., Emmons, C. K., & Veirs, S. (2009). Speaking up:Killer whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(1), EL27–EL32.https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3040028
    74. Hood, C., & Margetts, H. Z. (2007). The tools of government in the digital age.Palgrave Macmillan.
    75. International Maritime Organization. (2014). Guidelines for the reduction of underwater noise from commercial shipping to address adverse impacts on marine life (MEPC.1/Circ.833).
    76. International Maritime Organization. (2023). Revised guidelines for the reduction of underwater noise from shipping to address adverse impacts on marine life (MEPC.1/Circ.906).
    77. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2017). Underwater acoustics—Terminology.
    78. International Whaling Commission (IWC). (2024). Report of the Scientific Committee.
    79. Isojunno, S., Wensveen, P. J., Lam, F. P. A., Kvadsheim, P. H., von Benda-Beckmann,A. M., López, L. M. M., Kleivane, L., Siegal, E. M., & Miller, P. J. O. (2020). When the noise goes on: received sound energy predicts sperm whale responses to both intermittent and continuous navy sonar. Journal of Experimental Biology, 223(7),Article jeb219741. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.219741
    80. Janik, V. M. (2014). Cetacean vocal learning and communication. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 28, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2014.06.010
    81. Jensen, F. H., Bejder, L., Wahlberg, M., Soto, N. A., Johnson, M., & Madsen, P. T.(2009). Vessel noise effects on delphinid communication. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 395, 161-175. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08204
    82. Jepson, P. D., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I. A. P., Castro, P., Baker, J. R.,Degollada, E., Ross, H. M., Herraez, P., Pocknell, A. M., Rodríguez, F., Howie, F. E.,Espinosa, A., Reid, R. J., Jaber, J. R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A. A., & Fernández, A.(2003). Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature, 425(6958), 575–576.https://doi.org/10.1038/425575a
    83. Joy, R., Schick, R. S., Dowd, M., Margolina, T., Joseph, J. E., & Thomas, L. (2022). A fine-scale marine mammal movement model for assessing long-term aggregate noise exposure. Ecological Modelling, 464, Article 109798.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109798
    84. Joy, R., Tollit, D., Wood, J., MacGillivray, A., Li, Z. Z., Trounce, K., & Robinson, O.(2019). Potential Benefits of Vessel Slowdowns on Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, Article 344.https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00344
    85. Joyce, T. W., Durban, J. W., Claridge, D. E., Dunn, C. A., Hickmott, L. S., Fearnbach,H., Dolan, K., & Moretti, D. (2020). Behavioral responses of satellite tracked Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) to mid-frequency active sonar.Marine Mammal Science, 36(1), 29-46.https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12624
    86. Juretzek, C., Schmidt, B., & Boethling, M. (2021). Turning Scientific Knowledge into Regulation: Effective Measures for Noise Mitigation of Pile Driving. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9 (8), Article 819.https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080819
    87. Kannan, R., Sanjana, M. C., Latha, G., Raguraman, G., & Muthiah, M. A. (2025).Anthropogenic Impact on Bottlenose Dolphin Whistle Characteristics in the Highly Maritime-Active Eastern Arabian Sea. Acoustics Australia.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40857-025-00366-y
    88. Kastelein, R. A., de Jong, C. A. F., Tougaard, J., Helder-Hoek, L., & Defillet, L. N.(2022). Behavioral Responses of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Depend on the Frequency Content of Pile-Driving Sounds. Aquatic Mammals, 48(2), 97-109.https://doi.org/10.1578/am.48.2.2022.97
    89. Kastelein, R. A., Huijser, L. A. E., Cornelisse, S., Helder-Hoek, L., Jennings, N., & de Jong, C. A. F. (2019). Effect of Pile-Driving Playback Sound Level on Fish-Catching Efficiency in Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Aquatic Mammals, 45(4), 398-410. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.45.4.2019.398
    90. Kastelein, R. A., Jennings, N., & Terhune, J. M. (2025). Similar Hearing Thresholds at 8 kHz, but Dissimilar Susceptibility of Hearing to Damage by 8 kHz Sounds in a Harbor Porpoise, a Harbor Seal, and a California Sea Lion. Aquatic Mammals, 51(5),1-7. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.51.5.2025.1
    91. Kastelein, R. A., Verhoeven, A., & Helder-Hoek, L. (2019). Behavioral Responses of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to a Series of Four Different Simulated Low-Frequency Sonar Sounds (1.33-1.43 kHz). Aquatic Mammals, 45(6), 632-645.https://doi.org/10.1578/am.45.6.2019.632
    92. Ketten, D. R. (1992). The marine mammal ear: Specializations for aquatic audition and echolocation. In D. B. Webster, R. R. Fay, & A. N. Popper (Eds.), The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing (pp. 717–750). Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2784-7_44
    93. Ketten, D. R. (2000). Cetacean ears. In W. W. L. Au, A. N. Popper, & R. R. Fay(Eds.), Hearing by whales and dolphins (pp. 43–108). Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1150-1_2
    94. Koschinski, S., Owen, K., Lehnert, K., & Kamińska, K. (2024). Current species protection does not serve its porpoise—Knowledge gaps on the impact of pressures on the Critically Endangered Baltic Proper harbour porpoise population, and future recommendations for its protection. Ecology and Evolution, 14(9), Article e70156.https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70156
    95. Koue, J., & Abe, A. (2025). Consideration of the influence of pile surface geometry on underwater noise attenuation during pile driving. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, 11(3), 747-759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-025-00397-7
    96. Lagrois, D., Chion, C., Sénécal, J. F., Kowalski, C., Michaud, R., & Vergara, V.(2022). Avoiding sharp accelerations can mitigate the impacts of a Ferry's radiated noise on the St. Lawrence whales. Scientific Reports, 12(1), Article 12111.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16060-2
    97. La Manna, G., Ronchetti, F., Perretti, F., & Ceccherelli, G. (2023). Determinants of group size in the common bottlenose dolphins: the role of water temperature and noise. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 77(4), Article 45.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-023-03322-w
    98. Laute, A., Grove, T. J., Rasmussen, M. H., Smith, A., Loisa, O., & Fournet, M. E. H.(2022). Impact of whale-watching vessels on humpback whale calling behavior on an Icelandic foraging ground during the Covid-19 pandemic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 701, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14202
    99. Leaper, R. (2019). The Role of Slower Vessel Speeds in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Underwater Noise and Collision Risk to Whales. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, Article 505. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00505
    100. Lemon, S. G. (2004). Towed-array history, 1917–2003. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 29(2), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2004.829791
    101. Lemos, L. S., Haxel, J. H., Olsen, A., Burnett, J. D., Smith, A., Chandler, T. E.,Nieukirk, S. L., Larson, S. E., Hunt, K. E., & Torres, L. G. (2022). Effects of vessel traffic and ocean noise on gray whale stress hormones. Scientific Reports, 12 (1),Article 18580.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14510-5
    102. Leunissen, E. M., Rayment, W. J., & Dawson, S. M. (2019). Impact of pile-driving on Hector's dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 142,31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.017
    103. Li, S. H., Liu, M. M., Dong, L. J., Dong, J. C., & Wang, D. (2018). Potential impacts of shipping noise on Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins and implications for regulation and mitigation: a review. Integrative Zoology, 13 (5), 495-506.https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12304
    104. Liu, J. L., Hou, Y. Q., You, C. X., Zou, Y., Xiong, C. W., Shang, D. J., Lv, P. Y., Li, H.Y., & Duan, H. L. (2025). Noise reduction measurement and biomimetic propeller optimization designs for unmanned underwater vehicles. Experiments in Fluids, 66(4), Article 69.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-025-03995-1
    105. Maccarrone, V., Filiciotto, F., de Vincenzi, G., Mazzola, S., & Buscaino, G. (2015).An Italian proposal on the monitoring of underwater noise: Relationship between the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and marine spatial planning directive (MSP). Ocean & Coastal Management, 118, 215-224.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.07.006
    106. Maciel, I., Belderrain, T., Alves, M. A. S., & Tardin, R. (2023). Stay here, but keep quiet: the effects of anthropogenic noise on Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) in southeastern Brazil. Marine Biology, 170(12), Article 165.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04312-2
    107. Marcondes, D. S., Domit, C., & Cantor, M. (2025). Guiana Dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) acoustic behavior differs under different noise conditions. Journal of Mammalogy, 106(4), 1008-1018. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaf029
    108. Marotte, E., Wright, A. J., Breeze, H., Wingfield, J., Matthews, L. P., Risch, D.,Merchant, N. D., Barclay, D., Evers, C., Lawson, J., Lesage, V., Moors-Murphy, H.,Nolet, V., & Theriault, J. A. (2022). Recommended metrics for quantifying underwater noise impacts on North Atlantic right whales. Marine Pollution Bulletin,175, Article 113361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113361
    109. Martins, D. T. L., Rossi-Santos, M. R., & Silva, F. J. D. (2018). Effects of anthropogenic noise on the acoustic behaviour of Sotalia guianensis (Van Beneden,1864) in Pipa, North-eastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 98(2), 215-222.https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001338
    110. Maruf, M., & Chang, Y. C. (2024). Strengthening the Regulatory Framework for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Migratory Marine Species against Anthropogenic Underwater Noise. International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 39(1), 5-38.https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-bja10160
    111. May-Collado, L. J., Bottoms, S., Durant, G., Palacios-Alfaro, J. D., & Alvarado, J. J.(2023). Southern Hemisphere humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)(Artiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) singing activity at Cano Island Biological Reserve,Costa Rica before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdowns. Revista De BiologiaTropical, 71, Article e57280. https://doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71iS4.57280
    112. McCarthy, E., Moretti, D., Thomas, L., DiMarzio, N., Morrissey, R., Jarvis, S., Ward,J., Izzi, A., & Dilley, A. (2011). Changes in spatial and temporal distribution and vocal behavior of Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) during multiship exercises with mid-frequency sonar. Marine Mammal Science, 27(3), E206–E226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00457.x
    113. McDonald, M. A., Hildebrand, J. A., & Wiggins, S. M. (2006). Increases in deep ocean ambient noise in the Northeast Pacific west of San Nicolas Island, California.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(2), 711–718.https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2216565
    114. McKenna, M. F., Gabriele, C., & Kipple, B. (2017). Effects of marine vessel management on the underwater acoustic environment of Glacier Bay National Park,AK. Ocean and Coastal Management, 139, 102-112.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.015
    115. Melcón, M. L., Cummins, A. J., Kerosky, S. M., Roche, L. K., Wiggins, S. M., &Hildebrand, J. A. (2012). Blue whales respond to anthropogenic noise. PLoS ONE, 7(2), Article e32681. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032681
    116. Ménard, N., Turgeon, S., Conversano, M., & Martins, C. C. A. (2022). Sharing the waters: Application of a marine spatial planning approach to conserve and restore the acoustic habitat of endangered beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in and around the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 175, Article 113325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113325
    117. Merchant, N. D. (2019). Underwater noise abatement: Economic factors and policy options. Environmental Science and Policy, 92, 116-123.115 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.11.014
    118. Merchant, N. D., Fristrup, K. M., Johnson, M. P., Tyack, P. L., Witt, M. J., Blondel, P.,& Parks, S. E. (2015). Measuring acoustic habitats. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(3), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12330
    119. Miller, P. J. O., Isojunno, S., Siegal, E., Lam, F. P. A., Kvadsheim, P. H., & Curé, C.(2022). Behavioral responses to predatory sounds predict sensitivity of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise within a soundscape of fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(13), Article e2114932119.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114932119
    120. Miller, P. J. O., Kvadsheim, P. H., Lam, F. P. A., Tyack, P. L., Curé, C., DeRuiter, S.L., Kleivane, L., Sivle, L. D., van Ijsselmuide, S. P., Visser, F., Wensveen, P. J., vonBenda-Beckmann, A. M., López, L. M. M., Narazaki, T., & Hooker, S. K. (2015).First indications that northern bottlenose whales are sensitive to behavioural disturbance from anthropogenic noise. Royal Society Open Science, 2(6), Article 140484. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140484
    121. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009).Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), Article e1000097.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
    122. Møhl, B., Wahlberg, M., Madsen, P. T., Miller, L. A., & Surlykke, A. (2003). The monopulsed nature of sperm whale clicks. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(2), 1143–1154. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1586258
    123. Moore, S. E., Reeves, R. R., Southall, B. L., Ragen, T. J., Suydam, R. S., & Clark, C.W. (2012). A New Framework for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals in a Rapidly Changing Arctic. Bioscience, 62(3), 289-295.https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.10
    124. Mortensen, L. O., Chudzinska, M. E., Slabbekoorn, H., & Thomsen, F. (2021). Agentbased models to investigate sound impact on marine animals: bridging the gap between effects on individual behaviour and population level consequences. Oikos,130(7), 1074-1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.08078
    125. Muir, J. E., Ainsworth, L., Racca, R., Bychkov, Y., Gailey, G., Vladimirov, V.,Starodymov, S., & Bröker, K. (2016). Gray whale densities during a seismic survey off Sakhalin Island, Russia. Endangered Species Research, 29(3), 211-227.https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00709
    126. Mukhamadiev, T., Adilov, Z., Balassem, Z., Mahadevan, P., Shoimova, F., & Vij, P. (2025). Impact of underwater noise pollution from maritime traffic on marine mammal communication patterns. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Environmental Studies, 5 (S1), 143-151.https://doi.org/10.70102/IJARES/V5S1/5-S1-15
    127. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/23479
    128. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2018). 2018 revisions to:Technical guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammal hearing: Underwater thresholds for onset of permanent and temporary threshold shifts. U.S. Department of Commerce.
    129. National Research Council. (2005). Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise:Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11147
    130. New, L. F., Clark, J. S., Costa, D. P., Fleishman, E., Hindell, M. A., Klanjšček, T.,Lusseau, D., Kraus, S., McMahon, C. R., Robinson, P. W., Schick, R. S., Schwarz, L.K., Simmons, S. E., Thomas, L., Tyack, P., & Harwood, J. (2014). Using short-termmeasures of behaviour to estimate long-term fitness of southern elephant seals.Marine Ecology Progress Series, 496, 99–108. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10547
    131. Nowacek, D. P., Thorne, L. H., Johnston, D. W., & Tyack, P. L. (2007). Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise. Mammal Review, 37(2), 81–115.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2007.00104.x
    132. Nummela, S. (2008). Hearing in aquatic mammals. In J. G. M. Thewissen & S.Nummela (Eds.), Sensory evolution on the threshold: Adaptations in secondarily aquatic vertebrates (pp. 211–224). University of California Press.
    133. OSPAR Commission. (2009). Overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment. OSPAR Commission.
    134. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow,C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J.,Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson,E., McDonald, S., ... Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
    135. Paiva, E. G., Kent, C. P. S., Gagnon, M. M., McCauley, R., & Finn, H. (2015).Reduced Detection of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in an Inner Harbour Channel During Pile Driving Activities. Aquatic Mammals, 41(4), 455-468. https://doi.org/10.1578/am.41.4.2015.455
    136. Parsons, E. C. M., Dolman, S. J., Jasny, M., Rose, N. A., Simmonds, M. P., & Wright,A. J. (2009). A critique of the UK's JNCC seismic survey guidelines for minimising acoustic disturbance to marine mammals: Best practise? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58(5), 643-651.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.02.024
    137. Parsons, E. C. M., Dolman, S. J., Wright, A. J., Rose, N. A., & Burns, W. C. G.(2008). Navy sonar and cetaceans: Just how much does the gun need to smoke before we act? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(7), 1248-1257.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.025
    138. Parsons, M. J. G., Erbe, C., Meekan, M. G., & Parsons, S. K. (2021). A Review and Meta-Analysis of Underwater Noise Radiated by Small (<25 m Length) Vessels.Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(8), Article 827.https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080827
    139. Payne, R., & McVay, S. (1971). Songs of humpback whales. Science, 173(3997),585–597. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3997.585
    140. Payne, R., & Webb, D. (1971). Orientation by means of long range acoustic signaling in baleen whales. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 188(1), 110–141.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb13093.x
    141. Pellegrini, A. Y., Romeu, B., Ingram, S. N., & Daura-Jorge, F. G. (2021). Boat disturbance affects the acoustic behaviour of dolphins engaged in a rare foraging cooperation with fishers. Animal Conservation, 24(4), 613-625.https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12667
    142. Pine, M. K., Hannay, D. E., Insley, S. J., Halliday, W. D., & Juanes, F. (2018).Assessing vessel slowdown for reducing auditory masking for marine mammals and fish of the western Canadian Arctic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 135, 290-302.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.031
    143. Pine, M. K., Schmitt, P., Culloch, R. M., Lieber, L., & Kregting, L. T. (2019).Providing ecological context to anthropogenic subsea noise: Assessing listening space reductions of marine mammals from tidal energy devices. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 103, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.024
    144. Pires, A., Maciel, I. D., Alves, M. A. D., & Tardin, R. H. (2021). The effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in Brazil: the need to consider recent scientific advances in environmental licensing. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 25(4), Article 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-021-00832-5
    145. Pirotta, E., Merchant, N. D., Thompson, P. M., Barton, T. R., & Lusseau, D. (2015).Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity.Biological Conservation, 181, 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.11.003
    146. Pirotta, E., Milor, R., Quick, N., Moretti, D., Di Marzio, N., Tyack, P., Boyd, I., &Hastie, G. (2012). Vessel Noise Affects Beaked Whale Behavior: Results of aDedicated Acoustic Response Study. Plos One, 7 (8), Article e42535.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042535
    147. Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N.,Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product from the ESRC Methods Programme. Lancaster University.https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1018.4643
    148. Prideaux, G. (2017). Technical support information to the CMS family guidelines on environmental impact assessments for marine noise-generating activities. Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
    149. Prideaux, G., & Prideaux, M. (2016). Environmental impact assessment guidelines for offshore petroleum exploration seismic surveys. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 34(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2015.1096038
    150. Punt, M. J., & Kaiser, B. A. (2021). Seismic Shifts from Regulations: Spatial Tradeoffs in Marine Mammals and the Value of Information from Hydrocarbon Seismic Surveying. Environmental & Resource Economics, 80(3), 553-585.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00598-2
    151. Purdon, J., Shabangu, F. W., Pienaar, M., Findlay, K., Somers, M. J., Vermeulen, E.,Scheun, J., & Doh, Y. (2025). Determining sound exposure levels for marine fauna during a past seismic survey to inform effective mitigation measures in South African waters. Ocean and Coastal Management, 270, Article 107893.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2025.107893
    152. Purdon, J., Somers, M. J., Shabangu, F. W., Doh, Y., & Scheun, J. (2025). Comparing seismic survey mitigation regulations: Lessons for South Africa from international frameworks. African Journal of Marine Science, 47(3), 211–218.https://doi.org/10.2989/1814232X.2025.2570313
    153. Puszka, H., Shimeta, J., & Robb, K. (2021). Assessment on the effectiveness of vessel-approach regulations to protect cetaceans in Australia: A review on behavioral impacts with case study on the threatened Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis). Plos One, 16(1), Article e0243353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243353
    154. Putland, R. L., Merchant, N. D., Farcas, A., & Radford, C. A. (2018). Vessel noise cuts down communication space for vocalizing fish and marine mammals. Global Change Biology, 24(4), 1708-1721. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13996
    155. Radtke, C. L., Terhune, J. M., Frouin-Mouy, H., & Rouget, P. A. (2023). Vocal count responses of narwhals to bulk carrier noise in Milne Inlet, Nunavut, Canada. Marine Mammal Science, 39(4), 1057-1075. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.13028
    156. Ramesh, K., Berrow, S., Meade, R., & O'Brien, J. (2021). Habitat Modelling on the Potential Impacts of Shipping Noise on Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in Offshore Irish Waters off the Porcupine Ridge. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(11), Article 1207. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111207
    157. Rendell, L., & Whitehead, H. (2003). Vocal clans in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1512),225–231. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2239
    158. Richardson, W. J., Greene, C. R., Jr., Malme, C. I., & Thomson, D. H. (1995). Marine mammals and noise. Academic Press.https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-02253-3
    159. Rolland, R. M., Parks, S. E., Hunt, K. E., Castellote, M., Corkeron, P. J., Nowacek, D.P., Wasser, S. K., & Kraus, S. D. (2012). Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1737),2363–2368. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2429
    160. Ruppel, C. D., Weber, T. C., Staaterman, E. R., Labak, S. J., & Hart, P. E. (2022).Categorizing Active Marine Acoustic Sources Based on Their Potential to Affect Marine Animals. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10 (9), Article 1278.https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091278
    161. Schaffeld, T., Schnitzler, J. G., Ruser, A., Baltzer, J., Schuster, M., & Siebert, U.(2022). A Result of Accidental Noise Pollution: Acoustic Flowmeters Emit 28 kHz Pulses That May Affect Harbor Porpoise Hearing. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9,Article 892050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.892050
    162. Schaffeld, T., Schnitzler, J. G., Ruser, A., Woelfing, B., Baltzer, J., & Siebert, U.(2020). Effects of multiple exposures to pile driving noise on harbor porpoise hearing during simulated flights-An evaluation tool. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 147(2), 685-697. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000595
    163. Sèbe, M., Scemama, P., Choquet, A., Jung, J. L., Chircop, A., Razouk, P. M. A.,Michel, S., Stiger-Pouvreau, V., & Recuero-Virto, L.(2022). Maritime transportation:Let's slow down a bit. Science of the Total Environment, 811, Article 152262.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152262
    164. Siebert, U., Stürznickel, J., Schaffeld, T., Oheim, R., Rolvien, T., Prenger-Berninghoff, E., Wohlsein, P., Lakemeyer, J., Rohner, S., Schick, L. A., Gross, S.,Nachtsheim, D., Ewers, C., Becher, P., Amling, M., & Morell, M. (2022). Blast injury on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Baltic Sea after explosions of deposits of World War II ammunition. Environment International, 159, Article 107014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107014
    165. Silva, A. A., Castro, J., Cid, A., Jesus, S. M., & Matos, F.L. (2024). Influence of Dolphin-Watching Tourism Vessels on the Whistle Emission Pattern of Common Dolphins and Bottlenose Dolphins. Oceans-Switzerland, 5(4), 770-784.https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans5040044
    166. Simmonds, M. P., Dolman, S. J., Jasny, M., Parsons, E. C. M., Weilgart, L., Wright, A.J., & Leaper, R. (2014). Marine noise pollution - increasing recognition but need for more practical action. Journal of Ocean Technology, 9 (1), 71-90.https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84904639467&partnerID=40&md5=0ddfe71a323608d856a5cba9c1183937.
    167. Sivle, L. D., Wensveen, P. J., Kvadsheim, P. H., Lam, F. P. A., Visser, F., Curé, C.,Harris, C. M., Tyack, P. L., & Miller, P. J. O. (2016). Naval sonar disrupts foraging in humpback whales. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 562, 211-220.https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11969
    168. Southall, B. L., Finneran, J. J., Reichmuth, C., Nachtigall, P. E., Ketten, D. R.,Bowles, A. E., Ellison, W. T., Nowacek, D. P., & Tyack, P. L. (2019). Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: Updated scientific recommendations for residual hearing effects. Aquatic Mammals, 45(2), 125–232.https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.45.2.2019.125
    169. Sprogis, K. R., Holman, D., Arranz, P., & Christiansen, F. (2023). Effects of whalewatching activities on southern right whales in Encounter Bay, South Australia.Marine Policy, 150, Article 105525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105525
    170. Sprogis, K. R., Videsen, S., & Madsen, P. T. (2020). Vessel noise levels drive behavioural responses of humpback whales with implications for whale-watching.Elife, 9, Article e56760. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.56760
    171. Stark, C., & Shi, W. C. (2021). Hydroacoustic and hydrodynamic investigation of bioinspired leading-edge tubercles on marine-ducted thrusters. Royal Society Open Science, 8(9), Article 210402. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210402
    172. Stöber, U., & Thomsen, F. (2019). Effect of impact pile driving noise on marine mammals: A comparison of different noise exposure criteria. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(5), 3252-3259. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5109387
    173. Stöber, U., & Thomsen, F. (2021). How could operational underwater sound from future offshore wind turbines impact marine life? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 149(3), 1791-1795. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0003760
    174. Teilmann, J., & Carstensen, J. (2012). Negative long-term effects on harbour porpoises from a large-scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic: Evidence of slow recovery. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), Article 045101.https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045101
    175. Tervo, O. M., Blackwell, S. B., Ditlevsen, S., Garde, E., Hansen, R. G., Samson, A.L., Conrad, A. S., & Heide-Jorgensen, M. P. (2023). Stuck in a corner: Anthropogenicnoise threatens narwhals in their once pristine Arctic habitat. Science Advances, 9(30), Article eade0440. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade0440
    176. Tougaard, J., Beedholm, K., & Madsen, P. T. (2022). Thresholds for noise induced hearing loss in harbor porpoises and phocid seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 151(6), 4252-4263. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0011560
    177. Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J., Skov, H., & Rasmussen, P. (2009). Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(1), 11–14.https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3132523
    178. Tsouvalas, A. (2020). Underwater noise emission due to offshore pile installation: A review. Energies, 13 (12), Article 3037.https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123037
    179. Tsouvalas, A., & Metrikine, A. V. (2020). Noise reduction by the application of an airbubble curtain in offshore pile driving. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 371, 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2016.02.025
    180. Tyack, P. L., & Clark, C. W. (2000). Communication and acoustic behavior of dolphins and whales. In W. W. L. Au, A. N. Popper, & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Hearing by whales and dolphins (pp. 156–224). Springer.
    181. United Nations. (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf
    182. van Geel, N. C. F., Risch, D., Benjamins, S., Brook, T., Culloch, R. M., Edwards, E.W. J., Stevens, C., & Wilson, B. (2022).Monitoring cetacean occurrence and variability in ambient sound in Scottish offshore waters. Frontiers in Remote Sensing, 3, Article 934681. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2022.934681
    183. van Geel, N. C. F., Risch, D., & Wittich, A. (2022). A brief overview of current approaches for underwater sound analysis and reporting. Marine Pollution Bulletin,178, Article 113610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113610
    184. Venkateshwaran, A., Deo, I. K., Jelovica, J., & Jaiman, R. K. (2024). A multiobjective optimization framework for reducing the impact of ship noise on marine mammals. Ocean Engineering, 310, Article 118687.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118687
    185. Verfuß, U. K., Sinclair, R. R., & Sparling, C. E. (2019). A review of noise abatement systems for offshore wind farm construction noise, and the potential for their application in Scottish waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Research Report No. 1070.Scottish Natural Heritage.
    186. Verfuss, U. K., Darias-O'Hara, A. K., Erbe, C., Houser, D., Janik, V. M., Ketten, D.,Lucke, K., Morell, M., Pacini, A., Reichmuth, C., & Booth, C. G. (2024). Eliciting the magnitude of auditory threshold shift considered injury in Antarctic marine mammals.Marine Policy, 170, Article 105919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105919
    187. Vergara, V., Wood, J., Lesage, V., Ames, A., Mikus, M. A., & Michaud, R. (2021).Can you hear me? Impacts of underwater noise on communication space of adult, subadult and calf contact calls of endangered St. Lawrence belugas (Delphinapterus leucas). Polar Research, 40, Article 5521. https://doi.org/10.33265/polar.v40.5521
    188. Vilardo, C., & Barbosa, A. F. (2018). Can you hear the noise? Environmental licensing of seismic surveys in Brazil faces uncertain future after 18 years protecting biodiversity. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 16(1), 54-59.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.11.005
    189. Virto, L. R., Dumez, H., Romero, C., & Bailly, D. (2022). How can ports act to reduce underwater noise from shipping? Identifying effective management frameworks.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174, Article 113136.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113136
    190. Wang, K. X., Li, S. H., Zheng, J. S., Hao, Y. J., Mei, Z. G., & Wang, D. (2025).Research progress and new considerations on conservation acoustics of small cetaceans in china. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 49(1), Article 012508.https://doi.org/10.7541/2025.2024.0411
    191. Wang, Z. T., Supin, A. Y., Akamatsu, T., Duan, P. X., Yang, Y. N., Wang, K. X., &Wang, D. (2021). Auditory evoked potential in stranded melon-headed whales(Peponocephala electra): With severe hearing loss and possibly caused by anthropogenic noise pollution. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 228, Article 113047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113047
    192. Weilgart, L. S. (2007). The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(11), 1091–1116.https://doi.org/10.1139/Z07-101
    193. Wensveen, P. J., Kvadsheim, P. H., Lam, F. P. A., von Benda-Beckmann, A. M., Sivle,L. D., Visser, F., Curé, C., Tyack, P. L., & Miller, P. J. O. (2017). Lack of behavioural responses of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) indicate limited effectiveness of sonar mitigation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(22), 4150-4161. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161232
    194. Wenz, G. M. (1969). Low-frequency deep-water ambient noise along the Pacific coast of the United States. U.S. Navy Journal of Underwater Acoustics, 19, 423–444.
    195. Williams, R., Ashe, E., Blight, L., Jasny, M., & Nowlan, L. (2014). Marine mammals and ocean noise: Future directions and information needs with respect to science,policy and law in Canada. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 86(1–2), 29–38.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.056
    196. Williams, R., Erbe, C., Ashe, E., & Clark, C. W. (2015). Quiet (er) marine protected areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 100(1),154-161.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.012
    197. Williams, R., Erbe, C., Ashe, E., Clark, C. W., & Hammond, P. S. (2014). Acoustic quality of critical habitats for three threatened whale populations. Animal Conservation, 17 (2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12076
    198. Williams, R., Veirs, S., Veirs, V., Ashe, E., & Mastick, N. (2019). Approaches to reduce noise from ships operating in important killer whale habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 139, 459-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.015
    199. Williams, R., Wright, A. J., Ashe, E., Blight, L. K., Bruintjes, R., Canessa, R., Clark,C. W., Cullis-Suzuki, S., Dakin, D. T., Erbe, C., Hammond, P. S., Merchant, N. D.,O'Hara, P. D., Purser, J., Radford, A. N., Simpson, S. D., Thomas, L., & Wale, M. A.(2015). Impacts of anthropogenic noise on marine life: Publication patterns, new discoveries, and future directions in research and management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 115, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.05.021
    200. Williams, T. M., Blackwell, S. B., Tervo, O., Garde, E., Sinding, M. H. S., Richter, B.,& Heide-Jorgensen, M. P. (2022).Physiological responses of narwhals to anthropogenic noise: A case study with seismic airguns and vessel traffic in the Arctic.Functional Ecology,36(9), 2251-2266. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14119
    201. Windén, B., & Kamiirisa, H. (2024). Underwater Noise Concerns: How Can the Maritime Industry React? Journal of Ship Production and Design, 40 (1), 1-9.https://doi.org/10.5957/jspd.01220002
    202. Wright, A. J. (2014). Reducing impacts of noise from human activities on cetaceans.In J. Higham, L. Bejder, & R. Williams (Eds.), Whale-watching: Sustainable tourism and ecological management (pp. 150–160). Cambridge University Press.
    203. Wright, A. J., & Cosentino, A. M. (2015). JNCC guidelines for minimising the risk of injury and disturbance to marine mammals from seismic surveys: We can do better.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 100(1), 231-239.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.045
    204. Zinke, L. (2023). Slow down for marine mammals. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4(10), 682-682.https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00488-9
    205. Zirbel, K., Balint, P., & Parsons, E. C. M. (2011). Navy sonar, cetaceans and the US Supreme Court: A review of cetacean mitigation and litigation in the US. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 63 (1-4), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.018
    206. Zitterbart, D. P., Kindermann, L., Burkhardt, E., & Boebel, O. (2013). Automatic Round-the-Clock Detection of Whales for Mitigation from Underwater Noise Impacts. PLoS ONE, 8(8), Article e71217.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071217
    207. Zobell, V. M., Hildebrand, J. A., & Frasier, K. E. (2024). Assessing approaches for ship noise reduction within critical whale habitat. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 156 (5), 3534-3544. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0034455

    QR CODE