本文提出了基於頻移鍵控雷達架構的短時生理訊號量測系統，並搭配了經由匹配濾波器改進之時頻相位回歸演算法，達到在不增加系統複雜度的情況下，同時量測短時生理訊號與靜止人體絕對距離的目的。相較於頻率調變連續波雷達以及超寬頻雷達，本篇所使用的頻移鍵控雷達架構採用切換頻率的方式，測距時不會有占用頻寬的問題，在頻寬逐漸稀缺的未來會有商業化優勢。並且因為沒有調變行為，因此不會有由於調變頻寬不同，而有距離解析度的限制。最後本篇在絕對距離量測方面，以及短時生理訊號量測方面，也有各自的量測與探討。
量測人體絕對距離方面，首先我們實作出並比較了短時傅立葉轉換法以及反正切法的方法優劣，及其各自方法的特色，最終選出短時傅立葉轉換法進行相位差及絕對距離的量測；並且在短時傅立葉轉換的頻譜中，除了呼吸外，本篇首先進一步採用 1Hz ~ 2Hz 之心率作為相位差來源得到絕對距離，並由公式推導可以得知，任何生物體微小運動只要可被連續波雷達偵測到，皆可成為頻移鍵控雷達之距離計算依據。另一點為 STFT 法過程中不同窗函數長度造成的距離準確度影響的探討，這兩點是之前文獻中未有提及之處。
量測短時生理訊號方面，在實作中發現傳統時頻相位回歸演算法會有頻譜中抓錯峰值的問題導致誤差極大。本篇採用匹配濾波器改進之時頻相位回歸演算法，經由多筆測量統計，可以有效放寬傳統時頻相位回歸的使用情境，使得抓取短時心率的準確度有所提高，總體誤差可以有所下降。

This thesis presents a short time vital sign measurement system based on frequency shift keying (FSK) radar and improved FTPR algorithm by matched filter. The measurement system is used to detect distance and short time vital sign simultaneously without increase the complexity of radar system. FSK radar is a switched carrier frequency radar system. Compared FSK radar with frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar and ultra-wideband (UWB) radar, the advantage of FSK radar is no bandwidth occupied when range detecting. That will be a great commercialization advantage in the future of bandwidth become scarcer. Because FSK radar does not using frequency modulation, it is not limited by range resolution from different modulation bandwidth. At the end, we do the respective implementation of distance measurement and short time vital sign measurement.
In terms of distance measurement, we implement the STFT method and arctangent method for phase difference. We compare the pros and cons of the two methods, and compare the features of them afterwards. STFT method is chosen as main method in this work. Apart from respiration rate based FSK radar, we also implement the heart rate based FSK radar which using 1 to 2 Hz in the spectrum as the source of phase difference. By the derivative of formula, we know that for all the tiny movement of test object which is available to FSK radar system, could be the source of phase difference. Another thing is the different window length interference for STFT method of FSK radar. These views were not proposed in FSK radar field to our best knowledge.
In terms of short time vital sign measurement, we find that traditional FTPR algorithm sometime gives a very big percentage of error due to incorrect bins selection. An improved matched filter based FTPR algorithm is proposed in this thesis to solve this problem. According to the statistics of various data, this method extends the usage scenario and improves the accurate of vital sign measurement. Overall error rate is smaller when we using the new FTPR algorithm.

[1] C. Li, J. Lin, and Y. Xiao, "Robust overnight monitoring of human vital signs by a non-contact respiration and heartbeat detector," in 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006, pp. 2235-2238.
[2] C. Li, Y. Xiao, and J. Lin, "Experiment and spectral analysis of a low-power Ka - band heartbeat detector measuring from four sides of a human body," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, pp. 4464-4471, 2006.
[3] A. Singh, S. S. Lee, M. Butler, and V. Lubecke, "Activity monitoring and motion classification of the lizard Chamaeleo jacksonii using multiple Doppler radars," in 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2012, pp. 4525-4528.
[4] N. Hafner, J. C. Drazen, and V. M. Lubecke, "Fish heart rate monitoring by bodycontact Doppler radar," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 13, pp. 408-414, 2012.
[5] C. Li, Z. Peng, T.-Y. Huang, T. Fan, F.-K. Wang, T.-S. Horng, et al., "A review on recent progress of portable short-range noncontact microwave radar systems," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 65, pp. 1692-1706, 2017.
[6] F.-K. Wang, Y.-R. Chou, Y.-C. Chiu, and T.-S. Horng, "Chest-worn health monitor based on a bistatic self-injection-locked radar," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 62, pp. 2931-2940, 2015.
[7] J. C. Lin, "Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: A review," Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 13, pp. 557-565, 1992.
[8] G. Wang, J.-M. Munoz-Ferreras, C. Gu, C. Li, and R. Gomez-Garcia, "Application of linear-frequency-modulated continuous-wave (LFMCW) radars for tracking of vital signs," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 62, pp. 1387-1399, 2014.
[9] 吳東霖，“應用 EMD 自身呼吸消除技術以提升混合 FMCW-CW 雷達架構之心跳生理訊號準確度研究”，碩士論文，電機工程研究所，國立成功大學，民國 106 年
[10] J.-M. Munoz-Ferreras, Z. Peng, R. Gomez-Garcia, G. Wang, C. Gu, and C. Li, "Isolate the clutter: Pure and hybrid linear-frequency-modulated continuous-wave (LFMCW) radars for indoor applications," IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 16, pp. 40-54, 2015.
[11] J. Li, L. Liu, Z. Zeng, and F. Liu, "Advanced signal processing for vital sign extraction with applications in UWB radar detection of trapped victims in complex environments," IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing, vol. 7, pp. 783-791, 2013.
[12] F. Ahmad, M. G. Amin, and P. D. Zemany, "Performance analysis of dual-frequency CW radars for motion detection and ranging in urban sensing applications," in Radar Sensor Technology XI, 2007, p. 65470K.
[13] Y. Zhang, M. Amin, and F. Ahmad, "A novel approach for multiple moving target localization using dual-frequency radars and time-frequency distributions," in 2007 Conference Record of the Forty-First Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2007, pp. 1817-1821.
[14] J. Wang, T. Karp, J.-M. Muñoz-Ferreras, R. Gómez-García, and C. Li, "A spectrumefficient FSK radar solution for stationary human subject localization based on vital sign signals," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., 2019, pp. 140-143.
[15] C. Gu and J. Lien, "A two-tone radar sensor for concurrent detection of absolute distance and relative movement for gesture sensing," IEEE sensors letters, vol. 1, pp. 1-4, 2017.
[16] J. C. Lin, "Noninvasive microwave measurement of respiration," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 63, pp. 1530-1530, 1975.
[17] Y. Xiao, J. Lin, O. Boric-Lubecke, and M. Lubecke, "Frequency-tuning technique for remote detection of heartbeat and respiration using low-power double-sideband transmission in the Ka-band," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, pp. 2023-2032, 2006.
[18] B.-K. Park, S. Yamada, O. Boric-Lubecke, and V. Lubecke, "Single-channel receiver limitations in Doppler radar measurements of periodic motion," in 2006 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, 2006, pp. 99-102.
[19] C. Li and J. Lin, "Complex signal demodulation and random body movement cancellation techniques for non-contact vital sign detection," in 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2008, pp. 567-570.
[20] B.-K. Park, O. Boric-Lubecke, and V. M. Lubecke, "Arctangent demodulation with DC offset compensation in quadrature Doppler radar receiver systems," IEEE transactions on Microwave theory and techniques, vol. 55, pp. 1073-1079, 2007.
[21] M. Li and J. Lin, "Wavelet-transform-based data-length-variation technique for fast heart rate detection using 5.8-GHz CW Doppler radar," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, pp. 568-576, 2017.
[22] J. Tu and J. Lin, "Fast acquisition of heart rate in noncontact vital sign radar measurement using time-window-variation technique," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 65, pp. 112-122, 2015.
[23] M. Nosrati and N. Tavassolian, "High-accuracy heart rate variability monitoring using Doppler radar based on Gaussian pulse train modeling and FTPR algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, pp. 556-567, 2017.
[24] J. Tu and J. Lin, "Respiration harmonics cancellation for accurate heart rate measurement in non-contact vital sign detection," in 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), 2013, pp. 1-3.
[25] T.-Y. Huang, L. Hayward, and J. Lin, "Adaptive harmonics comb notch digital filter for measuring heart rate of laboratory rat using a 60-GHz radar," in 2016 IEEE MTTS International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2016, pp. 1-4.
[26] J.-H. Cheng, J.-F. Yeh, H.-Y. Yang, J.-H. Tsai, J. Lin, and T.-W. Huang, "40-GHz vital sign detection of heartbeat using synchronized motion technique for respiration signal suppression," in 2012 42nd European Microwave Conference, 2012, pp. 21-24.
[27] Q. Lv, L. Chen, K. An, J. Wang, H. Li, D. Ye, et al., "Doppler vital signs detection in the presence of large-scale random body movements," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, pp. 4261-4270, 2018.
[28] Z.-K. Yang, S. Zhao, X.-D. Huang, and W. Lu, "Accurate Doppler radar-based heart rate measurement using matched filter," IEICE Electronics Express, vol. 17, pp. 20200062-20200062, 2020.
[29] M. Budge and M. Burt, "Range correlation effects on phase and amplitude noise," in Proceedings of Southeastcon'93, 1993, p. 5 p.
[30] A. D. Droitcour, O. Boric-Lubecke, V. M. Lubecke, J. Lin, and G. T. Kovacs, "Range correlation and I/Q performance benefits in single-chip silicon Doppler radars for noncontact cardiopulmonary monitoring," IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 52, pp. 838-848, 2004.
[31] M. S. Islam and U. Chong, "Noise reduction of continuous wave radar and pulse radar using matched filter and wavelets," EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing, vol. 2014, pp. 1-9, 2014.
[32] M. Nosrati and N. Tavassolian, "Accurate Doppler radar-based cardiopulmonary sensing using chest-wall acceleration," IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology, vol. 3, pp. 41-47, 2018.
[33] T. a. Shen, Y. Tu, M. Li, and H. Zhang, "A new phase difference measurement algorithm for extreme frequency signals based on discrete time Fourier transform with negative frequency contribution," Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 86, p. 015104, 2015.
[34] F. Ahmad, M. G. Amin, and P. D. Zemany, "Dual-frequency radars for target localization in urban sensing," IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems, vol. 45, pp. 1598-1609, 2009.
[35] 張瑋芳，“在複雜環境中應用相位累增與最大似然估計法以提升調頻連續波雷達系統之生理訊號及定位量測精準度”，碩士論文，電機工程研究所，國立成功大學，民國 107 年
[36] A. Aubert, L. Welkenhuysen, J. Montald, L. De Wolf, H. Geivers, J. Minten, et al., "Laser method for recording displacement of the heart and chest wall," Journal of biomedical engineering, vol. 6, pp. 134-140, 1984.
[37] W. Hu, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, and F. Lin, "Noncontact accurate measurement of cardiopulmonary activity using a compact quadrature Doppler radar sensor," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 61, pp. 725-735, 2013.
[38] A. D. Droitcour, "Non-contact measurement of heart and respiration rates with a single-chip microwave doppler radar," Citeseer, 2006.
[39] G. Ramachandran and M. Singh, "Three-dimensional reconstruction of cardiac displacement patterns on the chest wall during the P, QRS and T-segments of the ECG by laser speckle inteferometry," Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, vol. 27, pp. 525-530, 1989.