本論文係以0.18微米的互補式金氧半導體製程來設計研製符合數位視訊廣播-地面廣播電視/手持式電視(DVB-T/H)傳輸標準的射頻調諧器中的壓控振盪器電路。由於數位電視射頻端的訊號頻寬在48MHz~860 MHz，所以在調諧器中的振盪器可調整頻率範圍也必須相當的寬廣。同時，由於系統標準在中心頻率10KHz偏移處相位雜訊需達-85dBc/Hz，振盪器的相位雜訊也要相當的低。現有的商用調諧器晶片係採用整合多顆窄頻的振盪器來完成。雖然雙載子電晶體(Bipolar)製程、砷化鎵(GaAs)製程以及雙載子互補式金氧半(BiCMOS)製程亦可以用來實現調諧器電路，但是考慮製造成本及系統的整合性，必須使用互補式金氧半導體(CMOS)製程技術來實現調諧器之電路。如此，對於未來將數位電視系統整合於單一晶片上的可能性將大幅地提昇。

本論文乃著眼於一組具有較寬的可調頻率範圍與低相位雜訊的互補式金氧半壓控振盪器(CMOS VCO)的設計研製。同時利用可切換式電感與可切換式電容元件，期能將單顆振盪器的可調頻率範圍調整至400MHz以上，並滿足嚴格的相位雜訊規格在中心頻率10KHz偏移相位雜訊達-85dBc/Hz的需求。如果將此振盪器的設計應用在數位電視的射頻調諧器晶片設計上，我們可以將原商用產品內3~8顆的振盪器電路大幅降至三顆，甚至2顆左右。利用我們實驗室所提出新的差動可切換式電感，可以使得壓控振盪器電路的晶片面積較小以達到減少晶元面積消耗與製作成本。

本論文對於電路設計上的創新貢獻如下：首先，我們提出了一個使用新式差動可切換電感的寬可調範圍壓控振盪器的整合方案。此外我們也証實了整合在調諧器IC裡的振盪器個數是可以減低至三顆或兩顆的可行性。

This thesis aims at the design of a 0.18 um CMOS VCO circuit for the RF tuner in the DVB-T/H system. Since the RF input frequency of a digital TV (DTV) ranges wide from 48 MHz to 860 MHz, the tuning range of the VCO has to be wide enough. Meanwhile, the DTV system requirement of phase noise better than -85 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz offset frequency forces the VCO to have a low phase noise performance. Although the tuner IC can be implemented by bipolar, GaAs, or BiCMOS technologies, the most effective way to achieve the target of low cost and high integration is still by the CMOS technology. By this way, to integrate the whole digital TV system into a single chip becomes very possible.

We try to develop a set of CMOS VCO circuits with wider tuning range and lower phase noise. By making use of switched inductors and switched capacitors, we wish to drive the tuning range of each single VCO up to 400 MHz and to fit for the stringent requirement of phase noise of -85 dBc/Hz at 10 KHz offset. Therefore, the numbers of VCO’s used in the tuner IC can be reduced greatly from 6~8 to 2~3. By applying a newly proposed switched differential inductor developed from our laboratory, the integrated VCO circuit can occupy a smaller chip area and leads to the reduction of cost.

The innovatory contributions of this thesis are as followed: The first, we propose the full integration of a wide tuning range VCO circuit with a proposed switched differential inductor. The second, we confirm the integration possibility of VCO’s for the tuner IC in a number of two or three.

[1]數位電視廣播與製作系統，賴柏洲…等編著，全華科技圖書股份有份公司，92年1月初版，ISBN 957-21-3840-5。
[2]MicrotunerTM MT2032 data sheet, Rev. 15, Microtune, Inc., Oct.2001
[3]TUA6030 / TUA 6032 data sheet, Ver. 2.1, Infineon Technologies, July 2001.
[4]王嘉仁，應用於數位電視寬頻調諧器及數位音訊廣播接收機之CMOS頻率合成器的設計研究，國立成功大學電機工程研究所碩士論文，民國九十三年
[5]吳思賢，數位電視調諧器架構技術分析 (DTV RF Tuner Architecture Technology Analysis)，系統晶片期刊(003期 2005年十月)
[6]S. Birleson, J. Esquivel, P. Nelsen, J. Norsworthy, K. Richter, “Silicon Single-Chip Television Tuner Technology,” 2000 International Conference on Consumer Electronics, June 13-15, 2000, pp.38-39.
[7]I. Muhr, “Integrated TV Tuner Design for Multi-Standard Terrestrial Reception,” 2005 IEEE Radio Frequency integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, June 12-14, 2005, pp.75-78.
[8]Chun-Yi Kuo, Che-Fu Liang, and Shen-Iuan Liu, “A 5.8-/5.2-/2.4-GHz SiGe LC VCO with Wide Tuning Range,” IEEE 2004 VLSI/CAD, Taiwan, No. 2, May 2004
[9]B. Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, MeGraw-Hill companies, New York USA, 2001.
[10]P. Andreani, and S. Mattisson,“ On the Use of MOS Varactors in RF VCO’S“ IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 35, No. 6, June 2000
[11]F. Svelto, P. Erratico, S. Manzini, and R. Castello, “ A Metal-Oxide- Semiconductor Varactor ” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 20, No. 4, April 1999
[12]P. Andreani “ A Comparison between Two 1.8GHz CMOS VCOs Tuned by Different Varactors, ” Proceedings of the 24th European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 22-24 Sept. 1998 pp.380 – 383
[13]S. A. Wartenberg and J. R. Hauser, “Substrate Voltage and Accumulation-Mode MOS Varactor Capacitance,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 52, No. 7, July 2005
[14]C. P. Yue and S. S. Wong, “ On-Chip Spiral Inductors with Patterned Ground Shields for Si-Based RF IC’s, “ IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuit, Vol. 33, No. 5, May 1998
[15]D. K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1989.
[16]J. Craninckx and M. S. J. Steyaert, “ A 1.8 GHz Low-Phase-Noise CMOS VCO Using Optimized Hollow Spiral Inductors, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 32, No. 5, May 1997
[17]施俊仰，對稱式平面螺旋型電感之研究，國立交通大學電信工程研究所碩士論文，民國91年。
[18]C. P. Yue, and S. S. Wong, “ Physical Modeling of Spiral Inductors on Silicon, ” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol, 47, No. 3, March 2000
[19]A. Kral, F> Behbahani, and A.A. Abidi, “ RF-CMOS Oscillators with Switched Tuning, ” Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, Proceedings of the IEEE 1998, 11-14, May 1998, pp.555-558.
[20]A. Fard, T. Johnson, M. Linder and D. Aberg, “ A Comparative Study of CMOS LC VCO Topologies for Wide-Band Multi-Standard Transceivers, ” 47th IEEE International Midwest Symp. On Circuit and Systems, 2004, pp.III-17~III-20.
[21]E. Hegazi, H. Sjoland and A. Abidi “ A Filtering Technique to Lower Oscillator Phase Noise, ” IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 5-7, Feb 2001, pp.364-365, 465
[22]S. M. Yim and Kenneth K. O. “ Demonstration of a Switched Resonator Concept in a Dual-Band Monolithic CMOS LC-tuned VCO, ” Custom Integrated Circuit Conference, Proceedings of the IEEE 2001, pp.205-208.
[23]Z. Li and Kenneth K. O. “ A 1-V Low Phase noise Multi-Band CMOS Voltage Controlled Oscillator with Switched Inductors and Capacitors, ” IEEE 2004, Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2004, pp.467-470.
[24]A. Mazzanti, P. Uggetti, R. Battaglia, and F. Svelto “ Analysis and Design of a Dual Band Reconfigurable VCO, ” 2004 ICECS, No. 13-15 Dec 2004 , pp. 37-40
[25]Z. Li, R. Quintal and Kenneth K.O. “A Dual-Band CMOS Front-End with Two Gain Modes for Wireless LAN Application, ” IEEE Journal Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 39, No. 11, Nov 2004, pp.2069-2073
[26]P. Park, C. S. Kim, M. Y. Park, S. D. Kim and H. K. Yu “ Variable Inductance Multilayer Inductor with MOSFET Switch Control, ” IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 25, No. 3, March 2004
[27]B. Razavi, RF MICROELECTORNICS, Pearson Education Taiwan Ltd.
[28]H. Sjoland “ Improved Switched Tuning of Differential CMOS VCOs, ” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems –II : Analog and Digital Singal processing, Vol. 49, No. 5, May 2002.
[29]A. Hajimiri and T. H. Lee, “A General Theory of Phase Noise in Electrical Oscillators, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 33, No. 2, February 1998.
[30]B. Razavi, “A Study of Phase Noise in CMOS Oscillators, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 31, No. 3, March 1996.
[31]D. B. Lesson, “ A simple model of feedback oscillator noises spectrum ” Proc. IEEE, Vol. 54 pp. 329-330, February 1966
[32]陳玟蕙，於互補式金氧半導體製程之對稱立體式被動元件及壓控震盪器設計，國立中央大學碩士論文，民國九十二年。
[33]J. Craninckx and M. Steyaert, “Low Noise Voltage Controlled Oscillators Using Enhanced LC Tanks, ” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II Analog and Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 43, No. 12, December 1995.
[34]T. H. Lee and A. Hajimiri, “ Oscillator Phase Noise: A Tutorial, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 2000
[35]P. Antoine, et. Al. “Direct-Conversion Receiver for DVB-H, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, Vol. 40, No. 12, Dec. 2005, pp.2536-2546.
[36]Zhenbiao Li and K. O. Kenneth “A 900-MHz 1.5-V CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Using Switched Resonators with a Wide Tuning Range, ” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 137-139, 2003.
[37]Zhenbiao Li and K. O. Kenneth “ A Low-Phase-Noise and Low-Power Multiband CMOS voltage-Controlled Oscillator, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 40, No.6, June 2005.
[38]C. M. Hung, b. Floyd and K.K. O, “A fully integrated 5.35-GHz CMOS VCO and a prescaler, ” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 17-22, Jan. 2001
[39]A. Jerng and C. sodini “The impact of device type and sizing oh phase noise mechanisms, ” in Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., San Jose, CA, Sep. 2003, pp. 547-550.
[40]B. D. Muer, M. Borremans, M. Steyaert and G. Li Puma “A 2-GHz Low-Phase-Noise Integrated LC-VCO Set with Flicker-Noise Upconversion Minimization, ” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 35, No. 7, July 2000.
[41]SpectreRF : EDA tools, Cadence Design Systems, Inc..
[42]ADS : Advance Design System / Momentum : EDA tools, Agilent Technologies, Inc..