隨全球氣候變遷與能源加速轉型，風力發電已成為重要再生能源之一，然陸域風機葉片多由玻璃纖維強化複合材料構成，於退役後不易回收，逐漸成為再生能源發展下的新興廢棄物議題。鑒於臺灣陸域風電設備即將陸續屆齡，未來廢棄葉片數量勢將快速增加，亟需建立完善之回收體系與評估機制。本研究以臺灣陸域風機葉片為研究對象，首先採用 Weibull 壽命失效函數，推估2000至2050年間葉片之退役量，並考量具再生資源回收路徑計算其經濟效益，其次，運用生命週期評估方法，比較掩埋、水泥窯協同處理與氧化液化三種回收技術之環境衝擊，以ReCiPe 2016中間點與終點指標量化人類健康、生態系統品質與資源耗竭等影響。考量氧化液化技術尚處實驗室階段，本研究進一步導入技術擴大框架，將實驗數據轉換為商業化規模，並透過不確定性分析，檢視關鍵參數變動對三大終點環境衝擊類別之影響。
研究結果顯示，臺灣陸域風機葉片廢棄量自2011年起開始零星出現，於2019至2024年間呈現逐漸上升之趨勢，至2050年累積廢棄葉片約 9,202 噸。再生資源回收路徑之效益結果顯示，氧化液化之潛在經濟價值顯著高於水泥窯協同處理。環境評估結果顯示，水泥窯協同處理可透過替代燃煤與原生礦物原料，在多數環境衝擊指標上優於傳統水泥熟料製程；氧化液化雖在再生資源經濟效益具高價值回收潛力，然現階段技術條件下，於三大環境衝擊指標上仍存在較高環境負荷。
綜合環境衝擊與經濟效益之評估結果，建議臺灣採取分階段推動回收策略，短期以水泥窯協同處理為核心，搭配掩埋過渡性因應措施，同步啟動化學回收示範計畫；中長期則視先進化學回收技術於經濟與環境面向改善進程，循序導入高值材料回收之補充路徑。

Wind power is central to Taiwan’s decarbonization efforts; however, end-of-life recycling of wind turbine blades composed of glass fiber–reinforced composites poses numerous challenges. This study projected blade retirements in Taiwan from 2000 to 2050 using a Weibull distribution model. We then assessed the environmental impact based on a life cycle assessment using the ReCiPe 2016 method, comparing three possible end-of-life pathways: landfilling, cement co-processing, and oxidative liquefaction.
Onshore blade decommissioning in Taiwan began sporadically in 2011, followed by a progressive upward trend between 2019 and 2024. By 2050, the cumulative blade waste is projected to reach approximately 9,202 tons. Among the pathways assessed, cement co-processing involving the substitution of coal and raw materials in clinker production was shown to have the greatest environmentally benefits. Oxidative liquefaction would provide the highest economic returns but also the greatest environmental burden. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the costs of landfilling and cement co-processing are highly sensitive to transportation distances, whereas oxidative liquefaction depends primarily on hydrogen peroxide consumption and wastewater discharge.
Overall, our results support a phased recycling strategy: near-term deployment of cement co-processing, supplemented by limited landfilling and pilot-scale chemical recycling, followed by a gradual transition toward higher-value material recovery as chemical recycling technologies mature.

一、英文文獻
Ahrens, A., Bonde, A., Sun, H., Kølln Wittig, N., Hammershøj, H. C. D., Martins Ferreira Batista, G., Sommerfeldt, A., Frølich, S., Birkedal, H., & Skrydstrup, T. (2023). Catalytic disconnection of C–O bonds in epoxy resins and composites. Nature 617, 730–737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05944-6
Amzil, L., Fertahi, S., Raffak, T., & Mouhib, T. (2025). Towards sustainable blade design: A critical review of natural fiber-reinforced hybrid composites and structural analysis tutorials. Next Materials ,8, 100688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100688
Capello, C., Hellweg, S., Badertscher, B., & Hungerbühler, K. (2005). Life-cycle inventory of waste solvent distillation: Statistical analysis of empirical data. Environmental Science & Technology, 39(15), 5885–5892. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048114o
Cement Sustainability Initiative. (2015). Guidelines for co-processing fuels and raw materials in cement manufacturing (Version 2). World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
CEMBUREAU, & EuCIA. (2023, June 13). Joint contribution of CEMBUREAU and EuCIA to the JRC “Recycling” definition project with regard to co-processing of composite end of life/use material specific to the cement industry. https://eucia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Position-paper-co-processing-of-composites-CEMbureau-EuCIA-for-JRC-study-final.pdf
Cheng, L., Chen, R., Yang, J., Chen, X., Yan, X., Gu, J., Liu, Z., Yuan, H., & Chen, Y. (2025). Mechanisms, technical optimization, and perspectives in the recycling and reprocessing of waste wind turbine blades: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 218, 115834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115834
Deeney, P., Leahy, P. G., Campbell, K., Ducourtieux, C., Mullally, G., & Dunphy, N. P. (2025). End-of-life wind turbine blades and paths to a circular economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 212, 115418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115418
Directive 2008/98/EC, available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0098 (last visited 19 December 2025).
European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (2000, September 18). Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0053
European Commission. (2018, January 16). A European strategy for plastics in a circular economy. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52018DC0028
France. Ministry of Ecological Transition. (2020, June 22). Arrêté du 22 juin 2020 modifiant l'arrêté du 26 août 2011 relatif aux installations de production d'électricité utilisant l'énergie mécanique du venthttps://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/arrete/2020/6/22/TREP2003954A/jo/texte
Gevernova. (2022). ZEBRA project achieves key milestone with production of the first prototype of its recyclable wind turbine blade. https://www.gevernova.com/news/s/zebra-project-achieves-key-milestone
Gennitsaris, S., & Sofianopoulou, S. (2024). Wind turbine end-of-life options based on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(3), 100108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2024.100108
Huijbregts, M. A. J. (1998). Application of uncertainty and variability in LCA. Part I: A general framework for the analysis of uncertainty and variability in life cycle assessment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 3(5), 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02979835
Huijbregts, M. A. J., Steinmann, Z. J. N., Elshout, P. M. F., Stam, G., Verones, F., Vieira, M. D. M., Zijp, M., van Zelm, R., & van de Meent, D. (2017). ReCiPe2016: A harmonized life cycle impact assessment method at midpoint and endpoint level. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1240-y
Iberdrola. (2025). Iberdrola España and FCC open EnergyLOOP, the first wind turbine blade recycling plant on the Iberian Peninsula. https://www.iberdrola.com/press-room/news/detail/iberdrola-fcc-energyloop
IEA. (2025). Renewables 2025: Analysis and forecasts to 2030. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025
Joshi, S. V., Drzal, L. T., Mohanty, A. K., & Arora, S. (2004). Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.001
Job, S. (2013). Recycling glass fibre reinforced composites – History and progress. Reinforced Plastics, 57(2), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-3617(13)70151-6
Jia, X., Wang, D., Jiang, P., & Guo, B. (2016). Inference on the reliability of Weibull distribution with multiply Type-I censored data. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 150, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.01.024
Kuipers, E. (2019). Using polyester resins in rotor blades. Windtech International, 15(1), 16.
Leahy, P.G. (2019). End-of-life Options for Composite Material Wind Turbine Blades: Recover, Repurpose or Reuse?. Preprint, 14th SWEDES Conference, Dubrovnik, CROATIA, Oct 1-6, 2019. Modified Oct 2020 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16039.37287
Liu, P., Meng, F., & Barlow, C. Y. (2019). Wind turbine blade end-of-life options: an eco-audit comparison. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1268-1281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.043
LM Wind Power. (2020). Sustainability report 2020. https://www.lmwindpower.com/en/sustainability/sustainability-reports
Liu, Y., Wang, B., Ma, S., Yu, T., Xu, X., Li, Q., Wang, S., Han, Y., Yu, Z., & Zhu, J. (2021). Catalyst-free malleable, degradable, bio-based epoxy thermosets and its application in recyclable carbon fiber composites. Composites Part B: Engineering , 211, 108654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108654
LM Wind Power. (2022). ZEBRA project launched to develop first 100% recyclable wind turbine blades. https://www.lmwindpower.com/en/media-room/press-releases/zebra-project-launched
Mumtaz, H., Sobek, S., Sajdak, M., Muzyka, R., & Werle, S. (2023). An experimental investigation and process optimization of the oxidative liquefaction process as the recycling method of the end-of-life wind turbine blades. Renewable Energy, 211, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.04.120
Manso-Morato, J., Hurtado-Alonso, N., Skaf, M., Revilla-Cuesta, V., & Ortega-López, V. (2025). Life cycle assessment of concrete with wind turbine blade waste: a real case study. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 115 , 107992, 10.1016/j.eiar.2025.107992
Menna, C., Simone, L. D., & Capozzi, V. (2025). Mechanical recycling of GFRP wind turbine blades: Evaluating the sustainability and economic potential of recycled fibers. Developments in the Built Environment, 23, 100710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100710
Nagle, A. J., Delaney, E. L., Bank, L. C., & Leahy, P. G. (2020). A comparative life cycle assessment between landfilling and co-processing of waste from decommissioned Irish wind turbine blades. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123321
Net Zero Technology Centre. (2023, June 13). Sustainable decommissioning – Wind turbine blade recycling phase 2. https://netzerotechnologycentre.com/projects/sustainable-decommissioning-wind-turbine-blade-recycling-phase-2
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2024, August 28). NREL advances method for recyclable wind turbine blades. https://www.nrel.gov/news/detail/press/2024/nrel-advances-method-for-recyclable-wind-turbine-blades
OffshoreWind (2021). ORE Catapult: Offshore wind turbine blade recycling could add 20,000 jobs. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/03/22/ore-catapult-offshore-wind-turbine-blade-recycling-could-add-20000-jobs/
ORE Catapult (2021). Sustainable decommissioning: Wind turbine blade recycling. https://ore.catapult.org.uk/app/uploads/2021/03/Sustainable-Decommissioning-Wind-Turbine-Blade-Recycling.pdf
Piccinno, F., Hischier, R., Seeger, S., & Som, C. (2016). From laboratory to industrial scale: a scale-up framework for chemical processes in life cycle assessment studies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.164
Psomopoulos, C. S., Kalkanis, K., Kaminaris, S., Ioannidis, G. C., & Pachos, P. (2019). A Review of the Potential for the Recovery of Wind Turbine Blade Waste Materials. Recycling, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling4010007
Power Gen Advancement. (2024, August 5). Wind turbine disposal: New laws and sustainable solutions. https://powergenadvancement.com/wind-turbine-disposal-new-laws-sustainable-solutions
RenewableUK. (2025). Developing effective end-of-life policy frameworks for UK offshore wind. https://www.renewableuk.com/policy-position-statements/end-of-life-policy-frameworks
Sacchi, R., Besseau, R., Pérez-López, P., & Blanc, I. (2019). Exploring technologically, temporally and geographically-sensitive life cycle inventories for wind turbines: A parameterized model for Denmark. Renewable Energy, 132, 1238–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.020
Schmid, M., Gonzalez Ramon, N., Dierckx, A., & Wegman, T. (2020). Accelerating wind turbine blade circularity. https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/WindEurope-Accelerating-wind-turbine-blade-circularity.pdf
Sobek, S., Lombardi, L., Mendecka, B., Mumtaz, H., Sajdak, M., Muzyka, R., & Werle, S. (2024). A life cycle assessment of the laboratory-scale oxidative liquefaction as the chemical recycling method of the end-of-life wind turbine blades. Journal of Environmental Management, 361, 121241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121241
Spini, F., & Bettini, P. (2024). End-of-life wind turbine blades: Review on recycling strategies. Composites Part B: Engineering, 275, 111290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111290
Siemens Gamesa. (2025). RecyclableBlade: Pioneering technology. https://www.siemensgamesa.com/products-and-services/offshore/wind-turbine/recyclableblade
Sproul, E. G., Khalifa, S. A., & Ennis, B. L. (2025). Environmental and economic assessment of wind turbine blade recycling approaches. ACS Sustainable Resource Management, 2(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00256
Vo Dong, P. A., Azzaro-Pantel, C., Boix, M., Jacquemin, L., & Domenech, S. (2018). Modelling of Environmental Impacts and Economic Benefits of Fibre Reinforced Polymers Composite Recycling Pathways. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 37, 2009-2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63576-1.50029-7
Veolia. (2020). United States: Veolia makes cement and gives a second life to GE Renewable Energy’s wind turbine blades. https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia-group/media/press-releases/veolia-makes-cement-gives-second-life-ge-renewable-energys-wind-turbine-blades
Wang, W.-C., & Teah, H.-Y. (2017). Life cycle assessment of small-scale horizontal axis wind turbines in Taiwan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141, 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.128
Wais, P. (2017). Two and three-parameter Weibull distribution in available wind power analysis. Renewable Energy, 103, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.041
WindEurope (2020). Accelerating wind turbine blade circularity.
Waste Today Magazine. (2021). GE Renewable Energy and Lafarge Holcim to explore wind turbine recycling possibilities. https://www.wastetodaymagazine.com/news/ge-lafargeholcim-wind-turbine-recycling
Wang, G., Liao, Q., & Xu, H. (2024). Anticipating future photovoltaic waste generation in China: Navigating challenges and exploring prospective recycling solutions. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 106, 107516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107516
WindEurope (2025). Where do wind turbine blades go when they are decommissioned? https://windeurope.org/intellhub/where-do-wind-turbine-blades-go-when-they-are-decommissioned
Xu, M.-x., Ji, H.-w., Wu, Y.-c., Meng, X.-x., Di, J.-y., Yang, J., & Lu, Q. (2024). Recovering glass fibers from waste wind turbine blades: Recycling methods, fiber properties, and potential utilization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 202, 114690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114690
Yousef, S., Eimontas, J., Zakarauskas, K., Stasiulaitiene, I., Striūgas, N., & Tuckute, S. (2025). Catalytic pyrolysis of wind turbine blades waste for plasticizers recovery and its life cycle assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 395, 127690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127690
Zhao, Y., Wang, M., Sun, B., Zhang, H., & Li, X. (2026). Assessing the dynamic interplay of policy, economic, and technological factors for sustainable recycling of decommissioned wind turbine blades in China: A system dynamics approach. Waste Management, 209, 115199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115199
二、中文參考文獻
亞洲水泥 (2023)，突破性進展！亞泥循環經濟創舉風機廢片再生價值， https://www.acc.com.tw/news-center/latest-news/723-20231027。
立法院法制局 (2025)，從歐盟循環經濟法制探討我國退役風機之廢料處理問題，專題研究報告。
甘幸佳 (2013)，離岸式風力發電系統之生命週期評估與淨能源分析，國立臺灣大學環境工程所碩士論文。
張御萱 (2018)，臺灣太陽能板廢棄量與回收機制探討，國立成功大學資源工程學所碩士論文。
張婉琳 (2021)，離岸風力發電系統之生命週期評估－以大彰化東南暨西南風場為例，國立臺北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。
沃旭能源 (2023)，沃旭能源永續策略，將使用低碳鋼材、回收太陽能板，https://technews.tw/2023/06/09/orsted-vestas-low-carbon-solar-recycle/。
侯俐安、黃婉婷、游昌樺 (2024)，影／綠電垃圾風暴將至廢棄的風機葉片該藏哪？，聯合報，https://udn.com/news/story/7314/8445024。
侯俐安、黃婉婷、游昌樺 (2025)，風機退役潮／找解方…報廢葉片運送難就地裂解關卡多，聯合報，https://sdgs.udn.com/sdgs/story/124310/8444803。
侯俐安 (2025)，為廢風機葉片找環保出路政府不能讓台電「假裝忘記」，聯合報，https://vip.udn.com/vip/story/121940/8507121
劉聿宸、陳儀諺、邱仲民、蘇進國、宋裕祺 (2025)，陸域風力機塔架監測及延役評估，第十一屆全國風工程學術研討會。
環境部資源循環署 (2025)，推動風機葉片資源循環暨未來展望：複材循環以風機葉片為例。
經濟部工業局 (2022)，產業循環經濟整合推動計畫國外資源循環經濟關鍵技術評估報告。
經濟部國際貿易署 (2024)，循環經濟：舊風機葉片回收面臨挑戰。
經濟部NAGLE國際貿易署 (2024)，風力渦輪機製造商丹麥Vestas為處理風力渦輪機葉片提供解決方案，有助解決葉片回收之挑戰。
經濟部能源署 (2025)，2025年再生能源裝置容量統計月資料。
臺灣水泥 (2025)，水泥窯協同處理技術， https://www.tccgroupholdings.com/cement-kiln-co-processing 。
臺灣區水泥工業同業公會(2025)，2025年度公會年報，https://www.tcmaorg.tw/download#firstSection。
蘇宏明 (2018)，複合材料風力葉片的失效及可靠度分析，國立交通大學博士論文。