Gravity-driven debris flows of rock, gravel, and other debris usually involve solid particles that are mixed with water. These include subaerial or subaqueous rock avalanches (i.e. landslides), snow avalanches, debris flows, and volcanic events such as pyroclastic flows and debris avalanches. To model and forecast these flows and thus enhance countermeasures, it is important to understand their rheological properties. A precision rheometer is commonly used in the laboratory to measure the rheological properties of general fluids. These rheometers may also be used to investigate the rheological properties of fluids containing coarser sediments. Traditional rheometers, on the other hand, have strict restrictions on the size of the coarser sediments because of sedimentation problems and the boundary effect of the measuring device. When a test sample (i.e. a sample of debris flow material) contains coarser sediments that exceed the sediment-size limits of the rheometer, it becomes challenging to obtain rheological properties, and the rheological measurements must be performed using an alternative method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rheological properties of highly concentrated fine-sediment suspensions (mixtures of clay and silt in water) and coarse-sediment suspensions (mixtures of coarse sediment in a specified fine-sediment suspension) using slump-flow and channel-flow tests.
First, the slump-flow test is presented from a rheological perspective, and two important slump-flow parameters are measured: slump height ( or slump) and spread distance (or spread). The slump and spread can be employed as qualitative indicators for evaluating the rheological parameters (yield stress and viscosity) of sediment suspensions. A generalized theoretical relationship for the yield stress is obtained as a function of the slump-flow parameters. These models incorporate shape factors that make them suitable for slump-flow tests regardless of the initial cone/mould size and geometry. Comparisons between the theoretical and experimental results of fine-and coarse-sediment suspensions indicated that the theoretical results are well fitted with the experimental slump-flow test results having a high slump and spread. In addition, a methodology for assessing the viscosity of sediment suspensions based on the theoretical and experimental results as well as their empirical correlations is provided.
Second, the effect of sediment fractions (fine-and coarse-sediment fractions) on the slump-flow parameters and rheological parameters (obtained with a traditional rheometer) of fine-and coarse-sediment suspensions is investigated. Experimental results of the slump-flow test indicate that the dimensionless slump and spread decrease with an increase in the sediment fraction. Empirical relations for these two slump-flow parameters are proposed, linking both the fine and coarse-sediment fractions. Based on those empirical relations, the sensitivity of slump-flow parameters is evaluated, which demonstrates that the finer sediment has a much larger effect on the slump-flow parameters than the coarser sediment. It is also observed that the spread is more sensitive to changes in sediment fraction than the slump. According to the sensitivity analysis of rheological parameters, finer sediment has a greater effect on rheological parameters than coarser sediment. The effect of increasing the sediment fractions on the rate of change in viscosity is substantially larger than that on the yield stress.
Third, laboratory experiments on the spread of sediment suspensions in a flat horizontal rectangular channel, termed the channel-flow test, are performed to mimic the complex gravity-driven natural flows (such as debris flow and mudflow). The final shape of the deposited material is recorded and the channel-flow parameters are measured: final thickness, final spread length, angle of reach, and time to final spread. The results of the channel-flow test show that the channel-flow parameters are correlated to the sediment fractions, and their empirical relationships are presented. The effect of sediment fractions on the channel-flow parameters is investigated and formulated empirically. Compared with a highly-concentrated sediment suspension, a suspension with low sediment fractions requires a much longer time to reach the final equilibrium shape.
Finally, the dimensionless slump-flow parameters and channel-flow parameters are correlated with the dimensionless rheological parameters measured using a traditional rheometer. The empirical relationships between the (i) rheological parameters and slump-flow parameters and (ii) rheological parameters and channel-flow parameters are discussed, which exhibit a strong correlation. Given the good correlation obtained and the fact that the theoretical solutions agree well with the experimental results, the author believes that the slump-flow and channel-flow tests can provide an inexpensive, simple, and relatively reliable method to determine the rheological properties of complex sediment suspensions (i.e., debris flow).

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