在知識經濟時代下，創新成為組織追求成功的關鍵因素。過去有許多研究均在討論決定組織創新績效的前置因素。其中，智慧資本為一重要前置因素。本研究欲再次驗證智慧資本與組織創新績效之關係，即欲探討人力資本、組織資本及社會資本，與組織創新績效間，是否存在著正向的關係。
企業家精神導向具備承擔風險、創新與預應的特質；市場導向則是以滿足顧客所陳述的需求與潛在的需求為最高原則。過去的研究證實了若組織具備企業家精神導向或市場導向，均有助於組織追求創新，展現出更好的創新績效。因此，本研究除了探討智慧資本與組織創新績效間的關係外，亦希望討論企業家精神導向及市場導向，在此一關係中所扮演的功能。
本研究主要針對台灣電子產業，所收集的100份有效問卷，經層級迴歸分析後發現，組織的人力資本與社會資本確實與組織創新績效存在著正向的關係。此外，企業家精神導向與市場導向，在「人力資本－組織創新績效」以及「組織資本－組織創新績效」等關係中，扮演著正向調節的角色。
過去的相關研究及本研究之實證結果均證實了「人」為組織的保貴資產。在當今的競爭態勢中，組織若想保有其競爭優勢，提升創新績效，就應更重視組織員工所擁有的知識、經驗與技能。再者，更應發展一套有效的人力資源管理系統，以強化組織所擁有的人力資本。此外，存在於組織內外部網絡之知識、資訊與經驗等，亦是決定組織是否能擁有較佳之創新績效的關鍵因素，故組織應強化網絡間知識與資訊的交流與互動。除了要重視組織所擁有的知識、資訊、經驗、技術與能力之外，組織也應塑造出企業家精神導向所強調的氛圍，積極追求創新、勇於承擔風險，並主動因應環境變化。另外，組織也應該強調「以客為尊」的價值觀，一方面觀察與瞭解顧客需求，另一方面要能夠去滿足消費者的所陳述的需求與潛在需求。

It is widely accepted that knowledge and innovation are the dominating resources in the contemporary knowledge-based economy. Effective management of intellectual and intangible assets, therefore, has become a key to corporate success. In addition to intellectual capital, most of the studies suggest that being entrepreneurship oriented and market oriented is associated with superior innovation performance.
Because of the importance of intellectual capital, entrepreneurship orientation, and market orientation, we want to examine the impact of intellectual capital on various innovation performances of organizations. Meanwhile, we also try to explore the moderating effect of entrepreneurship orientation and market orientation between intellectual capital and firm’s innovation performances.
Based on the multiple-informant study of 100 Taiwan electronic firms, we found that human and social capital selectively influenced innovation performance of organizations. Counter to our expectations, however, organizational capital by itself was no significantly positive associated with innovation performances. In addition, both of entrepreneurship orientation and market orientation play a moderated role in the relationship among human capital, organizational capital and innovation performances.

參考文獻
Adler, P. S., & Shenbar, A. Adapting your technological base: The organizational challenge. Sloan Management Review, 25: 25-37. 1990.
Ahuja, G. Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3): 425-455. 2000.
Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. Resource-based theory and the entrepreneurial firm. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 2002.
Amabile, T. M. A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10: 123-167. 1988.
Amit, R., & Zott, C. Value creation in e-business. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7): 493-520. 2001.
Atuahene-Gima, K. An exploratory analysis of the impact of market orientation on new product performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12(5): 275-293. 1995.
Atuahene-Gima, K. Market orientation and innovation. Journal of Business Research, 35(2): 93-103. 1996.
Atuahene-Gima, K., & Ko, A. An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation Alignment on Product Innovation. Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences, 12(1): 54-74. 2001.
Barney, J. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120. 1991.
Becker, G.S. Human Capital. New York: Columbia University Press. 1964.
Berthon, P., Hulbert, J., & Pitt, L. To serve or create? Strategic orientation toward customers and innovation. California Management Review, 42(1): 37-58. 1999.
Brooking, A. Intellectual Capital. New York: International Tomson Business Press. 1996.
Burgelman, R. A. Intraorganizational ecology of strategy making and organizational adaptation: Theory and field research. Organization Science, 2(3): 239-262. 1991.
Caniels, M. C. J. Knowledge Spillovers and Economic Growth. Cheltenham.: Edward Elgar. 2000.
Covin, J. G., & Miles, M. P. Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 23(3): 47-63. 1999.
Covin, J.G. & Slevin, D.P. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10: 75-87. 1989.
Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2): 284-295. 1984.
Daily, C. M., McDougall, P. P., Covin, J. G., & Dalton, D. R. Governance and strategic leadership in entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Management, 28(3): 387-412. 2002.
Dawson, J., Shipton, H., & West, M. How can HRM promote organizational innovation? People Management, 11(8): 52-52. 2005.
Day, G. S. The capabilities of market-driven organizations. Journal of Marketing, 58(4): 37-52. 1994.
De Propris, L. Types of innovation and inter-firm co-operation. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 14(4): 337-353. 2002.
Dicken, P., Forsgren, M., & Malmberg, A. The local embeddedness of transnational corporations. Oxford University Press: Oxford. 1994.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. S. Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding its Hidden Brainpower. New York: Harper Business. 1997.
Elshout, J. On the definition and measurement of technological discontinuities. Technovation, 15(7): 437-452. 1995.
Frosch, R. The customer for R&D is always wrong! Research-Technology Management, 39(6): 22-27. 1996.
Gatignon, H., Tushman, M. L., Smith, W., & Anderson, P. A structural approach to assessing innovation: Construct development of innovation locus, type, and characteristics. Management Science, 48(9): 1103-1122. 2002.
Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J.-M. Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1): 77-90. 1997.
Grant, R. M. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 109-122. 1996.
Guan, J. Comparison study on industrial innovation between China and some European countries. Production and Inventory Management Journal, 43(3-4): 30-46. 2002.
Guan, J., & Ma, N. Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms. Technovation, 23(9): 737-747. 2003.
Guthrie, J.P. High-involve work practices, turnover, and productitivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4): 180-190. 2001.
Hair Jr., J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. Multivariate Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1998.
Han, J. K., Kim, N., & Srivastava, R. K. Market orientation and organizational performance: Is innovation a missing link? Journal of Marketing, 62(4): 30-45. 1998.
Hansen, M. T., Nohria, N., & Tierney, T. What's your strategy for managing knowledge? Harvard Business Review, 77(2): 106-116. 1999.
Hanssen-bauer, J., & Snow, C. C. Responding to hypercompetition: the structure and process of a regional learning network organization. Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences, 7(4): 413-427. 1996.
Hayton, J. C. Promoting corporate entrepreneurship through human resource management practices: A review of empirical research. Human Resource Management Review, 15(1): 21-41. 2005.
Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K., & Kochhar, R. Direct and moderating effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: A resource-based perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1): 13-28. 2001a.
Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Camp, S. M., & Sexton, D. L. Guest editors' introduction to the special issue strategic entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial strategies for wealth creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6/7): 479-491. 2001b.
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2): 286-316. 1990.
Hult, G. T. M., Ketchen Jr., D. J., & Nichols Jr., E. L. An examination of cultural competitiveness and order fulfillment cycle time within supply chains. Academy of Management Journal, 45(3): 577-586. 2002.
Hult, G. T. M., Ketchen, J., David J., & Slater, S. F. Market orientation and performance: An integration of disparate approaches. Strategic Management Journal, 26(12): 1173-1181. 2005.
Hult, G. T. M., Snow, C. C., & Kandemir, D. The role of entrepreneurship in building cultural competitiveness in different organizational types. Journal of Management, 29(3): 401-426. 2003.
Hurley, R. F., & Hult, G. T. M. Innovation, market orientation, and organizational learning: An integration and empirical examination. Journal of Marketing, 62(3): 42-54. 1998.
Im S. & Workman Jr., J.P. Market orientation, creativity, and new product performance in high-technology firms. Journal of Marketing, 68(April): 114-132. 2004.
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., Camp, S. M., & Sexton, D. L. Integrating entrepreneurship and strategic management actions to create firm wealth. Academy of Management Executive, 15(1): 49-63. 2001.
Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of Management, 29(6): 963-989. 2003.
Jassawalla, A. R., & Sashittal, H. C. Cultures that support product-innovation processes. Academy of Management Executive, 16(3): 42-54. 2002.
Jaworski, B.J., & Kohli, A.K. Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57(July): 53-70. 1993.
Kohli, A. K., & Jaworski, B. J. Market orientation: the construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing, 54(2): 1-18. 1990.
Kotler, P.. Marketing Management. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. 2003
Lall, S. Technological capabilities and industrialization. World development, 20(2): 195-189. 1992.
Lane, P. J., & Lubatkin, M. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5): 461-477. 1998.
Lau, C.-M., & Ngo, H.-Y. The HR system, organizational culture, and product innovation. International Business Review, 13(6): 685-703. 2004.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 135-172. 1996a.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. Enriching the entrepreneurial orientation construct a reply to "entrepreneurial orientation or pioneer advantage". Academy of Management Review, 21(3): 605-607. 1996b.
Lundvall, B. A. National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Pinter. 1992.
Macdonald, S. Too close for comfort: The strategic implications for getting close to the customer. California Management Review, 37(4): 8-271995.
March, J. G. Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences, 2(1): 71-87. 1991.
McGrath, R. M., & MacMillan, I. C. The entrepreneurial mindset. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. 2000.
Miller, K. D. Knowledge inventories and managerial myopia. Strategic Management Journal, 23(8): 689-706. 2002.
Miron, E., Erez, M., & Naveh, E. Do personal characteristics and cultural values that promote innovation, quality, and efficiency compete or complement each other? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2): 175-199. 2004.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2): 242-266. 1998.
Narver, J.C., Slater, S.F., & MacLachlan, D.L. Responsive and proactive market orientation and new-product success. Journal of Production Innovation Management, 21: 334-3472004.
Nonaka, I. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science: A Journal of the Institute of Management Sciences, 5(1): 14-37. 1994.
O'Reilly III, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 487-516. 1991.
Podsakoff, P.M. & Organ, D.W. Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12: 531-544. 1986.
Richard, O. C., & Johnson, N. B. High performance work practices and human resource management effectiveness: substitutes or complements? Journal of Business Strategies, 21(2): 133-148. 2004.
Ritter, T., & Gemünden, H. G. The impact of a company's business strategy on its technological competence, network competence and innovation success. Journal of Business Research, 57(5): 548-556. 2004.
Romijn, H., & Albaladejo, M. Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England. Research Policy, 31(7): 1053-1067. 2002.
Ruttan, V. W. Technology, Growth and Development: An induced innovation perspective. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001.
Saxenian, A. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge: Harvard Univsersity Press. 1994.
Schein, E. H. Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2): 229-240. 1996.
Schriesheim, C.A. The similarity of individual directed and group directed leader behavior description. Academy of Management Journal, 22(2): 345-355. 1979.
Schultz, T.W. Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, 51(March): 1-17. 1961.
Shipton, H., Fay, D., West, M., Patterson, M., & Birdi, K. Managing People to Promote Innovation. Creativity & Innovation Management, 14(2): 118-128. 2005.
Slater, S.F., & Narver, J.C. Does competitive environment moderate the market orientation-performance relationship? Journal of Marketing, 58(1): 46-55. 1994.
Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. Market orientation and the learning organization. Journal of Marketing, 59(3): 63-74. 1995.
Souitaris, V. Firm-specific competencies determining technological innovation: A survey in Greece. R & D Management, 32(1): 61-77. 2002.
Stewart, T. A. Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations. New York: Doubleday-Currency. 1997.
Subramanian, M., & Venkatraman, N. Determinants of transnational new product development capability: Test the influence of transferring and deploying tacit overseas knowledge. Strategic Management Journal, 22(4): 359-378. 2001.
Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3): 450-463. 2005.
Tseng, C.-Y., & Goo, Y.-J. Intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: Empirical study of Taiwanses manufacturers. R&D Management, 35(2): 187-201. 2005.
Van de Ven, A. H. Running in packs to develop knowledge-intensive technologies. MIS Quarterly, 29(2): 365-377. 2005.
Workman Jr., J. P. Marketing's limited role in new product development in one computer systems firm. Journal of Marketing Research, 30(4): 405-421. 1993.
Yam, R. C. M., Guan, J. C., Pun, K. F., & Tang, E. P. Y. An audit of technological innovation capabilities in Chinese firms: some empirical findings in Beijing, China. Research Policy, 33(8): 1123-1140. 2004.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H.J. Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 587-613. 2001.
Youndt, M. A. Human resource management systems, intellectual capital, and　 organizational performance. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State University. 1998.
Youndt, M. A., Subramaniam, M., & Snell, S. A. Intellectual capital profiles: An examination of investments and returns. Journal of Management Studies, 41(2): 335-361. 2004.
Zahra, S. A., & George, G. Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2): 185-203. 2002.
Zahra, S. A., & Nielsen, A. P. Sources of capabilities, integration and technology commercialization. Strategic Management Journal, 23(5): 377-391.2000