大氣中細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)已經被許多研究認定為影響人類健康之主要因子之一，尤其是在都會地區PM2.5對人體的影響更劇。再加上近年來的經濟成長與開發再加上人口高速成長，空氣汙染已經成為目前最受關注的議題。為了能夠為目前正不斷加劇的空氣品質惡化議題貢獻一份心力，吾人提出了一個涵蓋五個階段的研究計畫。
本研究的第一階段著重於大氣中PM2.5以及戴奧辛/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)濃度的分佈探討，其內容包括從2013起到2017年之大氣中PM2.5之濃度、大氣中PM2.5之增加量與減少量之比值、PM2.5與懸浮微粒(PM10)之比值、大氣中戴奧辛總毒性當量(PCDD/Fs-TEQ)以及PM2.5與PCDD/Fs之氣粒分佈等。2013年以來每一年之PM2.5濃度如下: 28.9 (2013), 24.1 (2014), 21.4 (2015), 20.2 (2016) 與 19.9(2017) μg m-3 ，而其年平均下降之比例(PM2.5年減少量/PM2.5年增加量)為-16.69% (2013-2014), -11.08% (2014-2015), -5.75% (2015-2016) and -1.73% (2016-2017)，由上述數據可以看出，雖然PM2.5年平均值逐年下降，但是其下降的幅度也是逐年減少。此外，PCDD/Fs-TEQ全台年平均濃度為0.0296 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-3，而最濃度最高的與最低的城市分別為基隆市(0.0573 WHO2005 -TEQ m-3)和馬祖列島(0.0148 WHO2005 -TEQ m-3)，而PM2.5-bound PCDD/Fs-TEQ 平均濃度則是0.6 ng WHO2005 -TEQ g-1，最高與最低的濃度則是1.335(基隆市)與0.302(高雄市)。另外，在較溫暖的季節時，PCDD/Fs氣相TEQ濃度較高。
研究的第二階段則是偏重於分析2017年台灣四季大氣中的濕沉降變化，因為濕沉降為一主要大氣中PCDD/Fs 的去除方式，此階段的目的為提供關於大氣中戴奧辛濃度的減量方式。分析結果顯示2017年之總濕沉降PCDD/FsI-TEQ濃度沉降通量為1.85 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 season-1以及四季之貢獻為2.56 (春), 2.06 (夏), 1.19 (秋) and 2.56(冬) pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 season-1。2017年的低降雨量，可能是造成其濕沉降通量較低的主要原因之一。年平均總PCDD/FsI-TEQ之Stot 為12300，然而2017四季之 Stot 為 13840(春)、 6540 (夏)、8280 (秋) 與 20540 (冬)；雨中平均總PCDD/FsI-TEQ濃度則為0.453(春)， 0.176 (夏) ， 0.218 (秋) 與 0.649 (冬) pg WHO2005 -TEQ L-1。
除了濕沉降，乾沉降也是一種有效的汙染物減量機制，因此第三階段則是著重在討論2017年總PCDD/FsI-TEQ濃度沉降在四季的變化。在2017年，台灣各地區平均乾沉降通量之總PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ平均濃度差異很大，全台的平均值為221 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1，最高值出現在基隆地區的冬天(589 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1)，而最低值出現在連江縣的秋天(57 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1)。而各地的總沉降通量平均值則是263 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1，最高值出現在基隆地區的冬天(681 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1)，而最低值出現在連江縣的秋天(65 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1)，而乾沉降之佔比之平均值則是82.1%，介於37.8%(宜蘭縣的冬天)與99.9%(高雄市的冬天)。
研究的第四階段則是偏重於探討透過法規限制汽機車(巴士)怠速進而減少PM2.5之排放量。此階段的研究包括：PM2.5化學特性、上風站(背景值)與暴露站之PM2.5濃度分佈……等。採樣時間分為週末與週間以及限制法令執行前後。研究結果顯示，在限制法令執行前，於暴露處之PM2.5濃度較上風處高7%，而且透過化學質量平衡模型(CMB8.2)可確認移動源為主要的貢獻來源。在限制大型柴油車(巴士)怠速時間之法令開始執行後，在主要暴露處之PM2.5之濃度減低為接近上風處，此外所採集PM2.5中之人為生成重金屬如鋅(Zn)、鉛(Pb)、錳(Mn)、銅(Cu)、鉻(Cr)、釩(V)、鎳(Ni)與鈦(Ti)都有減少的趨勢。另外，地殼元素如：納(Na)、鎂(Mg)、鋁(Al)、鉀(K)與鈣(Ca)等之比例都大幅提高。更重要的是，透過CMB模式發現移動源的貢獻度減至33.7%-34.5%。
第五階段的研究則是著重在探討限制汽機車之怠速時間對週界大氣以及鄰近學校之影響。採樣地點主要分為在限制法令執行前後目標學校之上風處(背景值)與校園內之暴露站，在法令頒布前，校園內之PM2.5濃度較上風處高15%，校園內NO3-與人為生成之重金屬的濃度也遠遠超過背景值，透過CMB模式的推估，移動源為此二個採樣點PM2.5之主要貢獻來源。而在法令執行後，在校園內PM2.5之濃度降至2%，此外移動源的貢獻度減至36.7%-42.8%。透過移動源的監測可以發現，各項空氣汙染指標都有顯著的下降，其下降之比例如下：PM2.5(16.5%)、超細微粒(PM0.1, 33.3%)、多環芳香烴(PAHs, 48.0%) 與黑炭(black Carbon,BC 11.5%)。第四與第五階段之數據都證實限制汽機車之怠速行為，能夠有效降低大氣中PM2.5的濃度。

Atmospheric particles are considered to be a major problem that could lead to harmful effects on human health, especially in densely populated urban areas. Moreover, in recent decades, the flourish economy adds up with population growth, turning air quality into a bigger issue. Therefore, we proposed a research to analyze and discuss these current topics and hope to have some contribution on the local air pollution mitigation. This research is divided into five phases.
In order to see the whole picture of the problem, a proper evaluation on the ambient levels of PM2.5 and PCDD/Fs in Taiwan would be the first steps of the research. According to the first research, from 2013 to 2017, the atmospheric PM2.5, increase/decrease ratio of PM2.5, PM2.5/PM10 ratio, total PCDD/Fs-TEQ concentrations, PM2.5-bound total PCDD/Fs-TEQ content and gas-particle partition were investigated in Taiwan. The annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 28.9, 24.1, 21.4, 20.2 and 19.9 μg m-3 in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively. The annual PM2.5 was decreasing but the decline magnitude was decreasing from 2013 to 2017 in Taiwan, as the average increase/decrease ratio of PM2.5 concentrations are -16.69%, -11.08%, -5.75% and -1.73% during 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017, respectively. The annual average total PCDD/Fs-TEQ concentrations range between 0.0148 (Lienchiang Country) and 0.0573 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-3 (Keelung City), and with an average of 0.0296 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-3. The total PM2.5-bound PCDD/Fs-TEQ content range between 0.302 (Kaohsiung City) and 1.335 ng WHO2005 -TEQ g-1 (Keelung City), and with an average of 0.6 ng WHO2005 -TEQ g-1. A higher fraction in gas phase in warm seasons than that in cold seasons, and the gas phase are predominate in the ambient air for the total PCDD/Fs-TEQ concentrations in the four seasons.
The second step to evaluating the seasonal variations of wet deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ in ambient air in Taiwan in 2017. Results shown that the annual wet deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ is 1.85 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 season-1, and the seasonal distributions are 2.56, 2.06, 1.19 and 2.56 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 season-1 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Low rainfall in 2017 may cause the wet deposition lower than previous studies in Taiwan. The average Stot of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ is 12300, there are obvious seasonal variations in Stot and the values are 13840, 6540, 8280 and 20540 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The average concentration of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ in the rain are 0.453, 0.176, 0.218 and 0.649 pg WHO2005 -TEQ L-1 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. atmospheric deposition is the major removal pathway for PCDD/Fs, the results of this study provide an evaluation for adverse effects of the PCDD/Fs exposure on human health, and to cause the concern of government to better control on air pollution.
Since atmospheric deposition was an important mechanic for the removal of air pollutants, the phase three is focusing on the total deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ in various areas in Taiwan. During 2017, the average dry deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ in various areas in Taiwan range between 57 (Lienchiang County in autumn) and 589 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1 (Keelung City in winter), with an average of 221 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1. The average total deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005 -TEQ in various areas in Taiwan range between 65 (Lienchiang County in autumn) and 681 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1 (Keelung City in winter), with an average of 263 pg WHO2005 -TEQ m-2 month-1. The fractions of dry deposition fluxes contribute to the total deposition fluxes range between 37.8% (Yilan County in winter) and 99.9% (Kaohsiung City in winter), with an average of 82.1%.
The phase four is evaluating the restriction of idling vehicle as a control strategy of PM2.5 level in bus station by measuring the level of PM2.5 and chemical properties in both upwind and exposure sites for comparable data. The sampling work took place in weekend/weekday and before/after vehicle-idling-restriction applied. Originally, the exposure site showed 7% higher PM2.5 level, non-neutralized nitrate content, anthropogenic metal elements, and higher mobile source contribution evaluated by chemical mass balance (CMB8.2) model. After the prohibition of idling operation of heavy-duty diesel vehicles, the PM2.5 mass concentrations at exposure site were reduced close to the upwind site. Additionally, the nitrate content was reduced from background. Moreover, the contributions of several anthropogenic metals (Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, Cr, V, Ni, and Ti) in PM2.5 were reduced, when the crustal element (Na, Mg, Al, K, and Ca) were much increased after restriction. Finally, the mobile contribution was also decreased to only 33.7–34.5%.
The final part of this research is focusing on the inhibition of local emission sources by restricting the idling vehicles around a school area and evaluating the changes in surrounding atmospheric PM conditions. Two stationary sites were monitored, including a background site on the upwind side of the school and a campus site inside the school to monitor the exposure level, before and after the idling prohibition. In the base condition, the PM2.5 mass concentrations were found to increase 15% from the background, while the NO3- content had a significant increase at the campus site. The anthropogenic metal contents in PM2.5 were higher at the campus site than the background site. Mobile emissions were found to be the most likely contributor to the school hotspot area by chemical mass balance model (CMB8.2). On the other hand, the PM2.5 in the school campus fell to only 2% after idling vehicle control, when the mobile source contribution reduced from 42.8% to 36.7%. The mobile monitoring also showed the significant reductions in atmospheric PM2.5, PM0.1, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and black carbon (BC) levels by 16.5%, 33.3%, 48.0%, and 11.5%, respectively. Consequently, the restriction of local idling emission was proven to significantly reduce PM and harmful pollutants in the hotspots around the school environment. Consequently, both latter two researches verified the restriction on local idling emission to could be one of the control strategy to mitigate the PM2.5 emission.

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