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研究生： 陳慧碧
Chen, Huei-Bi
論文名稱： 應用機率物質流分析方法模擬PVC微塑膠在台灣環境之釋出
Modeling the Environmental Release of PVC Microplastics in Taiwan using Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis
指導教授： 侯文哲
Whou, Wen-Che
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 環境工程學系
Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年： 2021
畢業學年度： 109
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 118
中文關鍵詞： 機率物質流分析 、PVC 、微塑膠 、環境釋放
外文關鍵詞： Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis, PVC, Microplastics, Environmental Release
相關次數： 點閱：131  下載：0 
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    • 塑膠在當今社會已經成為我們生活中不可或缺的聚合材料，其中以六大泛用塑膠被廣泛應用於工業、農業及民生用品中，台灣為PVC主要出產國之一，在2017年的產量約為1,600千噸，為六大類常用塑膠中產量最多的塑膠。而許多研究指出微塑膠會在PVC塑膠產品的各個生命週期階段被釋放到環境中，這可能對環境生物和人類健康造成一定的影響。為了提升微塑膠的風險評估及管理，對於微塑膠在生命週期釋放的全面性分析已是刻不容緩。本研究主要目的為利用概率材料流分析方法，基於完善台灣PVC物質流分析並來量化PVC微塑料在不同環境介質 (例如空氣，土壤，淡水和海洋) 中的釋放和分布。
    研究結果顯示，在PVC生命週期分析中，約1,461 ± 83千噸的PVC塑膠會在被生產和製造後出口，國內僅消耗約168 ± 18 kt PVC，主要集中在建築，約88 ± 9 千噸，其次為其他類產品 (例如傢俱、家用塑膠及織物塗佈)，以及包裝和容器類，進口到台灣的PVC廢塑膠約為24±4 千噸，大部分廢塑膠會以再利用和焚燒的形式處理。而在環境釋放分析中，PVC微塑料在環境中的總釋放量為1.4 ± 0.4 千噸，其中大部分來自PVC原料生產(0.80 ± 0.07千噸)和產品製造(0.20 ± 0.02千噸)，其中以釋放到空氣中的量最大，約為851 ± 279頓，但 PVC 微塑料傾向沉積於土壤和水域環境裡，不會一直懸浮在空氣中，本研究釋放模擬的最終環境為土壤及海洋，微塑膠釋放到各別環境的量為797 ± 215噸和555 ± 163噸。上述結果均表明，PVC塑膠的原料生產及製造業是台灣微塑膠釋放最主要的來源，因此可以藉由對源頭汙染排放的管理來降低國內暴露於PVC微塑膠的風險。

    Plastics are an indispensable polymeric material in our society. Among them, six commodity plastics are widely used in the industrial, agricultural, and consumer product sectors. Taiwan is one of the main producers of PVC plastic worldwide, with the largest annual output at ~1,600 kt in 2017 among the six commodity plastics. Microplastics (MPs) will inevitably release into the ecosystem during the life cycle stages of PVC products, which may pose certain impacts on environmental organisms and human health. To aid in the risk assessment and management of MPs that currently have limited data, a comprehensive evaluation of the life-cycle releases is urgently needed. This study aims to quantify the release of PVC MPs into different environmental media such as air, soil, freshwater, and ocean in Taiwan by using the probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA) based on an analysis of the PVC life cycle including production, manufacturing, trade, usage, and end-of-life disposal in the year of 2017.
    The results show that 1,461 ± 83 kt of PVC plastic as raw material and products was exported with only 168 ± 18 kt consumed domestically in the construction at 88 ± 9 kt as the largest followed by other products (e.g., furniture, household plastics, and fabric coating), as well as packing and containers. The 24 ± 4 kt of PVC wastes were imported to Taiwan and were mostly recycled and incinerated. The modeled total release of PVC as MPs to the environment is 1.4 ± 0.4 kt, mainly from raw PVC production (0.80 ± 0.07 kt) and product manufacturing (0.20 ± 0.02 kt). The release to the air is the greatest at 851 ± 279 t, but MPs unlikely stay airborne and tend to deposit onto soil and water. The modeled releases to the ultimate environmental compartments are 797 ± 215 t in soil and 555 ± 163 t in ocean. The above results suggest the plastics production and manufacturing industries as the major source MPs in Taiwan, on which the source reduction effort could be focused.

    摘要 I ABSTRACT II 誌謝 IV CONTENT V LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF FIGURES IX ABBREVIATIONS XI Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background and Motivation 1 1.2. Objective 3 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1. Overview of the Global Production, Application, and Environmental Impacts of Plastics 4 2.1.1. Global and Regional Plastic Production 4 2.1.2. Plastics Type and Application 5 2.1.3. Plastic Wastes 7 2.2. Environmental Release of MPs 8 2.2.1. Definition of Plastic Particles 8 2.2.2. The Sources of MPs 9 2.2.3. Environmental Fate and Distribution 10 2.3. Modeling Environmental Release and Fate of MPs 13 2.3.1. Development of Environmental Exposure Modeling of MPs 13 2.3.2. Material Flow Analysis 17 2.3.3. Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis 19 2.4. PVC Introduction 24 2.4.1. Basic Characteristics 24 2.4.2. Industry Status in Taiwan 24 2.4.3. Application 25 2.4.4. Hazards 26 Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODS 27 3.1. Research Framework 27 3.2. PMFA Methodology 28 3.2.1. Workflow of PMFA development 28 3.2.2. Matrix Equation of Model Structure 30 3.2.3. Uncertainty Contribution 32 3.2.4. Probability Distributions Creation 34 3.2.5. Reproducibility Test 36 3.3. Model Structure and System Boundary 38 3.3.1. The Workflow of Establishing the Model Structure 38 3.3.2. Whole Material Flow Structure 39 3.3.3. Life-cycle Flow Structure of PVC 41 3.3.4. Environmental Release Flow Structure 50 3.4. Data Collection and Processing 54 3.4.1. Input and Trade 54 3.4.2. Transfer Coefficients (TCs) 57 3.5. Relative Uncertainty Analysis 67 3.6. Predicted Environmental Concentration 68 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 69 4.1. Material Flow Analysis of PVC Plastics and MPs 69 4.2. Life-cycle Material Flows of PVC Plastics 71 4.3. Environmental Release Flows of PVC MPs 75 4.4. Predicted Environmental Concentrations and Distribution of PVC MPs 82 Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84 5.1. Conclusions 84 5.2. Recommendations 86 REFERENCES 87 Appendix 98

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