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研究生：	楊明翰 Yang, Ming-Han
論文名稱：	以氮化硼光催化降解水中全氟烷基化合物: 反應機制與中間產物之研究 Photocatalysis of aqueous perfluoroalkyl substances over boron nitride: mechanism and intermediate product studies
指導教授：	侯文哲 Hou, Wen-Che
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	125
中文關鍵詞：	氮化硼、全氟烷基化合物、UVC 光催化、反應機制、中間產物
外文關鍵詞：	boron nitride, perfluoroalkyl compounds, UVC photocatalysis, reaction mechanism, intermediates
相關次數：	點閱：52 下載：0
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本研究發現酸洗活化後，自行合成的氮化硼 (BN_AA) 表面形成缺陷，B/N 原子比變為 1.3，而商用BN的B/N 比在酸活化前後均維持在1，BN_AA展現出獨特的結構性。酸活化顯著提升了BN表面的酸價和光催化活性，且酸價濃度 (mmol/g) 與光催化活性高度相關 (R² = 0.9485)。本研究亦探討BN_AA 在氯離子作用下的光催化活性。在中性環境和UVC 254 nm光源下，BN_AA 在 30 分鐘內可降解 80% 的全氟辛酸 (PFOA，10 mg/L)，一階反應速率為 0.04 min⁻¹。添加 1 mM NaCl 可使BN_AA在30分鐘內達到100%的PFOA降解，一階反應速率為0.09 min⁻¹。化學探針研究證實，氯離子自由基是促進光催化活性的原因，降解PFOA的關鍵物質包括電洞 (h⁺)、超氧化物 (O₂•⁻) 和氯離子自由基 (Cl•)。UPLC-QTOF/MS 測量顯示，PFOA和全氟壬酸 (PFNA) 依序通過C-F鍵斷裂形成短鏈全氟羧酸 (PFCA) 中間產物，並伴隨氟離子釋出。2,3,3,3-四氟-2-(七氟丙氧基)丙酸 (HFPO-DA) 降解後主要生成全氟丙酸 (PFPrA) 和三氟乙酸 (TFA)，同時釋出氟離子。全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 和全氟己烷磺酸 (PFHxS) 的主要產物為短鏈全氟羧酸，伴隨氟離子和硫酸根離子釋出；而全氟丁磺酸 (PFBS) 僅觀察到微量降解，未檢測到中間產物，僅釋出少量硫酸根離子。最後，本研究最佳化了BN_AA降解PFOA的光催化量子產率和每單位去除污染物的電能消耗量，兩者分別為1.5%和35.5 kwh/m³/order。

This study found that acid washing activation induced defects on the surface of in-house boron nitride (BN_AA), resulting in a B/N atomic ratio of 1.3. In contrast, commercial BN maintained a B/N ratio of 1 before and after acid activation, exhibiting unique structural properties of BN_AA. Acid activation significantly enhanced the acidity and photocatalytic activity of BNs, with a strong correlation between acidity concentration (mmol/g) and photocatalytic activity (R² = 0.9485). This study investigated the photocatalytic activity of BN_AA in the addition of 1mM chloride. Under neutral conditions and UVC 254 nm light, BN_AA degraded 80% of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 10 mg/L) within 30 minutes, with a 1st-order rate constant of 0.04 min⁻¹. Adding 1 mM NaCl enabled BN_AA to achieve 100% PFOA degradation in 30 minutes, with a 1st-order rate constant of 0.09 min⁻¹. Chemical probe studies confirmed that chlorine radicals were the primary drivers of the enhanced photocatalytic activity, with holes (h⁺), superoxide radicals (O₂•⁻), and chlorine radicals (Cl•) identified as key species in the degradation of PFOA. 3.11 Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) measurements showed that PFOA and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) sequentially degraded via C-F bond cleavage to form short-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acid (PFCA) intermediates, accompanied by the release of fluoride. For 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA), the main degradation products were perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), also with the release of fluoride. Intermediate degradation products of perfluorinated sulfonic acids indicated that perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) primarily formed short-chain PFCAs, along with the release of fluoride and sulfate. However, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) showed only minor degradation, with no intermediate products detected and only trace amounts of sulfate released. Finally, this study optimized the photocatalytic Apparent quantum yield (AQY) and Electrical energy per order (EEO) for PFOA degradation by BN_AA, achieving values of 1.5% and 35.5 kWh/m³/order, respectively.

摘要	I
ABSTRACT	II
誌謝	IV
CONTENT	V
LIST OF TABLES	IX
LIST OF FIGURES	XI
CHAPTER 1	INTRODUCTION	1
1	Background and motivation	1
2	Objective	3
CHAPTER 2	LITERATURE REVIEWS	4
1	Applications and synthesis methods of boron nitride	4
2	Photocatalysis using BN	6
3	Introduction of PFASs	8
4	Photocatalytic degradation methods of PFOA	10
5	Photocatalytic degradation methods of HFPO-DA	17
6	Photocatalytic degradation methods of PFOS	19
7	The mechanisms of PFAS photocatalysis	21
CHAPTER 3	MATERIALS AND METHODS	27
1	Materials	27
2	Boron nitride synthesis	28
3	Acid activation of BN	29
4	Photocatalysis experiments	30
5	PFOA concentration measurement	31
6	Fluoride concentrations analysis	32
7	Sulfate concentrations analysis	33
8	Chloride and chlorate concentrations analysis	34
9	Hypochlorous acid concentrations analysis	35
10	Analysis of intermediate products from PFOA photocatalysis	36
11	Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS)	37
12	Chemical probe anlysis	47
13	Characterization of photocatalysts	49
13.1	Atomic force microscope (AFM)	49
13.2	Contact angle (CA)	49
13.3	Elemental analysis (EA)	49
13.4	Electron Spin Resonance analysis (ESR)	50
13.5	Acid-base titration	50
13.6	X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	50
14	Electrical energy per order (EEO) calculations	50
15	Apparent quantum yield (AQY) calculations	51
CHAPTER 4	RESULT AND DISCUSSION	52
1	Characterization of photocatalysts	52
1.1	AFM imaging	52
1.2	Elemental analysis	53
1.3	XPS analysis	56
1.4	Acid-base titration curve of BNs	59
1.5	Analysis of surface acidity of BNs using the derivatives of pH respective to incremental titration volumes added.	60
1.6	ESR analysis of BNs	62
1.7	Contact angle analysis (CA)	63
2	The photocatalytic activity of BN in the photodegradation of PFOA	64
3	The correlation of photocatalytic activity and acidity	65
4	Effect of Cl- addition	67
4.1	Chlorine radical mediation: chemical probe study	69
4.2	Quantification of hydroxyl radicals steady-state concentration and chlorine radicals steady-state concentration	70
4.3	Cl speciation	72
5	Quenching studies	73
6	Comparison of the photocatalytic degradability of PFAS	74
7	Defluorination of PFOA and intermediate products	76
8	Defluorination of PFNA and intermediate products	77
9	Defluorination of HFPO-DA and intermediate products	78
10	Defluorination of PFOS and intermediate products	80
11	Defluorination of PFHxS and intermediate products	83
12	Defluorination of PFBS and intermediate products	84
13	Photocatalysis of PFOA in an actual wastewater	85
14	Effect of catalyst dosage, light intensity, and PFOA concentration	86
15	Apparent quantum yield (AQY)	87
16	Electrical energy per order (EEO)	89
CHAPTER 5	CONCLUSION	91
1	Conclusion	91
2	Suggestion	92
REFERENCE	93
APPENDIX	108
                                    

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