近年來隨著科技及運算能力的進步，虛擬實境技術中的沉浸度及互動性獲得顯著的提升。受益於高沉浸感的體驗，許多不同領域的教育訓練也都導入虛擬實境技術，如醫學手術、工程製造、天文學、運動等。其中，越來越多運動員及運動專家透過沉浸式虛擬實境技術在多樣化的虛擬情境中進行訓練。透過建立可調控、可重複之訓練情境，虛擬實境技術不僅能提供運動員穩定的訓練環境，同時也讓運動科學家能夠針對更多個人能力進行分析。本研究提出一基於沉浸式虛擬實境與互動技術之籃球戰術訓練系統，該系統包含戰術輸入裝置、多感官回饋之虛擬實境互動系統及運算伺服器。為了深入瞭解該系統對於訓練效益的影響，本文分別針對系統提供之 (1) 進攻跑位訓練、(2) 進攻決策判斷訓練及 (3) 觸覺互動回饋等因素進行使用者研究分析。

在過去的團隊籃球戰術學習中，容易遇到因為訓練人數不足或是訓練人員對於目標戰術不熟悉的問題，沒辦法進行有效的訓練。為了要提升戰術訓練的效益，我們探討使用虛擬實境來提供沉浸式的訓練方法是否能提升球員對於戰術跑位的理解與想像。在本論文的第一部分，我們提出一套基於 AI模型自動生成防守者軌跡之戰術模擬虛擬實境訓練系統，並使用遲疑時間、受測者跑動軌跡、主觀性感受及運動想像能力自評等指標來比較不同沉進度訓練方法所能帶來的效益，加以驗證我們所建構的方法能夠提供一個更有效的訓練方式。本篇論文的第二部分著重於籃球戰術執行中如何根據防守者做出對應的進攻決策。我們提出一套基於虛擬實境與動作辨識的進攻決策訓練系統，讓使用者進行動作與決策的自我訓練。除了驗證該系統的訓練效益，我們也進一步了解不同形式的虛擬內容 (360 影片及電腦模擬場景) 對於訓練效益及臨場感的影響。本篇論文的第三部分探討觸覺回饋在所提出之籃球戰術虛擬訓練環境中的影響。我們提出一震動回饋手套來提升使用者在虛擬實境中傳接球時的感受，除了以主觀問卷探討觸覺回饋是否可提升戰術訓練的沈浸感，也以傳球反應時間及腦波是否呈現事件相關電位 (Event -Related Potential, ERP) 來客觀評估體驗沉浸感。

In recent years, with the improvement of computer technology and processing power, immersion and interaction have been highly improved in virtual reality (VR) applications. VR, which could provide a realistic experience, has been used in various domains of training, such as surgery, engineering, astronomy, and sport. In the domain of sports training, immersive VR has been widely used to provide a wide variety of training scenarios for athletes and other sports professionals. The ability to create controlled, repeatable training scenarios enables VR to provide a stable training environment. Furthermore, sports scientists could conduct a more comprehensive exploration of the personal abilities of athletes in a VR training environment. In this dissertation, we proposed an immersive VR-based basketball tactical training system, which includes a tactic input device, an immersive VR interaction system with multi-sensory feedback, and a computing server. To in-depth understand the effectiveness of the proposed system, we conducted studies on the training of the tactical movement, offensive decision-making, and the introduction of haptic feedback in basketball training. In a conventional basketball tactical training scenario, if there are not enough players during training or some players are unfamiliar with the tactic(s), it is very difficult for team members to practice and execute tactic(s) correctly. To improve the training effectiveness, the first part of this dissertation proposes a basketball tactical training system based on virtual reality. To provide a realistic training scenario, our system can automatically generate trajectories of defenders by AI models trained based on trajectory data in NBA games. We investigate the feasibility of using immersive training to improve player's understanding of tactics and sports imagery.

We use the hesitation time, the running trajectory, subjective measurements, and sports imagery ability questionnaire to evaluate the training effectiveness of methods with different degrees of immersion. In the second part of this dissertation, we focus on the player's offensive decision-making ability during a tactical execution. We propose an action-aware basketball offensive decision-making training system, which enables interactive self-training for players. In addition to the evaluation of the training effectiveness, we explore the effect of using different kinds of virtual content (360-degree video and computer generated content) in the training. In the third part of this dissertation, we propose vibrotactile gloves to provide a high immersion ball interaction and improve the user's presence during the virtual training process. In addition to using subjective questionnaires to evaluate the user's presence, an EEG-based metric (i.e., Event-Related Potential, ERP) is used to objectively evaluate the user’s visual-haptic immersion in the catching. Furthermore, the reaction time in the passing during the tactical training is measured to investigate the effect of haptic feedback in the proposed VR training system.

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