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研究生：	黃瑞昌 Huang, Jui-Chang
論文名稱：	土石流啟動機制之數值分析 Numerical Analysis of the Mechanism of Debris Flow Initiation
指導教授：	常正之 Charng, Jeng-Jy
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 土木工程學系 Department of Civil Engineering
論文出版年：	2003
畢業學年度：	91
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	147
中文關鍵詞：	土石流、啟動、有限元素
外文關鍵詞：	FEM, Initiation, Debris Flow
相關次數：	點閱：71 下載：3
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本文主要針對降雨入滲過程中，滲流及地下水位變動所造成溪床堆積土體變形，進而引致土石流啟動之探討，並利用二維有限元素法來模擬土石流的啟動過程。首先，模擬不同條件下的水槽試驗，驗證此分析方法之可行性。其後，應用此分析方法在銅門與豐丘土石流上，使用降雨量滲透模式之暫態分析，結合彈塑性變形分析與Spencer & Bishop極限平衡穩定分析，探討在降雨期間，溪床堆積土體受滲流影響時，孔隙水壓、土體變形及安全係數之相對關係。

根據模擬結果顯示，銅門與豐丘兩地區在豪雨期間，孔隙水壓的上升造成溪床堆積物位移增量增大，同時，邊坡穩定之安全係數亦下降，則表示該土體正處於不穩定之狀態至破壞的發生，此一過程可視作土石流之啟動機制。此外，本研究建立銅門與豐丘地區在不同地下水位狀況下土石流啟動之臨界降雨線。由分析結果顯示，銅門地區地下水位在地表下1.5m處、豐丘地區地下水位在地表下2m處之臨界降雨線與現地迴歸分析值相當吻合，可作為土石流預警之參考。

A two-dimensional (2-D) finite element deformation analysis incorporated with transient seepage analysis was adopted to simulate the initiation of debris flow. Two limit equilibrium methods “Spencer” and “Bishop” were applied to determine the factor of safety of soil mass during precipitation. Firstly, several sets of flume experiments are examined by numerical tools to verify the appropriateness of numerical model and the validity of numerical procedures. The numerical predictions of the pore water pressure response are reasonable in agreement with the laboratory measurements for flume experiments. Subsequently, the numerical analysis was shifted to debris flow field sites in Tung-Men and Feng-Chiou for a full-scale simulation of debris flow initiation.

For numerical results in Tung-Men and Feng-Chiou Debris Flows, it can be seen that the rainfall might raise the groundwater table and in turn generate the pore water pressure. Eventually the displacement increment increases abruptly and the corresponding factor of safety dropped immediately at the moment of pore water pressure rising. This study establishes the critical rainfall line for different groundwater table conditions in Tung-Men and Feng-Chiou areas. The critical rainfall line for groundwater table at z=1.5m appears reasonably close to the regression analysis in Tung-Men area and at z=2m agrees with the regression analysis in Feng-Chiou area.

	Abstract                                                  Ⅰ
	Acknowledgment	                                                   Ⅲ
	Table of Contents	                                           Ⅳ
	List of Tables	                                                   Ⅷ
	List of Figures	                                                   Ⅸ
	List of Symbols	                                                   XV
		
Ⅰ	Introduction	
1	General	                                                    1
2	Objective and Scope of the Study 	                    1
2.1	Objective of Study	                            1
2.2	Scope of Study	                                    2
3 	Methodology	                                            2
			
Ⅱ	Literature Review	
1	General 	                                            4
2	Introduction of Debris Flow	                            4
2.1	Definition	                                    4
2.2	Characteristic	                                    6
2.3	Types	                                            7
3	Influence Factors of Debris Flow	                    9
3.1	Hydrological Factors	                            9
3.1.1	Antecedent Precipitation	            9
3.1.2	Rainfall	                           11
3.1.3	Runoff	                                   12
3.1.4	Seepage	                                   13
3.1.5	Pore Water Pressure	                   13
3.2	Slope Inclination	                           14
3.3	Material Involved in the Debris Flow	           15
4	Debris Flow Initiation	                                   16
4.1	Inclination Angle of Infinite Slope	           17
4.2   	Critical Rainfall Line                 	   22
5	Numerical Analysis of Slope Stability	                   25
6	Introduction of Analysis Programs	                   30
6.1	SEEP/W	(Version 4)	                           30
6.1.1	Background	                           30
6.1.2	Applications	                           31
6.1.3	Material Property Functions	           31
6.1.4	Seepage Analysis	                   31
6.2	SIGMA/W	(Version 4)	                           32
6.2.1	Background	                           32
6.2.2	Applications	                           33
6.2.3	Load and Deformation Analysis	           33
6.3	SLOPE/W	(Version 4)	                           34
6.3.1	Background	                           34
6.3.2	Applications	                           34
6.3.3	Slope Stability Analysis	           35
				
Ⅲ	Methodology 	
1	General	                                                   36
2	Numerical Simulation of Flume Experiment	           36
2.1	Flume Experiment	                           36
2.2	Geometry Model	                                   37
2.3	Input Parameters of Seepage	                   37
2.4	Implementation of Analysis	                   37
3	Simulation of Tung-Men Debris Flow Initiation	           38
3.1	Description of Field Site	                   38
3.1.1	Topography and Ofelia Typhoon	           38
3.1.2	Material Properties	                   39
3.2	Seepage Analysis with Time-Dependent Rainfall 
                        Intensity	                                   39
3.2.1	Geometry Model	                           39
3.2.2	Input Seepage Model Parameters	           39
3.2.3	Implementation of Analysis	           39
3.3	Deformation Analysis Due to Variation of 
                        Groundwater Table	                           40
3.3.1	Geometry Model	                           40
3.3.2	Input Material Model	                   40
3.3.3	Implementation of Analysis	           41
3.4	Slope Stability Analysis with Time-Dependent 
                        Seepage	                                           42
3.4.1	Geometry Model	                           42
3.4.2	Input Model Parameters	                   42
3.4.3	Implementation of Analysis	           42
4	Simulation of Feng-Chiou Debris Flow Initiation  	   42
4.1	Description of Field Site	                   42
4.1.1	Topography and Herb Typhoon	           42
4.1.2	Material Properties	                   43
4.2	Seepage Analysis with Time-Dependent Rainfall 
                        Intensity	                                   43
4.2.1	Geometry Model	                           43
4.2.2	Input Seepage Model Parameters	           44
4.2.3	Implementation of Analysis	           44
4.3	Deformation Analysis Due to Variation of 
                        Groundwater Table	                           45
4.3.1	Geometry Model	                           45
4.3.2	Input Material Model	                   45
4.3.3	Implementation of Analysis	           45
4.4	Slope Stability Analysis with Time-Dependent 
                        Seepage	                                           46
4.4.1	Geometry Model	                           46
4.4.2	Input Model Parameters	                   46
4.4.3	Implementation of Analysis	           46
				
Ⅳ	Results And Discussions	
1	Flume Experiment	                                   47
1.1	Comparisons of Numerical Results with Laboratory 
                        Tests	                                           47
1.2	Comparisons of Numerical Results with Previous 
                        Studies	                                           47
2	Case Studies on Debris Flow	                           47
2.1	Tung-Men Debris Flow	                           47
2.1.1	Displacement Increment on Ground 
                                Surface	                                   47
2.1.2	Corresponding Power Water Pressure to 
                                Maximum Displacement Increment on Ground 
                                Surface	                                   48
2.1.3	Displacement Variation along Cross Section 
                                at Maximum Ground Displacement Point	   49
2.1.4	Factor of Safety	                   50
2.1.5	Effective Principal Stress	           50
2.1.6	Volumetric Water Content	           51
2.1.7	Critical Rainfall Line	                   51
2.2	Feng-Chiou Debris Flow	                           52
2.2.1	Displacement Increment on Ground 
                                Surface	                                   52
2.2.2	Corresponding Power Water Pressure to 
                                Maximum Displacement Increment on Ground 
                                Surface	                                   52
2.2.3	Displacement Variation along Cross Section 
                                at Maximum Ground Displacement Point	   53
2.2.4	Factor of Safety	                   54
2.2.5	Effective Principal Stress	           54
2.2.6	Volumetric Water Content	           55
2.2.7	Critical Rainfall Line	                   55
					
Ⅴ	Conclusions and Recommendations	
1	Conclusions	                                           56
2	Recommendations	                                           57
			
	References	                                                   59
	Tables	                                                           66
	Figures 	                                                   80
                                    

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