本研究闡述了在3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project)通訊標準制定組織中，企業是透過何種方式形成自身的權力而去影響其他企業。這樣的權力在過去的研究中被認為是一種政治性權力，企業可以透過該權力在標準制定的過程中去影響技術標準的制定，並導引整個產業的創新軌跡。本研究使用制度化理論中正當性的概念，並且提出在複雜且不確定性高的標準制定組織中，企業在基於正當性之下的權力將可以影響其它企業與之共同訂定技術規格書。本研究使用3GPP與ETSI的技術規格書與標準必要專利資料，並且採用社會網絡學中的網絡中心性指標(network centrality)來衡量各家企業的權力與其影響技術規格書的新增與制定的程度。本研究的理論貢獻主要在於補足制度化理論中關於權力的衡量與探討，以及提供了一個在技術標準化研究中分析技術標準形成的理論框架。

This study explains how firms can form their power and influence other firms in 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), a standard-setting organization. The power is regarded as a political power, and firms can use the power to influence the setting of standards and lead the innovation trajectory in the whole industry. The study adopts legitimacy in the institutional theory and proposes that firms can use the legitimacy-based power to influence and collaborate with other firms to set the technical specifications in SSO (standard-setting organization). The study uses the data set of technical specifications in 3GPP and standard essential patent in ETSI and use the network centrality to measure the firms’ power influence and the degree of adding and revising the technical specifications. This study's academic contribution mainly complements the discussion of power in the institutional theory and provide an academic framework for analyzing the formation of technical specifications in the standard-setting organization.

3GPP. (2017). 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Technical Specification Group working methods (Release 14). Technical Report 21.900 v14.0.0.

Abernathy, W. J. (1978). The productivity dilemma roadblock to innovation in the automobile industry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Abernathy, W. J., & Utterback, J. M. (1978). Patterns of industrial innovation. Technology Review, 80(7), 40-47.

Adler, P. S., & Chen, C. X. (2011). Combining creativity and control: Understanding individual motivation in large-scale collaborative creativity. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 36(2), 63-85.

Ahrne, G., & Brunsson, N. (2005). Organizations and meta-organizations. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 21(4), 429-449.

Ahrne, G., Brunsson, N., & Garsten, C. (2000). Standardizing through organization. In N. Brunsson & B. Jacobsson (Eds.), A world of standards (pp. 50-70). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Aldrich, H. E. (1995). Entrepreneurial strategies in new organizational populations. In I. Bull, H. Thomas, & G. Willard (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on theory building (pp. 91-108). New York: Elsevier.

Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645-670.

Amara, R. (1990). New directions for innovation. Futures, 22(2), 142–152.

Ambos, B., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2007). Innovation and control in the multinational firm: A comparison of political and contingency approaches. Strategic Management Journal, 28(5), 473-486.

Anderson, P., & Tushman, M. L. (1990). Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly, 604-633.

Arora, A., & Asundi, J. (1999). Quality Certification and the Economics of Contract Software Development A Study of the Indian Software Industry (0898-2937). Retrieved from
Arthur, W. B. (1989). Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. The economic journal, 99(394), 116-131.

Astley, W. G., & Sachdeva, P. S. (1984). Structural sources of intraorganizational power: A theoretical synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 9(1), 104-113.

Baldwin. (2015). Bottlenecks, modules and dynamic architectural capabilities. Harvard Business School Working Paper, 15-028.

Baldwin, & Woodard, C. J. (2009). The architecture of platforms: A unified view. In A. Gawer (Ed.), Platforms, markets and innovation (pp. 19-37). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Baldwin, C. Y. (2008). Where do transactions come from? Modularity, transactions, and the boundaries of firms. Industrial and Corporate Change, 17(1), 155-195.

Barley, S. R. (1986). Technology as an occasion for structuring: Evidence from observations of CT scanners and the social order of radiology departments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(1), 78-108.

Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.

Barney, J. B., Wright, M., & Ketchen Jr, D. J. (2001). The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, 27(6), 625-641.

Baron, J., & Gupta, K. (2018). Unpacking 3GPP standards. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 27(3), 433-461.

Baron, J., & Pohlmann, T. (2018). Mapping standards to patents using declarations of standard‐essential patents. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 27(3), 504-534.

Barreto, I., & Baden‐Fuller, C. (2006). To conform or to perform? Mimetic behaviour, legitimacy‐based groups and performance consequences. Journal of Management Studies, 43(7), 1559-1581.

Baum, J. A. C. (2017). The blackwell companion to organizations: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Bekkers, R. (2001). Mobile telecommunications standards: GSM, UMTS, TETRA, and ERMES: Artech House.

Bekkers, R., Bongard, R., & Nuvolari, A. (2011). An empirical study on the determinants of essential patent claims in compatibility standards. Research Policy, 40(7), 1001-1015.

Bekkers, R., Catalini, C., Martinelli, A., Righi, C., & Simcoe, T. (2017). Disclosure rules and declared essential patents. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 23627.

Bekkers, R., Duysters, G., & Verspagen, B. (2002). Intellectual property rights, strategic technology agreements and market structure: The case of GSM. Research Policy, 31(7), 1141-1161.

Bekkers, R., Iversen, E., & Blind, K. (2012). Emerging ways to address the reemerging conflict between patenting and technological standardization. Industrial and Corporate Change, 21(4), 901-931.

Bekkers, R., & Martinelli, A. (2012). Knowledge positions in high-tech markets: Trajectories, standards, strategies and true innovators. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(7), 1192-1216.

Bekkers, R., Verspagen, B., & Smits, J. (2002). Intellectual property rights and standardization: The case of GSM. Telecommunications Policy, 26(3-4), 171-188.

Bekkers, R., & West, J. (2009). The limits to IPR standardization policies as evidenced by strategic patenting in UMTS. Telecommunications Policy, 33(1-2), 80-97.

Bhattacharya, S., & Ritter, J. R. (1983). Innovation and communication: Signalling with partial disclosure. The Review of Economic Studies, 50(2), 331-346.

Borgatti, S. P., & Everett, M. G. (1997). Network analysis of 2-mode data. Social Networks, 19(3), 243-269.

Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Johnson, J. C. (2013). Analyzing social networks. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Boudreau, K. (2010). Open platform strategies and innovation: Granting access vs. devolving control. Management science, 56(10), 1849-1872.

Boudreau, K. J., & Hagiu, A. (2009). Platform rules: Multi-sided platforms as regulators. In A. Gawer (Ed.), Platforms, markets and innovation (pp. 163-191). UK: Edward Elgar.

Brass, D. J. (1984). Being in the right place: A structural analysis of individual influence in an organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4), 518-539.

Brass, D. J., & Burkhardt, M. E. (1993). Potential power and power use: An investigation of structure and behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3), 441-470.

Bresnahan, T. F., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General purpose technologies ‘Engines of growth’? Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83-108.

Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization Science, 2(1), 40-57.

Brynjolfsson, E., & Kemerer, C. F. (1996). Network externalities in microcomputer software: An econometric analysis of the spreadsheet market. Management science, 42(12), 1627-1647.

Burkhardt, M. E., & Brass, D. J. (1990). Changing patterns or patterns of change: The effects of a change in technology on social network structure and power. Administrative Science Quarterly, 104-127.

Burt Ronald, S. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Boston, MA.

Burt, R. S. (1976). Positions in networks. Social Forces, 55(1), 93-122.

Burt, R. S. (1987). Social contagion and innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1287-1335.

Burt, R. S., & Knez, M. (1995). Kinds of third-party effects on trust. Rationality and Society, 7(3), 255-292.

Caglio, A., & Ditillo, A. (2008). A review and discussion of management control in inter-firm relationships: Achievements and future directions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(7-8), 865-898.

Cargill, C. F. (1996). Open system standardization: A business approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall.

Cattani, G., & Ferriani, S. (2008). A core/periphery perspective on individual creative performance: Social networks and cinematic achievements in the Hollywood film industry. Organization Science, 19(6), 824-844.

Ceccagnoli, M., Forman, C., Huang, P., & Wu, D. (2012). Cocreation of value in a platform ecosystem! The case of enterprise software. MIS quarterly, 263-290.

Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). The logic of open innovation: Managing intellectual property. California management review, 45(3), 33-58.

Chiao, B., Lerner, J., & Tirole, J. (2007). The rules of standard‐setting organizations: an empirical analysis. The RAND Journal of Economics, 38(4), 905-930.

Chintagunta, P. K., Jain, D. C., & Vilcassim, N. J. (1991). Investigating heterogeneity in brand preferences in logit models for panel data. Journal of marketing research, 28(4), 417-428.

Clark, B. R. (1960). The open-door colleges: A case study. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Clark, B. R. (1972). The organizational saga in higher education. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2), 178-184.

Clark, K. B. (1985). The interaction of design hierarchies and market concepts in technological evolution. Research Policy, 14(5), 235-251.

Clements, M. T., & Ohashi, H. (2005). Indirect network effects and the product cycle: Video games in the US, 1994–2002. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 53(4), 515-542.

Coe, N. M., & Yeung, H. W.-C. (2015). Global production networks: Theorizing economic development in an interconnected world: Oxford University Press.

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.

Conner, K. R. (1991). A historical comparison of resource-based theory and five schools of thought within industrial organization economics: Do we have a new theory of the firm? Journal of Management, 17(1), 121-154.

Constant, E. W. (1980). The origins of the turbojet revolution. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Cornwell, B., & Harrison, J. A. (2004). Union members and voluntary associations: Membership overlap as a case of organizational embeddedness. American Sociological Review, 69(6), 862-881.

Corts, K. S., & Lederman, M. (2009). Software exclusivity and the scope of indirect network effects in the US home video game market. international Journal of industrial Organization, 27(2), 121-136.

Cusumano, M. A., Mylonadis, Y., & Rosenbloom, R. (1992). Strategic maneuvering and mass market dynamics: The triumph of VHS over Beta. Business History Review, 66, 51-94.

Dahl, R. A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioral science, 2(3), 201-215.

Dallas, M. P., Ponte, S., & Sturgeon, T. J. (2019). Power in global value chains. Review of International Political Economy, 26(4), 666-694.

David, P. A., & Greenstein, S. (1990). The economics of compatibility standards: An introduction to recent research. Economics of Innovation New Technology, 1(1-2), 3-41.

Davies, A. (1996). Innovation in large technical systems: the case of telecommunications. Industrial Corporate Change, 5(4), 1143-1180.

Davies, A. (1997). The life cycle of a complex product system. International Journal of Innovation Management, 1(03), 229-256.

Davies, A., & Brady, T. (2000). Organisational capabilities and learning in complex product systems: Towards repeatable solutions. Research Policy, 29(7-8), 931-953.

Deephouse, D. L. (1996). Does isomorphism legitimate? Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 1024-1039.

Demsetz, H. (1997). The economics of the business firm: seven critical commentaries: Cambridge University Press.

Dhanaraj, C., & Parkhe, A. (2006). Orchestrating innovation networks. Academy of Management Review, 31(3), 659-669.

DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983a). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 147-160.

DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983b). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.

Dokko, G., Nigam, A., & Rosenkopf, L. (2012). Keeping steady as she goes: A negotiated order perspective on technological evolution. Organization Studies, 33(5-6), 681-703.

Dokko, G., & Rosenkopf, L. (2010). Social capital for hire? Mobility of technical professionals and firm influence in wireless standards committees. Organization Science, 21(3), 677-695.

Edelman, L. B. (1992). Legal ambiguity and symbolic structures: Organizational mediation of civil rights law. American Journal of Sociology, 97(6), 1531-1576.

Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27(1), 31–41.

Evans, D. S., Hagiu, A., & Schmalensee, R. (2006). Invisible engines: How software platforms drive innovation and transform industries.: The MIT Press.

Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S., & Majchrzak, A. (2011). Knowledge collaboration in online communities. Organization Science, 22(5), 1224–1239.

Farrell, J., & Saloner, G. (1986). Installed base and compatibility: Innovation, product preannouncements, and predation. The American economic review, 940-955.

Farrell, J., & Saloner, G. (1988). Coordination through committees and markets. The RAND Journal of Economics, 235-252.

Ferriani, S., Cattani, G., & Baden-Fuller, C. (2009). The relational antecedents of project-entrepreneurship: Network centrality, team composition and project performance. Research Policy, 38(10), 1545-1558.

Ferriani, S., Corrado, R., & Boschetti, C. (2005). Organizational learning under organizational impermanence: Collaborative ties in film project firms. Journal of Management & Governance, 9(3-4), 257-285.

Finkelstein, S., Hambrick, D. C., & Cannella, A. (2009). Strategic leadership: Theory and research on executives, top management teams, and boards. New York: Oxford University Press.

Fleming, L., & Waguespack, D. M. (2007). Brokerage, boundary spanning, and leadership in open innovation communities. Organization Science, 18(2), 165-180.

Fligstein, N. (2001). Social skill and the theory of fields. Sociological Theory, 19, 105–125.

French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics. New York: Harper & Row.

Fuentelsaz, L., & Gomez, J. (2006). Multipoint competition, strategic similarity and entry into geographic markets. Strategic Management Journal, 27(5), 477–499.

Funk, J. L. (2002). Global competition between and within standards: The case of mobile phones: Springer.

Funk, J. L., & Methe, D. T. (2001). Market-and committee-based mechanisms in the creation and diffusion of global industry standards: The case of mobile communication. Research Policy, 30(4), 589-610.

Garud, R., Jain, S., & Tuertscher, P. (2008). Incomplete by design and designing for incompleteness. Organization Studies, 29(3), 351-371.

Garud, R., & Kumaraswamy, A. (1993). Changing competitive dynamics in network industries: An exploration of Sun Microsystems' open systems strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 14(5), 351-369.

Garud, R., & Rappa, M. A. (1994). A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution: The case of cochlear implants. Organization Science, 5(3), 344-362.

Gawer, A., & Cusumano, M. A. (2002). Platform leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco drive industry innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Goldfarb, B. (2005). Diffusion of general-purpose technologies: Understanding patterns in the electrification of US Manufacturing 1880-1930. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(5), 745-773.

Granovetter, M. (1995). Getting a Job: A study of contacts and careers. Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press.

Gray, B., & Hay, T. M. (1986). Political limits to interorganizational consensus and change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 22(2), 95-112.

Greenstein, S., & Rysman, M. (2007). Coordination costs and standards setting: lessons from 56K modems. In S. Greenstein & V. Stango (Eds.), Standards and public policy (pp. 123–159). New York, NY.: Cambridge University Press.

Greenstein, S., & Stango, V. (2007). Standards and public policy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Greenwood, R., & Hinings, C. R. (1996). Understanding radical organizational change- Bringing together the old and the new institutionalism. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1022-1054.

Greenwood, R., Hinings, C. R., & Whetten, D. (2014). Rethinking institutions and organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 51(7), 1206-1220.

Greve, H. R. (1996). Patterns of competition: The diffusion of a market position in radio broadcasting. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 29-60.

Grewal, R., Lilien, G. L., & Mallapragada, G. (2006). Location, location, location: How network embeddedness affects project success in open source systems. Management Science, 52(7), 1043-1056.

Gulati, R. (1999). Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 397-420.

Gulati, R. (2007a). Managing network resources alliances, affiliations and other relational assets. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Gulati, R. (2007b). Network resources and the choice of partners in alliances. In R. Gulati (Ed.), Managing network resources: Alliances, affiliations, and other relational assets (pp. 48-72). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Gulati, R. (2007c). Network resources and the proclivity of firms to enter into alliances. In R. Gulati (Ed.), Managing network resources, alliances, affiliations, and other relational assets (pp. 31-47). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

Gulati, R., Puranam, P., & Tushman, M. (2012). Meta‐organization design: Rethinking design in interorganizational and community contexts. Strategic Management Journal, 33(6), 571-586.

Hannan, M., & Freeman, J. H. (1977). The population ecology of public organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929-964.

Hardy, C. (1994). Power and politics in organizations. In C. Hardy (Ed.), Managing strategic action (pp. 220–237). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Hardy, C., & Phillips, N. (1998). Strategies of engagement: Lessons from the critical examination of collaboration and conflict in an interorganizational domain. Organization Science, 9(2), 217–230.

Harhoff, D., Henkel, J., & Von Hippel, E. (2003). Profiting from voluntary information spillovers: how users benefit by freely revealing their innovations. Research Policy, 32(10), 1753-1769.

Haunschild, P. R. (1993). Interorganizational imitation: The impact of interlocks on corporate acquisition activity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(4), 564-592.

Haveman, H. A. (1993). Follow the leader: Mimetic isomorphism and entry into new markets. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(4), 593-627.

Henisz, W. J., & Delios, A. (2001). Uncertainty, imitation, and plant location: Japanese multinational corporations, 1990-1996. Administrative Science Quartely, 46(3), 443-475.

Holgersson, M. (2013). Patent management in entrepreneurial SMEs: A literature review and an empirical study of innovation appropriation, patent propensity, and motives. R&D Management, 43(1), 21-36.

Holgersson, M., & Granstrand, O. (2017). Patenting motives, technology strategies, and open innovation. Management Decision, 55(6), 1265-1284.

Hsiao, C. (1986). Analysis of panel data. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hughes, T. P. (1983). Networks of power electrification in western society 1880–1930. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.

Iansiti, M., & Khanna, T. (1995). Technological evolution, system architecture and the obsolescence of firm capabilities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 4, 331–336.

Jacobides, M. G., Knudsen, T., & Augier, M. (2006). Benefiting from innovation: Value creation, value appropriation and the role of industry architectures. Research Policy, 35(8), 1200-1221.

Jain, S. (2012). Pragmatic agency in technology standards setting: The case of Ethernet. Research Policy, 41(9), 1643-1654.

Jain, S., & George, G. (2007). Technology transfer offices as institutional entrepreneurs: The case of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and human embryonic stem cells. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(4), 535-567.

Kang, B., & Motohashi, K. (2015). Essential intellectual property rights and inventors’ involvement in standardization. Research Policy, 44(2), 483-492.

Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1985). Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. American Economic Review, 75(3), 424-440.

Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1994). Systems competition and network effects. Journal of economic perspectives, 8(2), 93-115.

Kauffman, R. J., McAndrews, J., & Wang, Y.-M. (2000). Opening the “black box” of network externalities in network adoption. Information Systems Research, 11(1), 61-82.

Keil, T., Autio, E., & Robertson, P. (1997). Embeddedness, power, control and innovation in the telecommunications sector. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 9(3), 299-316.

Khanagha, S., Ansari, S., Paroutis, S., & Oviedo, L. (2020). Mutualism and the dynamics of new platform creation: A study of cisco and fog computing. Strategic Management Journal, 1-31.

Kostova, T., & Zaheer, S. (1999). Organizational legitimacy under conditions of complexity - The case of the multinational enterprise. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 64-81.

Krackhardt, D. (1990). Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition and power in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 342–369.

Lakhani, K. R., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., & Tushman, M. L. (2013). Open innovation and organizational boundaries: task decomposition, knowledge distribution and the locus of innovation. In Handbook of Economic Organization: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Landsman, V., & Stremersch, S. (2011). Multihoming in two-sided markets: An empirical inquiry in the video game console industry. Journal of marketing, 75(6), 39-54.

Langlois, R. (2006). The secret life of mundane transaction costs. Organization Studies, 27(9), 1389-1410.

Langlois, R. N., & Robertson, P. L. (1992). Networks and innovation in a modular system: Lessons from the microcomputer and stereo component industries. Research Policy, 21(4), 297-313.

Leiponen, A. E. (2008). Competing through cooperation: The organization of standard setting in wireless telecommunications. Management Science, 54(11), 1904-1919.

Matutes, C., & Regibeau, P. (1988). " Mix and match": product compatibility without network externalities. The RAND Journal of Economics, 221-234.

Maurer, C., & Tiwana, A. (2012). Control in app platforms: The integration-differentiation paradox.

Medcof, J. W. (2003). Network centrality and power among internationally dispersed technology units. In T. Hayashi (Ed.), Internationalization of research and development and the emergence of global R&D networks (Vol. Research in International Business, Vol. 8, pp. 179–203). Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier (JAI Press).

Mezias, S. J. (1995). Using institutional theory to understand for-profit sectors: The case of financial reporting standards. In W. R. Scott & S. Christensen (Eds.), The institutional construction of organizations (pp. 164-196). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sag.

Mihm, J., Sting, F. J., & Wang, T. (2015). On the effectiveness of patenting strategies in innovation races. Management science, 61(11), 2662-2684.

Mock, D. (2005). The Qualcomm equation: How a fledgling telecom company forged a new path to big profits and market dominance: AMACOM/American Management Association.

Molm, L. D. (1997). Coercive power in social exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mortara, L., & Minshall, T. (2011). How do large multinational companies implement open innovation? Technovation, 31(10-11), 586-597.

Munir, K. A., & Phillips, N. (2005). The birth of the'Kodak Moment': Institutional entrepreneurship and the adoption of new technologies. Organization Studies, 26(11), 1665-1687.

Newman, M. E., Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (2002). Random graph models of social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(suppl 1), 2566-2572.

Nohria, N., & Eccles, R. G. (1993). Networks and organizations: Structure, form, and action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179.

Parker, I. (1992). Discourse dynamics. London: Routledge.

Perrons, R. K. (2009). The open kimono: How Intel balances trust and power to maintain platform leadership. Research Policy, 38(8), 1300-1312.

Petersen, T., & Koput, K. W. (1991). Density dependence in organizational mortality: Legitimacy or unobserved heterogeneity? American Sociological Review, 399-409.

Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations: HarperCollins.

Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York, NY: Harper and Row.

Phillips, N., Lawrence, T. B., & Hardy, C. (2000). Inter‐organizational collaboration and the dynamics of institutional fields. Journal of Management Studies, 37(1), 23-43.

Polenske, K. (2004). Competition, collaboration and cooperation: An uneasy triangle in networks of firms and regions. Regional Studies, 38(9), 1029-1043.

Polidoro Jr, F., & Theeke, M. (2012). Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms' scientific publications. Organization Science, 23(4), 1135-1153.

Portes, A., & Sensenbrenner, J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology, 98(6), 1320-1350.

Powell, W. W., & DiMaggio, P. J. (1991). The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Priem, R. L., & Butler, J. E. (2001). Is the resource-based “view” a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 22-40.

Ranson, S., Hinings, B., & Greenwood, R. (1980). The structuring of organizational structures. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25(1), 1-17.

Raub, W., & Weesie, J. (1990). Reputation and efficiency in social interactions: An example of network effects. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3), 626-654.

Reagans, R., & McEvily, B. (2003). Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48(2), 240-267.

Rosenkopf, L., Metiu, A., & George, V. P. (2001a). From the bottom up? Technical committee activity and alliance formation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), 748-772.

Rosenkopf, L., Metiu, A., & George, V. P. (2001b). From the bottom up? Technical committee activity and alliance formation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), 748–772.

Rosenkopf, L., & Tushman, M. L. (1998). The coevolution of community networks and technology: Lessons from the flight simulation industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 7(2), 311-346.

Ruekert, R. W., & Rao, A. (1994). Brand alliances as signals of product quality. Sloan management review, 36(1), 87-97.

Rysman, M., & Simcoe, T. (2007). Network operators' requirements and the structure of telecommunications standards. International Journal of IT Standards Standardization Research, 5(1), 103-117.

Rysman, M., & Simcoe, T. (2008). Patents and the performance of voluntary standard-setting organizations. Management science, 54(11), 1920-1934.

Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1977). Who gets power—and how they hold on to it: A strategic-contingency model of power. Organizational dynamics, 5(3), 3-21.

Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 224-253.

Schein, V. E. (1977). Individual power and political behaviors in organizations: An inadequately explored reality. Academy of Management Review, 2(1), 64-72.

Schilling, M. A. (2000). Toward a general modular systems theory and its application to interfirm product modularity. Academy of Management Review, 25(2), 312-334.

Schilling, M. A. (2003). Technological leapfrogging: Lessons from the U.S. video game console industry. California Management Review, 45, 6–32.

Schmidt, S. K., & Werle, R. (1998). Coordinating technology: Studies in the international standardization of telecommunications. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press.

Schmidt, S. K., Werle, R., Susanne, K., & Pinch, T. (1998). Coordinating technology: Studies in the international standardization of telecommunications: MIT press.

Scott, W. R. (1995). Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Selznick, P. (1949). TVA and the grass roots: A study of politics and organization. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Shapiro, C., & Varian, H. R. (1999). The art of standards wars. California Management Review, 41(2), 8-32.

Shipilov, A., & Gawer, A. (2020). Integrating research on interorganizational networks and ecosystems. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 92-121.

Shiu, J.-M., & Yasumoto, M. (2015). Investigating firms’ knowledge management in the standardization: The analysis of technology specification-declared essential patent networks on telecommunication industry. Retrieved from http://merc.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/mmrc/dp/pdf/MMRC465_2015.pdf

Simcoe, T. (2003). Committees and the creation of technical standards. Unpublished working paper, University of California at Berkeley.

Simcoe, T. (2004). Delays and de Jure Standards: What Caused the Slowdown in Internet Standards Development.

Simcoe, T. (2012). Standard setting committees: Consensus governance for shared technology platforms. American Economic Review, 102(1), 305-336.

Simcoe, T. S., Graham, S. J., & Feldman, M. P. (2009). Competing on standards? Entrepreneurship, intellectual property, and platform technologies. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 18(3), 775-816.

Sozen, H. C. (2012). Social networks and power in organizations. Personnel Review.

Steinbock, D. (2002). Wireless horizon: Amacom.

Strahilevitz, L. J. (2005). Information asymmetries and the rights to exclude. Michigan Law Review, 104(8), 1835-1898.

Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.

Szulanski, G. (1996). Exploring internal stickiness: Impediments to the transfer of best practice within the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 27-43.

Tassey, G. (2000). Standardization in technology-based markets. Research Policy, 29(4-5), 587-602.

Teece, D. J. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy, 15(6), 285-305.

Teece, D. J. (2006). Reflections on “profiting from innovation”. Research Policy, 35(8), 1131-1146.

Teece, D. J. (2018). Profiting from innovation in the digital economy: Enabling technologies, standards, and licensing models in the wireless world. Research Policy, 47(8), 1367-1387.

Tiwana, A. (2018). Platform synergy: Architectural origins and competitive consequences. Information Systems Research, 29(4), 829-848.

Toh, P. K., & Miller, C. D. (2017). Pawn to save a chariot, or drawbridge into the fort? Firms’ disclosure during standard setting and complementary technologies within ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 38(11), 2213–2236.

Tushman, M. L., & Anderson, P. (1986). Technological discontinuities and organizational environments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 439-465.

Tushman, M. L., & Murmann, J. P. (1998). Dominant designs, technology cycles, and organization outcomes. Research in organizational behavior, 20, 231-266.

Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. (1983). Uncertainty, social location and influence in decision making: A sociometric analysis. Management science, 29(1), 12-23.

Tushman, M. L., & Rosenkopf, L. (1992). Organizational determinants of technological change: Toward a sociology of technological evolution. In B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 14, pp. 311–347). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (1995). Product design and development. New York: McCraw-Hill.

Updegrove, A. (2003). Survey: Major standards players tell how they evaluate standard setting organizations. Consortium Standards Bulletin, 2(7), 1-10.

Uzzi, B. (1996). The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: The network effect. American Sociological Review, 61, 674–698.

Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35-67.

Uzzi, B. (1999). Embeddedness in the making of financial capital: How social relations and networks benefit firms seeking financing. American Sociological Review, 481-505.

Vasudeva, G., Alexander, E. A., & Jones, S. L. (2015). Institutional logics and interorganizational learning in technological arenas: Evidence from standard-setting organizations in the mobile handset industry. Organization Science, 26(3), 830-846.

Von Burg, U. (2001). The triumph of Ethernet: Technological communities and the battle for the LAN standard: Stanford University Press.

Wadhwa, A., Bodas Freitas, I. M., & Sarkar, M. (2017). The paradox of openness and value protection strategies: Effect of extramural R&D on innovative performance. Organization Science, 28(5), 873-893.

Waguespack, D. M., & Fleming, L. (2009). Scanning the commons? Evidence on the benefits to startups participating in open standards development. Management science, 55(2), 210-223.

Wareham, J., Fox, P. B., & Cano Giner, J. L. (2014). Technology ecosystem governance. Organization Science, 25(4), 1195-1215.

Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications (Vol. 8): Cambridge University Press.

Wasserman, S., & Galaskiewicz, J. (1994). Advances in social network analysis: Research in the social and behavioral sciences: Sage.

Weiss, M. B., & Sirbu, M. (1990). Technological choice in voluntary standards committees: an empirical analysis. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 1(1-2), 111-133.

West, J. (2003). How open is open enough? Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies. Research Policy, 32(7), 1259-1285.

West, J., & Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: A review of research on open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(4), 814-831.

Yamagishi, T., Gillmore, M. R., & Cook, K. S. (1988). Network connections and the distribution of power in exchange networks. American Journal of Sociology, 93(4), 833-851.

Zilber, T. B. (2007). Stories and the discursive dynamics of institutional entrepreneurship: The case of Israeli high-tech after the bubble. Organization Studies, 28(7), 1035-1054.

Zimmerman, M. A., & Zeitz, G. J. (2002). Beyond survival: Achieving new venture growth by building legitimacy. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 414-431.

Zucker, L. G. (1977). The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. American Sociological Review, 42(5), 726-743.

Zukin, S., DiMaggio, P., & DiMaggio, P. (1990). Structures of capital: The social organization of the economy: CUP Archive.

Zukin, S., & DiMaggio, P. J. (1990). Structures of capital: The social organization of the economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.