Natural phenomena occur frequently on Earth, both in perceptible and imperceptible forms. Monitoring and understanding environmental conditions in response to frequent changes is essential. This research aims to analyze evidence of environmental changes during the summer season, focusing on land change, air temperature, and vegetation decline from the slope as for detecting the changes. Remote sensing technology, utilizing multispectral sensors on Landsat satellite imagery, has enabled the detection of various natural changes through long-term observations from 2000 to 2023. Over the years, the trend in air temperature has shown a significant increase, indicating notable changes in the Taipei-Keelung Metropolitan Area.
The trend is associated with urban expansion, revealing that pixels showing an increase in temperature correspond to areas experiencing vegetation loss due to land-use changes, transitioning from vegetated areas to built-up areas in New Taipei City. Temperature classification was conducted to identify urban heat islands with the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) indicating a temperature rise in Keelung City. Changes in local climate conditions and human activities led to cases of land degradation and deforestation in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. In 2016, significant land degradation resulted in a drastic decrease in vegetation values. This change was detected using the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) approach, identifying abrupt changes where vegetation values dropped from 0.89 to 0.10 which showing a significant decline in 2016. Extraterrestrial environmental monitoring facilitates a better understanding of surface and atmospheric conditions, enables precise mapping of built-up areas, and aids in the identification of local climate zones.

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