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研究生：	洪順成 Hong, Shun-Cheng
論文名稱：	混沌式準隨機位元產生器及其在影像/視訊加密應用之研究 A Study on Chaotic PRBG and Its Application to Image/Video Encryption
指導教授：	陳進興 Chen, Chin-Hsing
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2011
畢業學年度：	99
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	97
中文關鍵詞：	加密、金鑰流迴授、混沌式串流碼
外文關鍵詞：	encryption, cipher feedback, chaos-based stream cipher
相關次數：	點閱：60 下載：3
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本論文提出兩種加密架構，分別應用於JPEG2000影像和MPEG視訊。針對JPEG2000，我們採用J. Fang加密模式並增加金鑰流迴授的功能，此一修改的理由是在同樣的明文和相同金鑰流時能產生不同的密文，除此之外，我們採用藕合混沌準隨機位元產生器(CCS-PRBG)取代在F&S系統的計數器模式AES。經由實驗結果顯示，我們提出的加密架構能提供高安全性，並可大幅提高運算速度。
在MPEG視訊部份，本論文將D. Xie和C. C. J. Kuo提出的REC/RPB加密架構修改成混沌加密架構，其中使用Zhu的混沌式串流碼取代128位元MD5雜湊函數以產生金鑰流。使用Zhu混沌式串流碼的原因是可產生任意長度的金鑰流。我們擷取已壓縮的影像資料流，做不同的組合加密以符合使用者的需求，設計一多重安全性的混沌加密架構。經由安全性實驗分析顯示，我們的架構具有高安全性，可抵禦已知密文攻擊，已知明文攻擊和選擇性明文攻擊。我們並以實驗比較部份加密，全部加密和原始未加密三者的壓縮效能和計算時間。

In this thesis, we proposed an encryption scheme for JPEG2000 and an encryption scheme for MPEG video. For JPEG2000, we adopt the encryption scheme proposed by J. Fang and modify its encryption operations by adding the action of cipher feedback. The reason why we do this modification is that it can make the same plaintext with the same key stream have different ciphertext. Beside that, we adopt a pseudo-random bit generator based on couple chaotic systems called CCS-PRBG to replace the counter mode AES employed in the F&S system. Experiments show that our proposed encryption scheme not only still can provide high security but also speed performance greatly improved.
For MPEG video, this thesis presents a modified chaos-based encryption scheme on the basis of the REC/RPB encryption scheme proposed by D. Xie and C. C. J. Kuo, where the Zhu’s chaos-based stream cipher is used to replace the 128-bit MD5 hash function as the secret key. The reason is that the Zhu’s chaos-based stream cipher could output keystream of arbitrary length. We encrypted the extracted video compressed stream with various combination according to the demands. Therefore a multiple security encryption scheme could be obtained. Experimental security analysis showed that it is of high security and able to withstand the attacks of ciphertext only, known plaintext, and chosen plaintext. Besides, the compression performance and the compution time comparison among the selective encryption, all entropy encoder output encryption, and the original compressed bitstream without encryption were also examined.

Contents
摘要	III
Abstract	IV
Acknowledgements	VI
Contents	VII
Figure Captions	IX
Table Captions	XII

Chapter 1 Introduction	1
Chapter 2 Cryptography with Chaos Theory	11
2.1 The Basic Concept of Cryptography	11
2.2 The Basic Concept of Chaos Theory	15
2.3 Implementation of Chaos in Digitalized World	22
2.4 Image Encryption as an Example Application of Chaos	26
Chapter 3 Pseudo-Random Bit Generators Based on Chaotic Maps	31
3.1 Chaotic PRNG	31
3.2 Tests on PRNGs	32
3.3 CCS-PRBG with Perturbance	35
3.4 Nonlinear Transform Based PRBG	40
Chapter 4 A Chaos-Based Encryption Scheme for JPEG2000 Images	47
4.1 The Proposed Encryption System	47
4.2. Experimental Results	53
4.3. Security Analysis	60
Chapter 5 A Chaos-Based Encryption Scheme for MPEG Video	69
5.1 The Proposed Encryption Scheme	69
5.2 Experimental Results	78
5.3 Security Analysis	85
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work	90
References	92

 
Figure Captions 
Fig. 1.1 Stream cipher scheme.	2
Fig. 1.2 An output sequence from a logistic map.	5
Fig. 2.1 The block diagram of a typical cryptosystem.	12
Fig. 2.2 The goal of cryptography.	13
Fig. 2.3 The block diagram of a symmetric-key cryptosystem.	13
Fig. 2.4 The block diagram of an asymmetric-key cryptosystem.	14
Fig. 2.5 The projection of Eq. (2.1) onto (a) X-Y plane (b) X-Z plane (c) Y-Z plane.	17
Fig. 2.6 Bifurcation of the control parameter of the logistic map.	18
Fig. 2.7 Output sequences from a tent map with initial value=0.345 and (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) .	20
Fig. 2.8 Two output sequences from a PWLCM and their correlation functions.	22
Fig. 2.9 The quantization errors with precision of (a) 16-bit, (b) 32-bit.	23
Fig. 2.10 A typical pseudo-orbit of a digital chaotic system.	24
Fig. 2.11 Configurations of a perturbation-based algorithm.	26
Fig. 2.12 The projection of Eq. (2.6) onto (a) X-Y plane, (b) X-Z plane, (c) Y-Z plane.	28
Fig. 2.13 (a) Image Lena, (b) Histogram of (a).	30
Fig. 2.14 (a) A shuffled image of Fig. 2.13 (a), (b) Histogram of (a).	30
Fig. 2.15 (a) An encrypted image of Fig. 2.13 (a), (b) Histogram of (a).	30
Fig. 3.1 The diagram of CCS-PRBG.	37
Fig. 3.2 Statistical properties of CCS-PRBG.	40
Fig. 3.4  Auto correlation function	45
Fig. 3.5  Cross correlation function	45
Fig. 4.1 The flowchart of our proposed compliant encryption scheme.	48
Fig. 4.2 The CCS-PRBG diagram.	51
Fig. 4.3 The correlation functions: (a) auto correlation function, (b) cross correlation function.	52
Fig. 4.4 (a) Original image. (b) Encrypted image. (c) Correctly decrypted image. (d) Incorrectly decrypted image.	55
Fig. 4.5 (a) Original image. (b) Encrypted image. (c) Correctly decrypted image. (d) Incorrectly decrypted image.	56
Fig. 4.6 (a) Original image. (b) Encrypted image.(c) Correctly decrypted image. (d) Incorrectly decrypted image.	57
Fig. 4.7 (a) Original image. (b) Encrypted image. (c) Decrypted image from . (d) Decrypted image from  . (e) Decrypted image from  . (f) Decrypted image from  . (g) Decrypted image from  . (h) Decrypted image from  .	63
Fig. 4.8 The key difference of   versus the corresponding PSNR	64
Fig. 4.9 The key difference of   versus the corresponding PSNR	64
Fig. 4.10 The key difference of   versus the corresponding PSNR	65
Fig. 4.11 The key difference of   versus the corresponding PSNR	65
Fig. 5.1 Nonlinear transform based key stream generator	71
Fig. 5.2 The correlation functions: (a) auto correlation function, (b) cross correlation function.	72
Fig. 5.3 Scheme of the proposed security encryption	74
Fig. 5.4 Chaotic encryption module 1	76
Fig. 5.5 Chaotic encryption module 2	77
Fig. 5.6 Chaotic encryption module 3	77
Fig. 5.7 Chaotic encryption module 4	78
Fig. 5.8 Chaotic encryption module 5	78
Fig. 5.9 Results of high security encryption: (a) Foreman with high security encryption. (b) Tennis with high security encryption	79
Fig. 5.10 Results of medium security encryption: (a) Foreman with medium security encryption. (b) Tennis with medium security encryption	79
Fig. 5.11 Results of low security encryption: (a) Foreman with low security encryption. (b) Tennis with low security encryption	80
Fig. 5.12 Original frames: (a) the 19th frame of Foreman (b) the 33rd frame of Tennis	80
Fig. 5.13 Encryption of differential values of DCs of I frames. (a) Signal values. (b) Differential values. (c) Result of decoding without decryption. (d) Encrypted differential values.	86

 
Table Captions
Table 1.1 Block cipher algorithms.	2
Table 2.1 Comparison between chaos and cryptography properties.	16
Table 3.1 The required interval for runs test.	34
Table 3.2 Results of FIPS PUB 140-2 test for CCS-PRBG.	39
Table 4.1 Parameters used for FIPS 140-1 test samples	52
Table 4.2 Testing for FIPS 140-1	53
Table 4.3 The PSNR of three encrypted images	57
Table 4.4 Encrypting time for Lena image	58
Table 4.5 Encrypting time for Baboon image	59
Table 4.6 Encrypting time for Peppers image	60
Table 4.7 Parameters used for key sensitivity test	62
Table 4.8 The value of   and the corresponding PSNR	66
Table 4.9 The value of   and the corresponding PSNR	67
Table 5.1 PSNR of low, medium and high security encryption scheme	81
Table 5.2 PSNR of the proposed high security encryption scheme tested at 4 various target bitrates.	82
Table 5.3 Overheads test results of encrypting with low security scheme, medium security scheme, a high security scheme, and with encrypting all entropy encoder output.	83
Table 5.4 Compression performance comparison between the standard Huffman coding and the proposed high security scheme.	85


                                    

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校內：2016-07-29公開
校外：2017-01-01公開

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