本研究提出一套利用機上量測進行五軸工具機三線性軸幾何誤差辨識之方法，並以福裕 UNi5X-400 立式五軸加工機作為實驗載具。根據 ISO 230 對工具機線性軸幾何誤差之定義，單一線性軸包含一項定位誤差、兩項直線度誤差與三項角度誤差；三線性軸共包含 18 項位置相關運動誤差，再加上三組安裝誤差，則線性軸幾何誤差共計 21 項。傳統量測方式多仰賴雷射干涉儀、雙球桿或加工試件搭配三次元量床等設備，雖具有良好精度，但仍存在設備成本高、架設時間長及操作流程繁瑣等限制。
為提升量測便利性與現場應用性，本研究利用工具機本身配備之接觸式測頭，搭配標準塊規作為量測基準，建立可於機台內直接執行之線性軸幾何誤差量測流程。透過塊規上表面與側表面之多點量測、平面擬合及幾何關係推導，可計算 X、Y、Z 三線性軸之定位誤差、直線度誤差與偏擺誤差。針對定位誤差無法由一般表面量測直接取得之問題，本研究透過旋轉軸使塊規形成特定角度，將軸向定位誤差轉換為測頭可量測方向之位移變化，再進行反推計算。此外，本研究亦利用各軸偏移誤差還原實際運動軌跡，進一步推估三線性軸之安裝誤差。
實驗結果顯示，本研究所提出之機上量測方法可有效辨識三線性軸之幾何誤差，並能降低對外部大型量測設備與加工試件之依賴。此方法具有架設簡易、成本較低及可於機台內直接量測等優點，可作為工具機線性軸幾何誤差評估與後續補償資料建立之基礎。

This study proposes an on-machine measurement method for identifying the geometric errors of the three linear axes of a five-axis machine tool. A CHEVALIER UNi5X-400 vertical five-axis machining center was used as the experimental platform. According to ISO 230, each linear axis has one positioning error, two straightness errors, and three angular errors. Therefore, the three linear axes contain 18 position-dependent motion errors. With three installation errors between the linear axes, 21 geometric errors are considered.
To improve measurement convenience and on-site applicability, a touch-trigger probe mounted on the machine tool and a standard gauge block were used as the measurement system. By measuring multiple points on the top and side surfaces of the gauge block, the surface data were processed using plane fitting and geometric relationships to calculate the positioning, straightness, and angular errors of the X, Y, and Z axes. Since positioning errors cannot be directly obtained from ordinary surface measurement, the rotary axis was used to place the gauge block at a specific angle, converting axial positioning errors into displacement variations in the probe measurement direction. In addition, the offset errors of each axis were used to reconstruct the actual motion trajectories and estimate installation errors among the three linear axes.
The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the geometric errors of the three linear axes while reducing dependence on external measuring equipment and machined test pieces. This method provides a simple and practical basis for linear-axis error evaluation and compensation data establishment.

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