隨著全球智慧城市(Smart City)的蓬勃發展，各國對於三維地理資訊系統(Three-dimensional Geographic Information System, 3D GIS)的需求與日俱增，其中三維城市模型更是近年來日趨重要的研究議題之一，可以廣泛應用於土地規劃、工程建設、都市計畫、災害管理等。而三維建物模型在三維城市模型中扮演著重要的角色，我國內政部國土測繪中心遵循開放地理空間協會(Open Geospatial Consortium, OGC)所定義之CityGML規範標準，三維建物模型須符合建物細緻度等級(Level of Detail, LOD)，由最簡略至最詳細分別為LOD-0至LOD-4共5個等級。本研究著重於探討LOD-2三維建物模型重建之可行性，其模型構造是由垂直牆面與屋頂之三維結構所組成，其中又以屋頂之三維結構最為重要，因此如何建置出完整、高精度、符合幾何條件之三維屋頂模型，即為本研究之主要目標。

本研究使用無人飛行載具(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)與空載雷射掃描 (Airborne Laser Scanning, ALS)兩種資料來源產製點雲(Point Clouds)與物高模型(Object Height Model, OHM)，以提供三維坐標之觀測量資訊，並藉由真實正射影像以人工數化屋頂結構之二維多邊形，以獲取屋頂結構之平面邊界與範圍，再利用最小二乘平差(Least-Squares Adjustment)進行平面擬合(Plane Fitting)，進而取得各屋面在三維空間中的位置與分布狀態。此外，本研究透過建立拓樸約制條件(Topological Constraints)的方式進行附加約制條件之最小二乘平差，並設定各項幾何條件(Geometric Conditions)之改正，進一步調整各屋面多邊形之間的幾何關係，同時避免位相關係錯誤(Topological Errors)之情形，最終取得最佳化三維屋頂模型之成果。最後，本研究取樣台灣與印尼一些具有代表性之建築物進行測試，並使用人工量測之屋角三維坐標進行精確度分析，驗證出本研究所建置之屋頂模型成果，其平面誤差約為20公分，高程誤差約為15公分，符合CityGML LOD-2所規範之2公尺精度，證實了本研究所提出之屋頂模型重建方法的適用性。

Three-dimensional (3D) building model, a product of 3D city models, is one of the important elements in digital city analysis. It can be widely used in many different geographic activities, such as smart city, urban planning, disaster management, building insurance. The quality of 3D building models is related to their construction and geometric information. CityGML, an international 3D city modeling standard, formulated the scale to express the detail of 3D building models in different Level-of-Details (LODs). From the roughest to the most detailed one is named LOD-0 to LOD-4. The main goal of our study is to reconstruct the LOD-2 3D building models which are configured by detailed roof structure with vertical facades. Since the 3D roof structure is the most important part of the LOD-2 model, we will focus on how to reconstruct the complete, high-accuracy and topological error-free 3D roof models.

We create point clouds and Object Height Model (OHM) from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images and Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), extract 2D polygons of the roof structure by manual digitization, then perform least-squares adjustment to fit the 3D roof planes. Considering the topology between adjacent polygons, we set some geometric conditions to constrain their relationship and conduct roof plane correction to avoid topological errors. Eventually, we use some typical buildings in Taiwan and Indonesia for testing, and conduct accuracy analysis by manually measuring the 3D coordinates of roof corners. It has proved that the results of reconstructed roof models can conform to the LOD-2 standard of CityGML, confirming that the proposed method of 3D roof models reconstruction is feasible to varied types of roofs with high accuracy.

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