近年來由於經濟發展迅速，造成許多生態環境上的破壞。而現今因為各項經濟發展、技術發達，對於環境傷害不僅侷限在水體本身、污染物也相對多樣且複雜許多。所以，要了解一自然環境品質優劣勢，多元的監測數據能得到完整的評估分析。雲林離島工業區為台灣重要工業區之一，為我國經濟發展做出許多貢獻，但對環境也造成一些負面之衝擊。本研究以雲林離島工業區長期以來的環境監測數據，並參考美國海岸評估標準，以整合性的評估此區域之海岸環境品質。
本研究以民國103到105年雲林海域資料，套用美國海岸評估報告四項環境指數評估結果，可以知道雲林工業區外海海域水質部分，目前等級處於普通狀態；底泥部分雖缺少有機污染物、底泥毒性及總有機碳數據，但評價出來結果全數優良；底棲品質指數目前評估為普通等級，由於採樣與原方法相差甚異，但考量此項應尚在發展階段，目前便先以關島標準予以使用；魚體污染物部分雖採樣部位有所不同，且同樣缺乏有機污染物檢測項目，不過檢測出來卻全為劣等，恐怕此項目往後需多加留意。從上述結果得知各項指數最終結果有所差異，可知單一標準不見得能完全顯示出完整的環境狀態。
台灣位於四面環海之環境，對於海域環境評價還可以再改進，不但能對自然環境有所保護、對民眾海域遊憩、海產食品安全及違法放流的警示，皆能再多一分保障。未來台灣各主管機關可結合目前可行採樣方式、各地一致的海域標準並嘗試分階段辦理執行，最後從法條、命令訂定各主管機關權責及管理方案與以執行。未來本研究相關標準，將可優先應用在海域污染較為頻繁、大型河流出海口周邊及重要遊憩地區，重點處優先執行便可將有限經費人力做有效運用。

Due to the rapid economic development, many ecological damages have been caused in recent years. Nowadays, due to various economic developments and technological advancements, environmental damage is not limited to water bodies, but pollutants are also relatively diverse and complex. To better understand the natural environment quality, diverse monitoring strategy seems inevitably necessary. In this study, the long-term environmental monitoring data of the Yunlin offshore industrial park were used and the NCCR IV Standards was applied to assess the coastal environment quality in this region in an integrated manner. Using data from 2014 to 2016, four environmental index were assessed and the results show that: the water quality index is rated good to fair; sediment quality index is rated good; benthic index is rated fair; fish tissue contaminants is rated poor. The final results of the various indices are quite different. It can also be seen that a single index does not necessarily and fully characterize the environmental condition. Due to this standard reference, people can understand the complexities of the ecological environment and we can see that a single index is not able to indicate the complete environmental status. Although most of the standards in this study derive from the NCCR IV. However, it may be modified according to the environmental conditions in the future when more data is available. The ultimate goal is to come up with a set of environmental standards that are more suitable for offshore areas assessment in Taiwan.

Abdel-Baki, A. S., Dkhil, M. A., & Al-Quraishy, S. (2011). Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in tilapia fish relevant to their concentration in water and sediment of Wadi Hanifah, Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(13), 2541-2547.
2. An Act to amend the Oceans Act and the Canada Petroleum Resources Act. (2018).
3. Andersen, J. H., Carstensen, J., Conley, D. J., Dromph, K., Fleming-Lehtinen, V., Gustafsson, B. G., Josefson, A. B., Norkko, A., Villnas, A., & Murray, C. (2017). Long-term temporal and spatial trends in eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 92(1), 135-149. doi:10.1111/brv.12221
4. Antonarakou, A., Kontakiotis, G., Zarkogiannis, S., Mortyn, P. G., Drinia, H., Koskeridou, E., & Anastasakis, G. (2018). Planktonic foraminiferal abnormalities in coastal and open marine eastern Mediterranean environments: A natural stress monitoring approach in recent and early Holocene marine systems. Journal of Marine Systems, 181, 63-78. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.02.004
5. Ateweberhan, M., Feary, D. A., Keshavmurthy, S., Chen, A., Schleyer, M. H., & Sheppard, C. R. (2013). Climate change impacts on coral reefs: synergies with local effects, possibilities for acclimation, and management implications. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 74(2), 526-539. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.011
6. Augé, A. A., Dias, M. P., Lascelles, B., Baylis, A. M. M., Black, A., Boersma, P. D., Catry, P., Crofts, S., Galimberti, F., Granadeiro, J. P., Hedd, A., Ludynia, K., Masello, J. F., Montevecchi, W., Phillips, R. A., Pütz, K., Quillfeldt, P., Rebstock, G. A., Sanvito, S., Staniland, I. J., Stanworth, A., Thompson, D., Tierney, M., Trathan, P. N., & Croxall, J. P. (2018). Framework for mapping key areas for marine megafauna to inform Marine Spatial Planning: The Falkland Islands case study. Marine Policy, 92, 61-72. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.017
7. Barnes, C., & McFadden, K. W. (2008). Marine ecosystem approaches to management: challenges and lessons in the United States. Marine Policy, 32(3), 387-392. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.08.006
8. Bastami, K. D., Bagheri, H., Kheirabadi, V., Zaferani, G. G., Teymori, M. B., Hamzehpoor, A., Soltani, F., Haghparast, S., Harami, S. R., Ghorghani, N. F., & Ganji, S. (2014). Distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments along southeast coast of the Caspian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 81(1), 262-267. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.01.029
9. Bodin, N., N'Gom-Ka, R., Ka, S., Thiaw, O. T., Tito de Morais, L., Le Loc'h, F., Rozuel-Chartier, E., Auger, D., & Chiffoleau, J. F. (2013). Assessment of trace metal contamination in mangrove ecosystems from Senegal, West Africa. Chemosphere, 90(2), 150-157. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.019
10. Borja, A., Bricker, S. B., Dauer, D. M., Demetriades, N. T., Ferreira, J. G., Forbes, A. T., Hutchings, P., Jia, X., Kenchington, R., Carlos Marques, J., & Zhu, C. (2008). Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(9), 1519-1537. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.07.005
11. Bricker, S. B., Clement, C. G., Pirhalla, D. E., Orlando, S. P., & Farrow, D. R. (1999). National estuarine eutrophication assessment: effects of nutrient enrichment in the nation's estuaries: US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Special Projects Office and the National Center for Coastal Ocean Science.
12. Cao, J., Zhang, C., & Wang, J. (2009). Temporal and spatial distribution of nutrient in coastal area of East China Sea in spring 2006. Marine Environmental Science, 28(6), 643-647.
13. Carstensen, J., Andersen, J. H., Gustafsson, B. G., & Conley, D. J. (2014). Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century. Proceedings National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 111(15), 5628-5633. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323156111
14. Chen, C.-W., Ju, Y.-R., Chen, C.-F., & Dong, C.-D. (2016). Evaluation of organic pollution and eutrophication status of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 113, 318-324. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.03.024
15. Chen, C. W., Kao, C. M., Chen, C. F., & Dong, C. D. (2007). Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere, 66(8), 1431-1440. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.030
16. Chen, P., & Liu, T. K. (2013). Temporal and spatial variations of heavy metal concentrations in sediments of the Tainan coastal area, anping harbor and Tainan canal, southwestern Taiwan. doi:doi.org/10.1002/ird.1788
17. Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neill, R. V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R. G., Sutton, P., & van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253. doi:10.1038/387253a0
18. D'Lima, C., Welters, R., Hamann, M., & Marsh, H. (2016). Using regional geographic scale substitution to value coastal wildlife tourism: Implications for stakeholders, conservation and management. Ocean & Coastal Management, 128, 52-60. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.04.019
19. Dahl, T. E., Johnson, C. E., Frayer, W. E., Fish, U. S., & Wildlife, S. (1991). Wetlands, status and trends in the conterminous United States, mid-1970's to mid-1980's : first update of the national wetlands status report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs.
20. Dakota. (2011). Watershed Management: Mississippi Makeover Project. Retrieved from http://www.dakotacountyswcd.org/wshd_missmak.html
21. De Jonge, M., Belpaire, C., Van Thuyne, G., Breine, J., & Bervoets, L. (2015). Temporal distribution of accumulated metal mixtures in two feral fish species and the relation with condition metrics and community structure. Environmental Pollution, 197, 43-54. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.024
22. Dhanakumar, S., Solaraj, G., & Mohanraj, R. (2015). Heavy metal partitioning in sediments and bioaccumulation in commercial fish species of three major reservoirs of river Cauvery delta region, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 113, 145-151. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.032
23. El-Moselhy, K. M., Othman, A. I., Abd El-Azem, H., & El-Metwally, M. E. A. (2014). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 1(2), 97-105. doi:10.1016/j.ejbas.2014.06.001
24. Elmgren, R., & Larsson, U. (2001). Nitrogen and the Baltic Sea: managing nitrogen in relation to phosphorus. The Scientific World Journal, 1 Suppl 2, 371-377. doi:10.1100/tsw.2001.291
25. Engle, V. D., & Summers, J. K. (1999). Refinement, validation, and application of a benthic condition index for Northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Estuaries and Coasts, 22(3), 624. doi:10.2307/1353050
26. Engle, V. D., Summers, J. K., & Gaston, G. R. (1994). A benthic index of environmental condition of Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Estuaries and Coasts, 17(2), 372-384. doi:10.2307/1352670
27. EUcommission. (2014). Common implementation strategy for the water framework directive (2000/60/EC) Guidance No 32 - Biota Monitoring (pp. 75). doi:10.2779/833200
28. EUcommission. (2016). EU Coastal and Marine Policy. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2HeBdWG
29. EUR-Lex. (2017). Commission decision (eu) 2017/848. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec/2017/848/oj
30. Everaert, G., Deschutter, Y., De Troch, M., Janssen, C. R., & De Schamphelaere, K. (2018). Multimodel inference to quantify the relative importance of abiotic factors in the population dynamics of marine zooplankton. Journal of Marine Systems, 181, 91-98. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.02.009
31. Ferreira, J. G., Andersen, J. H., Borja, A., Bricker, S. B., Camp, J., Cardoso da Silva, M., Garcés, E., Heiskanen, A.-S., Humborg, C., Ignatiades, L., Lancelot, C., Menesguen, A., Tett, P., Hoepffner, N., & Claussen, U. (2011). Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 93(2), 117-131. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2011.03.014
32. Filippelli, G. M. (2002). The Global Phosphorus Cycle. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 48(1), 391-425. doi:10.2138/rmg.2002.48.10
33. Ge, C., Chai, Y., Wang, H., & Kan, M. (2017). Ocean acidification: One potential driver of phosphorus eutrophication. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 115(1-2), 149-153. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.12.016
34. Gu, Y. G., Lin, Q., Wang, X. H., Du, F. Y., Yu, Z. L., & Huang, H. H. (2015). Heavy metal concentrations in wild fishes captured from the South China Sea and associated health risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 96(1-2), 508-512. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.022
35. Guo, W., Liu, X., Liu, Z., & Li, G. (2010). Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metals in the Sediments around Dongjiang Harbor, Tianjin. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 729-736. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.084
36. Gustafsson, B. G., Schenk, F., Blenckner, T., Eilola, K., Meier, H. E., Muller-Karulis, B., Neumann, T., Ruoho-Airola, T., Savchuk, O. P., & Zorita, E. (2012). Reconstructing the development of Baltic sea eutrophication 1850-2006. Ambio, 41(6), 534-548. doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0318-x
37. Hale, S. S., & Heltshe, J. F. (2008). Signals from the benthos: Development and evaluation of a benthic index for the nearshore Gulf of Maine. Ecological Indicators, 8(4), 338-350. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.04.004
38. Hilsenhoff, W. L. (1987). An Improved Biotic Index of Organic Stream Pollution. The Great Lakes Entomologist.
39. Hopkinson, C., Chasmer, L. E., Sass, G., Creed, I. F., Sitar, M., Kalbfleisch, W., & Treitz, P. (2005). Vegetation class dependent errors in lidar ground elevation and canopy height estimates in a boreal wetland environment. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 31(2), 191-206. doi:10.5589/m05-007
40. Howarth, R. W., & Marino, R. (2006). Nitrogen as the limiting nutrient for eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems: Evolving views over three decades. Limnology and Oceanography, 51(1part2), 364-376. doi:10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0364
41. Ingersoll, C. G., Bay, S., Crane, J., Field, L. J., Gries, T., Hyland, J. L., Long, E., Macdonald, D., & O'Connor, T. P. (2005). Ability of SQGs to estimate effects of sediment-associated contaminants in laboratory toxicity tests or in benthic community assessments.
42. Jenkyns, H. C. (2010). Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(3), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1029/2009gc002788
43. Jewett, S. C., & Naidu, A. S. (2000). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Red King Crabs Following Offshore Placer Gold Mining. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(6), 478-490. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00037-0
44. Jin, P., & Gao, K. (2016). Reduced resilience of a globally distributed coccolithophore to ocean acidification: Confirmed up to 2000 generations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 103(1-2), 101-108. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.039
45. Keesing, J. K., Liu, D., Shi, Y., & Wang, Y. (2016). Abiotic factors influencing biomass accumulation of green tide causing Ulva spp. on Pyropia culture rafts in the Yellow Sea, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 105(1), 88-97. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.051
46. Khalek, A. A. A., Elhadad, E., Mamdouh, S., & Marie, M. A. S. (2016). Assessment of metal pollution around Sabal drainage in river Nile and its impacts on bioaccumulation level, metals correlation and human risk hazard using Oreochromis niloticus as a bioindicator. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16(2). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v16_2_02
47. Kitsiou, D., & Karydis, M. (2011). Coastal marine eutrophication assessment: a review on data analysis. Environment International, 37(4), 778-801. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.004
48. La Colla, N. S., Botté, S. E., & Marcovecchio, J. E. (2018). Metals in coastal zones impacted with urban and industrial wastes: Insights on the metal accumulation pattern in fish species. Journal of Marine Systems, 181, 53-62. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.01.012
49. Lenat, D. R. (1993). A Biotic Index for the Southeastern United States: Derivation and List of Tolerance Values, with Criteria for Assigning Water-Quality Ratings. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12(3), 279-290. doi:10.2307/1467463
50. Li, C., Yu, X., & Peng, M. (2015). The roles of polyculture with Eucheuma gelatinae and Gafrarium tumidum in purification of eutrophic seawater and control of algae bloom. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101(2), 750-757. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.001
51. Liang, Y., Cheung, R. Y. H., & Wong, M. H. (1999). Reclamation of wastewater for polyculture of freshwater fish: bioaccumulation of trace metals in fish. Water Research, 33(11), 2690-2700. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00473-4
52. Liu, T. K., Yu, J. L., Chen, C. L., & Wei, P. S. (2012). Information theoretic perspective on coastal water-quality monitoring and management near an offshore industrial park. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(8), 4725-4735. doi:10.1007/s10661-011-2297-y
53. Long, E. R., Macdonald, D. D., Smith, S. L., & Calder, F. D. (1995). Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management, 19(1), 81-97. doi:10.1007/bf02472006
54. Marcellin Yao, K., Marcou, O., Goyet, C., Guglielmi, V., Touratier, F., & Savy, J. P. (2016). Time variability of the north-western Mediterranean Sea pH over 1995-2011. Marine Environmental Research, 116, 51-60. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.02.016
55. McPherson, R., & Brown, K. (2001). The bioaccumulation of cadmium by the Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus pelagicus L. Science of The Total Environment, 279(1-3), 223-230. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00799-9
56. Mortimer, M. R. (2000). Pesticide and Trace Metal Concentrations in Queensland Estuarine Crabs. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41(7-12), 359-366. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00136-3
57. National coastal condition report [electronic resource]. (2001). Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/Office of Water.
58. National coastal condition report III. (2008). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
59. National Coastal Condition Report IV. (2012). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/Office of Water.
60. NOEP. (2017). Retrieved from https://goo.gl/T4Lodz
61. O'Connor, T. P., Daskalakis, K. D., Hyland, J. L., Paul, J. F., & Summers, J. K. (1998). Comparisons of Sediment Toxicity with Predictions Based on Chemical Guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17(3), 468. doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0468:costwp>2.3.co;2
62. O'Connor, T. P., & Paul, J. F. (2000). Misfit Between Sediment Toxicity and Chemistry. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(1), 59-64. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00153-8
63. Oceans20: canada’s oceans act workshop report. (2017). Retrieved from Ottawa:
64. OSPAR. (2008). Second OSPAR Integrated Report on the Eutrophication Status of the OSPAR Maritime Area.
65. Paerl, H. W., Pinckney, J. L., & Kucera, S. A. (1995). Clarification of the structural and functional roles of heterocysts and anoxic microzones in the control of pelagic nitrogen fixation. Limnology and Oceanography, 40(3), 634-638. doi:10.4319/lo.1995.40.3.0634
66. Paul, J., Scott, K., Campbell, D., Gentile, J., Strobel, C., Valente, R., Weisberg, S., Holland, A., & Ranasinghe, J. (2001). Developing and applying a benthic index of estuarine condition for the Virginian Biogeographic Province. Ecological Indicators, 1(2), 83-99. doi:10.1016/s1470-160x(01)00010-3
67. Rabalais, N. N., Smith, L. M., & Turner, R. E. (2018). The Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Gulf of Mexico shelf hypoxia. Continental Shelf Research, 152, 98-107. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2017.11.007
68. Rabotyagov, S. S., Kling, C. L., Gassman, P. W., Rabalais, N. N., & Turner, R. E. (2014). The Economics of Dead Zones: Causes, Impacts, Policy Challenges, and a Model of the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 8(1), 58-79. doi:10.1093/reep/ret024
69. Rajkowska, M., & Protasowicki, M. (2013). Distribution of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) in fish tissues in two lakes of different trophy in Northwestern Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(4), 3493-3502. doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2805-8
70. Riaz, A., Khan, S., Muhammad, S., Liu, C., Shah, M. T., & Tariq, M. (2018). Mercury contamination in selected foodstuffs and potential health risk assessment along the artisanal gold mining, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(2), 625-635. doi:10.1007/s10653-017-0007-6
71. Ruelas-Inzunza, J., Green-Ruiz, C., Zavala-Nevarez, M., & Soto-Jimenez, M. (2011). Biomonitoring of Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb in the Baluarte River basin associated to a mining area (NW Mexico). Science of The Total Environment, 409(18), 3527-3536. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.035
72. Ruttenberg, K. C. (2003). The Global Phosphorus Cycle. 585-643. doi:10.1016/b0-08-043751-6/08153-6
73. Schlanger, S., & Jenkyns, H. (1976). Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events: Causes and Consequences. Geologie En Mijnbouw, 55(3-4), 179-184.
74. Singh, K. P., Mohan, D., Singh, V. K., & Malik, A. (2005). Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments—a tributary of the Ganges, India. Journal of Hydrology, 312(1-4), 14-27. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.021
75. Smith, L. M., Engle, V. D., & Summers, J. K. (2006). Assessing water clarity as a component of water quality in Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Environ Monit Assess, 115(1-3), 291-305. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-6555-3
76. Sousa, J. C. G., Ribeiro, A. R., Barbosa, M. O., Pereira, M. F. R., & Silva, A. M. T. (2018). A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines. J Hazard Mater, 344, 146-162. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058
77. Stedman, S., & Dahl, T. E. (2008). Status and trends of wetlands in the coastal watersheds of the eastern United States 1998–2004. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington.
78. Suresh, G., Ramasamy, V., Sundarrajan, M., & Paramasivam, K. (2015). Spatial and vertical distributions of heavy metals and their potential toxicity levels in various beach sediments from high-background-radiation area, Kerala, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 91(1), 389-400. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.007
79. Sylvan, J. B., Dortch, Q., Nelson, D. M., Maier Brown, A. F., Morrison, W., & Ammerman, J. W. (2006). Phosphorus Limits Phytoplankton Growth on the Louisiana Shelf During the Period of Hypoxia Formation. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(24), 7548-7553. doi:10.1021/es061417t
80. Turner, R., & Boesch, D. (1988). Aquatic Animal Production and Wetland Relationships: Insights Gleaned Following Wetland Loss or Gain.
81. UScongress. (2017). S.756 - SOS Act of 2017. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2v20GOd
82. USEPA. (1998). The beach and your coastal watershed [microform]. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
83. USEPA. (2000a). Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
84. USEPA. (2000b). Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 2: Risk Assessment and Fish Consumption Limits. Washington, DC.: Environmental Protection Agency.
85. USEPA. (2001). Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water,Office of Science and Technology.
86. USEPA. (2012). Data from the National Aquatic Resource Surveys. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/data-national-aquatic-resource-surveys
87. USEPA. (2017a). Indicators Used in the National Aquatic Resource Surveys. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/national-aquatic-resource-surveys/indicators-used-national-aquatic-resource-surveys
88. USEPA. (2017b). Risk Assessment for Other Effects. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-other-effects
89. Van Dolah, R. F., Hyland, J. L., Holland, A. F., Rosen, J. S., & Snoots, T. R. (1999). A benthic index of biological integrity for assessing habitat quality in estuaries of the southeastern USA. Marine Environmental Research, 48(4-5), 269-283. doi:10.1016/s0141-1136(99)00056-2
90. Watson, A. J., Lenton, T. M., & Mills, B. J. W. (2017). Ocean deoxygenation, the global phosphorus cycle and the possibility of human-caused large-scale ocean anoxia. Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 375(2102). doi:10.1098/rsta.2016.0318
91. WCELA. Oceans20: Canada’s Oceans Act Workshop. Retrieved from https://www.wcel.org/program/ocean-laws/oceans20-canadas-oceans-act-workshop
92. Weisberg, R. H., Zheng, L., Liu, Y., Corcoran, A. A., Lembke, C., Hu, C., Lenes, J. M., & Walsh, J. J. (2016). Karenia brevis blooms on the West Florida Shelf: A comparative study of the robust 2012 bloom and the nearly null 2013 event. Continental Shelf Research, 120, 106-121. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.011
93. Weisberg, S. B., Ranasinghe, J. A., Dauer, D. M., Schaffner, L. C., Diaz, R. J., & Frithsen, J. B. (1997). An estuarine benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries and Coasts, 20(1), 149. doi:10.2307/1352728
94. Wignall, P. B., & Twitchett, R. J. (1996). Oceanic Anoxia and the End Permian Mass Extinction. Science, 272(5265), 1155-1158. doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1155
95. WorldBank. (2018). Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Economies. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/brief/oceans
96. WorldStatistics. (2015a). Aquaculture production (metric tons). Retrieved from https://goo.gl/vaYDDr
97. WorldStatistics. (2015b). Capture fisheries production (metric tons). Retrieved from https://goo.gl/iTBwwX
98. Xiao, R., Bai, J., Lu, Q., Zhao, Q., Gao, Z., Wen, X., & Liu, X. (2015). Fractionation, transfer, and ecological risks of heavy metals in riparian and ditch wetlands across a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in an estuary of China. Science of The Total Environment, 517, 66-75. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.052
99. Yu, F. M.-H. L. J.-P., & Jian-Jun, L. L. (2003). Ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals of marine sediment in Liaodong bays shallow waters. Marine Sciences, 3, 011.
100. Zhang, Y., Lu, X., Wang, N., Xin, M., Geng, S., Jia, J., & Meng, Q. (2016). Heavy metals in aquatic organisms of different trophic levels and their potential human health risk in Bohai Bay, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(17), 17801-17810. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6948-y
101. 內政部營建署. (1984, 2017). 台灣沿海地區自然環境保護計畫(I)－淡水、蘭陽、蘇花、花東、彰雲嘉、東北角、墾丁. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2rx74YK
102. 水利署. (2016). 海岸情勢調查及作業參考手冊.
103. 北水局. (2009). 集水區河溪環境保育評估指標. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2v4JO9C
104. 江漢全. (1996). 水質分析.
105. 行政院. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.ey.gov.tw/State/News_Content3.aspx?n=069440033EDFD033&sms=A7FAAF08DFE5A98E&s=7228B096750E2185
106. 邱文彥. (1994). 「海岸法(草案)評析」. 中華民國第十六屆海洋工程研討會論文集, 頁D-1-D-34.
107. 施如佳, 陳石松, 張美華, 邱雅琦, 陳怡如, 鄭秋真, & 周薰修. (2006). 台灣地區市售海洋魚類重金屬含量分析方法探討及資料之建立.
108. 孫元勳, 葉慶龍, 林可欣, & 錢亦新. (2009). 墾丁國家公園生物多樣性指標監測系統之規劃建置(一).
109. 海委會. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.oac.gov.tw/GipOpen/wSite/ct?xItem=126216&ctNode=10519&mp=oac
110. 翁震炘. (2006). 農作物重金屬污染監測與管制措施. Retrieved from https://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=11397.
111. 許鶴瀚, 劉紹勇, & 劉家瑄. (2010). 臺灣附近的海底地形.
112. 陳厚宇. (2013). 台灣西部海域優養狀態之評估研究. (碩士), 成功大學.
113. 陳威克, 莊世昌, 吳全橙, 吳繼倫, & 劉光明. (2014). 臺灣北部海域底棲生物群聚結構的季節性差異.
114. 楊平世, & 黃國靖. (1992). 淡水河系之水棲昆蟲及指標生物研究 (Vol. 36).
115. 漁業署. (2016). 民國105年(2016)漁業統計年報. Retrieved from https://www.fa.gov.tw/cht/PublicationsFishYear/
116. 環保署. 廢止「廢棄物及底泥中金屬檢測方法－酸消化法（NIEA M353.01C）」，自105年12月15日生效. Retrieved from https://oaout.epa.gov.tw/law/NewsContent.aspx?id=52
117. 環保署. (2007). 海洋生態評估技術規範. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=31309&CtUnit=855&BaseDSD=7&mp=epa
118. 環保署. (2017). 環境水質監測年報. Retrieved from https://wq.epa.gov.tw/Code/Report/ReportList.aspx
119. 環保署. (2018). 智慧環境應用服務介面. Retrieved from https://ienv.epa.gov.tw/
120. 環保署, 衛生福利部, 行政院農業委員會, 經濟部, 財政部關務署, & 勞動部職業安全衛生署. (2016). 持久性有機污染物斯德哥爾摩公約國家實施計畫.
121. 環保署全國環境水質監測資訊網. (2017). 相關詞彙及定義. Retrieved from https://wq.epa.gov.tw/Code/Business/Vocabulary.aspx
122. 颺如思. (2004). 「歧異度」與「豐富度」. Retrieved from http://e-info.org.tw/node/2412
123. 魏國彥, & 許晃雄. (1997). 全球環境變遷導論. Retrieved from http://gis.geo.ncu.edu.tw/gis/globalc/index.htm