簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 李祐安
Lee, Yu-An
論文名稱: 利用輸出共模校正降低電磁干擾之D類音頻放大器
A Class-D Audio Amplifier with Output Common-Mode Correction for EMI Reduction
指導教授: 郭泰豪
Kuo, Tai-Haur
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年: 2018
畢業學年度: 106
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 79
中文關鍵詞: D類放大器脈寬調變互調失真總諧波失真加雜訊電磁干擾
外文關鍵詞: Class-D amplifier, PWM-intermodulation distortion, THD+N, EMI
相關次數: 點閱:125下載:1
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • D類音頻放大器高效率的優點使其為目前常見的音頻放大器之一,但其常用脈寬調變方式,在差共模輸出均具有快速切換之訊號,使在30M至1GHz的頻帶上產生不可忽視的差共模電磁干擾。本論文功率級採用無共模BD調變,並提出一輸出共模校正技術,降低採用該調變之輸出級切換時產生之共模訊號抖動,進而提高其共模干擾降低效果。此外為解決D類放大器高失真的缺點,此晶片除使用閉迴路架構外,也採用一前饋式脈寬調變互調失真抑制技術,改善閉迴路本身具有的脈寬調變互調失真,達成低總失真加雜訊的目標。
    本論文晶片實現於0.5微米互補金屬氧化物半導體技術,經驗證後,其結果顯示在5伏特之電源電壓,8歐姆之揚聲器負載可達到最低-99.6dB之總諧波失真加雜訊。另外,相對一般CMFBD功率級,此晶片之技術預計可額外增加11dB之共模電磁干擾降低效果。

    Class-D is one of the commonly used amplifiers in recent year for its high efficiency. However, with conventional BD modulation, its rapid-switching output radiates serious differential and common-mode electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the frequency range of 30M~ 1GHz. This work adopts the Common-Mode Free BD (CMFBD) modulation in the low-EMI power stage, and an output common-mode correction is proposed to further improve common-mode EMI suppression by reducing common-mode spikes during power stage switching. To achieve low THD+N, this work not only uses closed-loop structure to reduce the distortions of class-D power stage, but also adopts the Feed-Forward PWM Intermodulation Distortion Reduction (FFPIDR) to reduce PWM intermodulation distortion from closed-loop structure.
    Implemented in 0.5μm CMOS technology, this work reaches minimum -99.6dB THD+N after circuit verification under 5V supply, on an 8-Ω load. On the other hand, compared with other CMFBD state of the arts, the proposed output common-mode correction is expected to further increase 11dB common-mode EMI reduction.

    Table of Contents Acknowledgment III Table of Contents IV List of Tables VI List of Figures VII Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Organization 3 Chapter 2. Background 5 2.1 Architecture 5 2.2 Basic of EMI 7 2.2.1 EMI Regulation, Conducted and Radiation EMI 8 2.2.2 Differential-mode and Common-Mode Radiation 9 2.3 Prior Arts of EMI reduction in Class-D Audio Amplifier 12 2.3.1 Output Edge Rate Control 12 2.3.2 Spread Spectrum 13 2.3.3 Chopping and Notch 14 2.3.4 Common-Mode Free BD Modulation 14 2.4 Output Common-Mode Spike Issue of CMFBD Modulation 17 2.5 Distortion Analysis 21 2.5.1 Dead-Time Distortion 22 2.5.2 On-Resistance Distortion 23 2.5.3 Power Supply Intemodulation Distortion 24 2.5.4 PWM-Imtermodulation Distortion 25 CHAPTER 3. System Design 28 3.1 Design of the Low-EMI Power Stage 28 3.1.1 Analysis of Output Common-Mode Spike 29 3.1.2 Strategy of Output Common-Mode Correction 31 3.1.3 Output Common-Mode Correction Realization 33 3.1.4 Design of Output Common-Mode Correction and Verification 34 3.2 Design of Closed-loop Class-D Amplifier 36 3.2.1 Concept of the Loop Filter Design with Min. fSW 37 3.2.2 The Adopted ZPS-PIDR Technique 39 Chapter 4. Circuit Design 43 4.1 Low-EMI Power Stage 43 4.1.1 BD to CMFBD Conversion 44 4.1.2 Power MOSFETs 45 4.1.3 Gate Driver and Bootstrap Circuit 45 4.1.4 Dead-Time and Narrow Pulse Effect 46 4.1.5 The Effect of Level-Shifter 48 4.1.6 Output Common-Mode Correction 49 4.1.7 1/2 VDD Divider 52 4.1.8 Off-Chip Parasitic Consideration 53 4.2 Closed-loop Class-D Amplifier 57 Chapter 5. Layout and Results 60 5.1 Layout Implementation 60 5.2 Simulation Result and Comparison Table 62 5.2.1 Simulation of Quiescent Current 63 5.2.2 Simulation of VCM Correction, THD and THD+N 64 5.2.3 Performance Summary 67 5.2.4 Comparison Table 70 5.3 Measurement Setup 71 5.4 PCB Design and Consideration 73 Chapter 6. Conclusion and Future Work 75 References 77

    [1] H. W. Ott, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
    [2] K. H. Chen and Y. S. Hsu, “A high-PSRR reconfigurable class-AB/D audio amplifier driving a hands-free/receiver 2-in-1 loudspeaker,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 11, pp. 2586–2603, Nov.2012.
    [3] K. Nielsen. “A review and comparison of pulse width modulation (PWM) methods for analog and digital input switching power amplifiers,” in Proc. 102th AES Convention, pp. 22-25, Sep. 1997.
    [4] P. P. Siniscalchi and R. K. Hester “A 20 W Channel Class-D Amplifier With Near-Zero Common-Mode Radiated Emissions” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, no. 12 Dec. 2009.
    [5] S.-H. Chien, L.-T. Wu, S.-Y. Chen, R.-D. Jan, M.-Y. Shih, C.-T. Lin, and T.-H. Kuo, “An Open-Loop Class-D Audio Amplifier with Increased Low-Distortion Output Power and PVT-Insensitive EMI Reduction,” in IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), Sept. 2014, pp. 1-4.
    [6] L. Guo, T. Ge, and J. S. Chang, “A 101 dB PSRR, 0.0027% THD + N and 94% power-efficiency filterless class D amplifier,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2608–2617, Nov. 2014.
    [7] M. A. Teplechuk, T. Gribben, and C. Amadi, “True Filterless Class-D Audio Amplifier,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 46, no. 12, pp. 2784–2793, Dec.2011.
    [8] T.-H.Kuo, S.-H.Chien, J.-J. Huang, Y.-W. Chen and Y.-A. Lee, “A 2.4 mA Quiescent Current, 1 W Output Power Class-D Audio Amplifier With Feed-Forward PWM-Intermodulated-Distortion Reduction,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 51, no.6, pp.1436-1445, June. 2016.
    [9] Y. -W. Chen, “A Low Quiescent-Current High-Fidelity Class-D Audio Amplifier with PWM-Intermodulation Distortion Reduction” M. S. thesis, Nation Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Republic of China (ROC)
    [10] S. -H. Chien, Y. -W. Chen and T. -H. Kuo “A 0.96mA Quiescent Current, 0.0032% THD+N, 1.45W Class-D Audio Amplifier with Area-Efficient PWM-Residual-Aliasing Reduction” in IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 2018, pp. 60-62.
    [11] Texas Instruments, “3-W, Ultra-Low EMI, Filterless, Mono, Class D Audio Power Amplifier With Spread Spectrum,” LM48511 datasheet, July. 2007 [Revised Oct. 2017].
    [12] Texas Instruments, “Audio Power Amplifier Series Ultra Low EMI, Filterless, 1.2W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier with E2 S and Texas Instruments 3D Enhancement” LM48413 datasheet, Nov. 2008 [Mar. 2013]
    [13] P. Balmelli, J. M. Khoury, E. Viegas, P. Santos, V. Pereira, J. Alderson, and R. Beale “A Low-EMI 3-W Audio Class-D Amplifier Compatible With AM FM Radio” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 48, no. 8, Aug 2013
    [14] Texas Instruments, “4.0-W Class-D Mono Audio Amplifier with Class-G Boost and Speaker Sense” TAS2552 datasheet, Jan. 2014 [Apr. 2015]
    [15] Texas Instruments, “5.7-W Class-D Mono Audio Amplifier with Class-H Boost and Speaker Sense” TAS2555 datasheet, Aug. 2015 [Nov. 2016]
    [16] X. Jiang, J. Song, M. Wang, J. Chen, and S. K. Arunachalam “Integrated Pop-Click Noise Suppression, EMI Reduction, and Short-Circuit Detection for Class-D Audio Amplifiers” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 48, no. 4, April 2013
    [17] L. Dooper and M. Berkhout, “A 3.4 W Digital-in Class-D audio Amplifier in 0.14μm CMOS,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 1524–1534, Jul. 2012.
    [18] I. D.Mosely, P. H. Mellor, and C. M. Bingham, “Effect of dead time on harmonic distortion in class-D audio power amplifiers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 950–952, June 1999.
    [19] J.-M. Liu, S.-H. Chien, and T.-H. Kuo, “A 100W 5.1-Channel Digital Class-D Audio Amplifier with Single-Chip Design,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 1344-1354, June 2012.
    [20] M. Kinyua, R. Wang and E. Soenen, “Integrated 105 dB SNR, 0.0031% THD+N Class-D Audio Amplifier With Global Feedback and Digital Control in 55 nm CMOS,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. no.8,pp.1764-1771, Aug. 2015
    [21] M. Berkhout, L. Breems, and E. van Tuijl, “Audio at low and high power,” in Proc. 34th ESSCIRC, 2008, pp. 40–49.
    [22] M. Berkhout, “A Class-D Output Stage with Zero Dead-time,” in IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, 2003, pp. 134–135.
    [23] X. Jiang, J. Song, D. Cheung, M. Wang, and S. Arunachalam, “ Integrated Class-D Audio Amplifier with 95% Efficiency and 105 dB SNR ,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2387–2396, Nov. 2014.
    [24] S.-H. Chien , T.- H. Kuo “Class-D Audio Amplifier with Zero Phase Shift PIDR ,” will be summit to IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits.

    無法下載圖示 校內:2023-08-28公開
    校外:不公開
    電子論文尚未授權公開,紙本請查館藏目錄
    QR CODE