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研究生：	蘇信嘉 Su, Hsin-Chia
論文名稱：	新型電感結構之開發:壓控振盪器之應用及雜訊耦合之探討 Development of a Novel Inductor:Application to VCO and Study on Noise Coupling
指導教授：	黃尊禧 Huang, Tzuen-Hsi
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2008
畢業學年度：	96
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	125
中文關鍵詞：	壓控振盪器、新型電感、超寬頻
外文關鍵詞：	novel inductor, VCO, UWB
相關次數：	點閱：99 下載：10
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在這篇論文中，我們提出了兩種新型電感架構。在射頻電路中，特別是壓控振盪器之設計，電感是最重要的元件。因此針對電感的使用上，我們將此新型電感應用於振盪器中。
在射頻積體電路系統中，整合性的需求越來越高的情況下，每個射頻電路方塊將會被整合進去晶片中。因此系統之雜訊的抑制能力必須相對的提高，否則電路間雜訊互相影響的情況越嚴重，則會造成各元件間的特性效能越降低。嚴重時甚至會使其他元件的功能失去正常的工作狀態而造成電路誤動作。根據上述所說的雜訊耦合量之間的問題，我們設計出第一個新型的電感來解決傳統型的電感，不管是螺旋式電感、或是對稱式電感，其所造成嚴重的雜訊耦合量問題。第二個新型電感則是解決第一顆新型電感無法提高感值的缺點。也就是說我們預期這個新型的電感除了減少電路之間的雜訊耦合量，還能能夠增加其可用性，並使系統電路間互相干擾的能量變小，來達到各較好的效能。
在新型電感的設計中，我們改善傳統型螺旋電感無法抵抗外來磁場的缺點。並且針對外徑、線寬、線距、以及圈數，做電性特性之模擬與分析。探討其變異量對感值與品質因素的影響。然後對於新型電感的架構做進一步的改善，從新型電感(I)到新型電感(III)，使其使用性更加完善，減少其不便性。在新型電感與傳統螺旋電感的比較之下，新型電感抑制雜訊耦合量的能力比傳統型電感強之外，此外面積也比傳統型電感來的小。
最後將所設計的電感應用在射頻電路的振盪器上。在振盪器的使用上，則是利用電感與電容當作共振腔以及用互補式交錯耦合架構來完成。此振盪器其操作頻率應用在6.336 GHz，符合超寬頻的應用之載頻頻率之一。然後藉由觀察雜訊耦合量的大小去驗證新型電感，的確可以使得雜訊耦合量少於傳統型螺旋電感。根據實驗結果，其操作頻率為7.1GHz，而且新型電感所產生的雜訊耦合量也確實比傳統型電感小。這結果意味著此新型電感是能夠應用於射頻電路當中，並且有效的抑制雜訊耦合量，進一步減少電路間的互相影響與干擾。

The novel inductors have been presented in this dissertation. In the radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), inductors are constantly used for the RF circuit designs, especially for voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). Hence concerning the use of the inductors, we will apply the novel inductor into the VCO.
As the integration requirements get more and more in the RFIC system, every RF block will be integrated into the chip. Therefore the ability of restraining noise must be enhanced relatively, or the mutual influences between the circuit blocks are stronger to make every element’s performance low. Even it will make the element’s function not to work ordinarily and then let the circuit get wrong function. According to the problem of the coupling effect above discussion, we design three novel inductors to solve the problem the traditional inductor induces coupling effect. On the other words, we expect that the novel inductor is able to decrease the noise coupling in order to reduce the mutual interfering power between the circuits of system and get better performance.
We improve the defect the conventional spiral inductor cannot to resist the external magnetic field’s interference in the design of the novel inductor, and directing the radius, width, space, and turns, we simulate and analyze the characters of the inductors in order to discuss the influences of variations on inductance and quality factor. Then what are further improved for the novel inductor’s structures from the novel inductor (I) to novel inductor (III) makes the usability flawless and decreases the inconvenience. At the comparison between the novel inductor and traditional spiral inductor, the ability the novel inductor resists the coupling power is stronger than the traditional inductor, besides the area of the novel inductor is also smaller than conventional inductor.
Finally, the designed inductor is applied to VCO in the RFIC. Then in the use of VCO, this novel inductor and varactors are utilized to be resonant tank and be implemented to VCO by complementary cross-couple pair. The operating frequency of VCO is in 6.336 GHz, and that conforms to the applying carrier frequency in the sub-bank of UWB. Then according to observing magnitude of the noise coupling to verify the novel inductor, the novel inductor is sure able to make the noise coupling less than traditional inductor. In the measurement result, the operating frequency is 7.1 GHz, and the coupling the novel inductor induces is less than conventional inductor indeed.
Consequently, this result imply this novel inductor is capable of applying into the RFIC, and effective in restrain the noise coupling to further decrease the influence and interference between the circuits.

Contents
摘要	I
Abstract 	II
Acknowledgement 	V 
Contents 	VI
List of Tables	VIII
List of Figures	IX
Chapter 1	1
Introduction	1
1.1 Background	1
1.2 Motivation	3
1.3 Thesis Organization	6

Chapter 2	9
Design and Analysis of Novel Spiral Inductor	9
2.1 Introduction of Traditional Spiral Inductor	9
2.2 The Loss of On-Chip Inductor	10
2.3 Analysis of Novel Inductors (I)	16
2.3.1 Magnetic Field Parting	17
2.3.2 Radius	23
2.3.3 Width	27
2.4 Analysis of Novel Inductors (II)	30
2.4.1 Radius	30
2.4.2 Width	34
2.4.3 Space	36
2.4.4 Turn	38
2.4.5 Drawback and Resolution of Novel Inductor (II)	39
2.5 Analysis of Novel Inductors (III)	43
2.5.1 Radius	44
2.5.2 Width	47
2.5.3 Space	49
2.5.4 Turn	51

Chapter 3	54
Voltage Control Oscillator and Coupling Effect	54
3.1 Introduction of Voltage Control Oscillator	54
3.1.1 Oscillator Fundamentals	54
3.1.1.1 Feedback	55
3.1.1.2 Classification	56
3.2 Performance Parameters	59
3.2.1 Phase Noise	59
3.2.1.1 Definition of Phase Noise	59
3.2.2 Phase Noise Model	61
3.2.2.1 Time Invariant Phase Noise Model (Lesson)	62
3.2.2.2 Time Invariant Phase Noise Model (Hajimiri)	63
3.2.3 Other Parameters	65
3.3 The Basic Oscillator Topologies	67
3.3.1 Ring Oscillator	67
3.3.2 LC Oscillator	68
3.4 Design of LC VCO Using the Novel Inductor (I)	69
3.4.1 Varactor	70
3.4.2 The Design Procedure and Considerations of VCO	75
3.4.3 Design the VCO Core, Bias Circuit, and Output Buffer	78
3.4.4 Simulation result	84
3.5 Coupling Effect	91

Chapter 4	97
Measurement Results	97
4.1 Measurement Results of the Novel Spiral Inductor	97
4.1.1 The Measurement of Novel Inductor (I)	97
4.1.2 The Measurement of Novel Inductor (II)	100
4.1.3 The Measurement of Novel Inductor (III)
(Approximate-Symmetric Inductor)	102
4.2 Measurement Results of VCO	105
4.3 Measurement Results of the Coupling Effect	112

Chapter 5	119
Conclusions and Future Work	119
5.1 Conclusions	119
5.2 Future Work	120
References	122




List of Tables
Table 2.1	The comparison between traditional inductor and novel inductor (I)	27
Table 2.2	The comparison between traditional inductor and novel inductor (II)	33
Table 2.3	The comparison between symmetric inductor and novel inductor (III)	46
Table 3.1	The parameters of VCO	84
Table 3.2	(a) The corner and temperature simulations of VCO1	85
Table 3.2	(b) The corner and temperature simulations of VCO2	85
Table 3.3	(a) The spec of VCO1 at Vtune=0.9 V	90
Table 3.3	(b) The spec of VCO2 at Vtune=0.9 V	90
Table 4.1	The parameter of VCO1 and VCO2	112



























List of Figures
Figure 1.1	The applying range of every communication system	1
Figure 1.2	Spectrum of UWB	2
Figure 1.3	Limit of switching sub-band of UWB	3
Figure 1.4	UWB EIPR emission level	3
Figure 1.5	The transceiver architecture	4
Figure 1.6	The synthesizer architecture	5
Figure 2.1	Shapes of different inductors	9
Figure 2.2	(a) Symmetric spiral inductor (b) Center-tap spiral inductor	10
Figure 2.3	(a) A metal line (b) The cross-section of the metal line	11
Figure 2.4	Laminated cores in a time-varying magnetic field	12
Figure 2.5	The eddy current and magnetic distribution	13
Figure 2.6	Cross-section of the inductor on-chip	13
Figure 2.7	Magnetic flux lines of a magnetic dipole	14
Figure 2.8	Eddy current is induced on the metal surface	14
Figure 2.9	The current of metal lines is limited by the eddy current	15
Figure 2.10	Spiral geometry and filamentary representation	15
Figure 2.11	The different effect as the frequency goes up	16
Figure 2.12	The novel inductor (I)	17
Figure 2.13	(a) The magnetic field induced by the current of the inductor
(b) A cross-section of the inductor	18
Figure 2.14	The right inductor is influenced by the left inductor	18
Figure 2.15 	A cross-section of the inductor and its magnetic flux distribution	19
Figure 2.16	(a) The magnetic field of the traditional spiral inductor
(b) The magnetic field of the novel inductor	20
Figure 2.17	The novel inductor is influenced by the left inductor	21
Figure 2.18	(a) The loss density of the traditional spiral inductor
(b) The loss density of the novel inductor	23
Figure 2.19	The inductance in different radius of novel inductor (I)	24
Figure 2.20	The quality in different radius of novel inductor (I)	25
Figure 2.21 	The traditional inductor (I)	25
Figure 2.22	The peak Q and L of novel inductor and traditional inductor	26
Figure 2.23	The inductance in different width of novel inductor (I)	27
Figure 2.24	The Q in different width of novel inductor (I)	28
Figure 2.25	Novel inductor (II)	30
Figure 2.26	The inductance in different radius of novel inductor (II)	31
Figure 2.27	(a) The quality factor in different radius of novel inductor (II)	31
Figure 2.27	(b) The Q peak of novel inductor (II)	32
Figure 2.28	The spiral symmetric inductor	32
Figure 2.29	Comparison of inner or outer radius	34
Figure 2.30	The inductance in different width of novel inductor (II)	35
Figure 2.31	The quality in different width of novel inductor (II)	36
Figure 2.32	The inductance in different space of novel inductor (II)	37
Figure 2.33	(a) The quality in different space of novel inductor (II)	37
Figure 2.33	(b) The Q peak of novel inductor (II)	38
Figure 2.34	The inductance in different turns of novel inductor (II)	39
Figure 2.35	The quality factor in different turns of novel inductor (II)	39
Figure 2.36	(a)、(b)、(c) Different kinds of routing out outside of inductors	40
Figure 2.37	Inductance of the different routing	41
Figure 2.38	(a) Q of the different routing	41
Figure 2.38	(b) the Q peak of the different routing	42
Figure 2.39	Novel inductor (III)	43
Figure 2.40	Inductance in different radius of novel inductor (III)	44
Figure 2.41	(a) Quality factor in different radius of novel inductor (III)	45
Figure 2.41	(b) Quality factor in different radius of novel inductor (III)	45
Figure 2.42	They counteract with each other in inner magnetic field47
Figure 2.43	The inductance in different width of novel inductor (III)	48
Figure 2.44	The quality factor in different width of novel inductor (III)	49
Figure 2.45	The inductance in different space of novel inductor (III)	51
Figure 2.46	The quality factor in different space of novel inductor (III)	51
Figure 2.47	The inductances in different turns of novel inductor (III)	52
Figure 2.48	The quality factor in different turns of novel inductor (III)	52
Figure 3.1	(a) a feedback system (b) Add a frequency-selective network	55 
Figure 3.2	Two different topologies of oscillation system	55 
Figure 3.3	Classifications of the oscillators	56
Figure 3.4	(a) A SC circuit oscillator	57
Figure 3.4	(b) Timing diagram of the SC circuit oscillator	57
Figure 3.5	(a) RC circuit oscillator (b) LC circuit oscillator	58
Figure 3.6	The ring oscillator is composed of three invertors.	59
Figure 3.7	VCO output spectrum and phase noise	60
Figure 3.8	VCO output spectrum of expressing three frequencies	61
Figure 3.9	Lesson’s phase noise model	62
Figure 3.10	(a)The impulse injected at the peak
	(b)The impulse injected at the zero	63
Figure 3.11	The paragraph Kvco diagram	65
Figure 3.12	VCO which don’t change the frequency as the supply voltage 
	variation	66
Figure 3.13	VCO is composed of four numbers cell.	66
Figure 3.14	Two topologies of ring oscillator	67
Figure 3.15	Complementary cross-coupled pair oscillator	68
Figure 3.16	(a) The output swing decays due to the positive resistance, (b) Add a negative resistance to decease consumption of the positive resistance, Rp, (c) The active circuit is used to cancel the loss of Rp, and the active circuit is completed by the right of (c).	69
Figure 3.17	The cross-section of PN junction varactor	70
Figure 3.18	The C-VR curve of PN junction varator	71
Figure 3.19	The cross-section of NMOS varator	72
Figure 3.20	The C-V curve of NMOS varator	72
Figure 3.21	The cross-section of PMOS varator	73
Figure 3.22	The C-V curve of PMOS varactor and five characteristics	73
Figure 3.23	The cross-section of inversion mode MOS varator	74
Figure 3.24	The C-V curve of inversion mode MOS varator	74
Figure 3.25	The cross-section of accumulation mode MOS varator	75
Figure 3.26	The C-V curve of accumulation mode MOS varator	75
Figure 3.27	The flow chart of the design flow of VCO 
	using the novel inductor (I)	77
Figure 3.28	The structure of VCO we design the novel inductor into	78
Figure 3.29	(a) all-NMOS VCO (b) all-PMOS VCO (c) complementary VCO	79
Figure 3.30	The bias current topology	81 
Figure 3.31	The output buffer topology	81
Figure 3.32	VCO diagram	83
Figure 3.33	(a) The tuning range of VCO1	86
Figure 3.33	(b) The tuning range of VCO2	86
Figure 3.34	(a) The output power of VCO1	87
Figure 3.34	(b) The output power of VCO2	87
Figure 3.35	(a) The phase noise @1M Hz of VCO1	88
Figure 3.35	(b) The phase noise @1M Hz of VCO2	88
Figure 3.36	The layout of VCO	89
Figure 3.37	The distribution of three inductors	91
Figure 3.38	The simulation of two inductors	92
Figure 3.39	The simulation of three inductors	93
Figure 3.40	The coupling effect simulation of three inductors	94
Figure 3.41	Spur power of symmetric inductor from VCO using novel inductor and its harmonic tone.	95
Figure 3.42	Spur power of symmetric inductor from VCO using traditional inductor and its harmonic tone.	95
Figure 3.43	Spur power of symmetric inductor from VCO using traditional inductor and its harmonic tone.	96
Figure 4.1	The microphotograph of the novel inductor (I)	98
Figure 4.2	The microphotograph of the traditional middle-routing inductor	98
Figure 4.3	The inductances of the simulation and measurement result	99
Figure 4.4	The quality factor of the simulation and measurement result	99
Figure 4.5	(a) type b as shown in sub-section 2.4.5 
	(b) type c as shown section 2.4.5	100
Figure 4.6	(a) L simulation and measurement result of novel inductor (II)	101
Figure 4.6	(b) L simulation and measurement result of novel inductor (II)	101
Figure 4.7	Q simulations and measurement results of type b and type c	102
Figure 4.8	(a) the novel inductor (III) of s2 (b) the novel inductor (III) of s3	102
Figure 4.9	L of novel inductor (III) in the different space	103
Figure 4.10	Q of novel inductor (III) in the different space	103
Figure 4.11	L of novel inductor (III) in the different topology	104
Figure 4.12	Q of novel inductor (III) in the different topology	105
Figure 4.13	(a) Spectrum of VCO1 in E4440A	106
Figure 4.13	(b) Spectrum of VCO2 in E4440A	106
Figure 4.14	(a) Tuning range of VCO1 in E5052A	107
Figure 4.14	(b) Tuning range of VCO1 in E5052A	107
Figure 4.15	(a) Phase noise of VCO1 in E4440A	108
Figure 4.15	(b) Phase noise of VCO2 in E4440A	108
Figure 4.16	(a) Phase noise of VCO1 with filter capacitor in E4440A	109
Figure 4.16	(b) Phase noise of VCO2 with filter capacitor in E4440A	109
Figure 4.17	(a) (b) Output power of VCO1 and VCO2 in E5052A	110
Figure 4.18	(a), (b) Power consumption of VCO1 and VCO2 in E5052A	111
Figure 4.19	(a), (b) Core power consumption of VCO1 and VCO2 in E5052A	111
Figure 4.20	The coupling of whole circuit	113
Figure 4.21	Coupling test chip	114
Figure 4.22	Coupling test chip and PCB1	114
Figure 4.23	(a) Coupling measurement of PCB1 (1)	116
Figure 4.23	(b) Coupling measurement of PCB1 (2)	116
Figure 4.24	Coupling test chip and PCB2	117
Figure 4.25	(a) Coupling measurement of PCB2 (1)	118
Figure 4.25	(b) Coupling measurement of PCB2 (2)	118
                                    

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