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研究生： 賴東暘
Lai, Tung-Yang
論文名稱： 集水區大量崩塌土砂輸入後河道地貌之演變分析
River Morphological Evolution Following Massive Sediment Input from Watershed Landslides
指導教授： 詹錢登
Jan, Chyan-Deng
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 水利及海洋工程學系
Department of Hydraulic & Ocean Engineering
論文出版年： 2026
畢業學年度： 114
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 221
中文關鍵詞： 河道地貌演變 、大量土沙輸入 、粒徑與粗糙度關係 、數值模擬 、無人機攝影測量
外文關鍵詞： River morphological evolution, Massive sediment input, grain size-roughness relationships, Numerical simulation, UAV photogrammetry
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    • 極端降雨常誘發大規模的崩塌，當巨量土砂輸入河道，將迫使河道地形產生劇烈調整。事件後滯留於河道中的土砂，易隨後續降雨事件再移動，持續影響下游河道地形，並增加二次土沙災害之風險。本研究旨在探討臺灣山區河川在歷經2009年莫拉克颱風之極端擾動後，河道地貌的演變歷程。研究以屏東縣來社溪及南投縣神木村河段為對象，整合現地調查、遙測影像判釋及空間分析，量化河床高程、坡度、寬度及辮狀指數之時空演變；並利用無人載具高精度點雲分析河床粗糙度，並探討其與河床表面粒徑之關聯；此外，應用SiMHiS (Storm Induced Multi-Hazards Information Simulator) 模式模擬來社溪集水區在莫拉克事件之情境下，經歷不同降雨強度之後續連續降雨情境下，河道地形之演變趨勢。
    研究結果顯示，莫拉克颱風造成來社溪與神木村集水區之崩塌面積分別增加10倍及5倍。大量崩塌土沙輸入河道導致河床大幅淤高、河床坡度陡化、河寬擴展及辮狀指數上升。隨著後續降雨事件驅動，泥沙逐漸往下游輸移，在來社溪河段觀察到上、下游河段在不同時期相異的變化趨勢，在2010至2013年間中、下游河段因承接上游河段下移之土沙，出現二次淤積的現象。截至2024年，兩集水區河段雖展現相似的演變過程（河床下切、河道窄縮、坡度趨緩及辮狀指數下降），但其回復進程卻存在顯著差異：神木村集水區河段之平均坡度、寬度、辮狀指數與主河道高程回復率為173.0%、89.6%、75.6%及74.0%。相對而言，來社溪河段則為108.0%、36.5%、35.5%及17.3%，來社溪部分下游河段平均高程甚至仍高於莫拉克事件剛結束後之水準。另一方面，災前坡度越陡的子河段，各項地貌因子之回復程度也相對較高，實證了具備較高水力輸沙量能的河段，在經歷大量輸入後能更迅速排出泥沙，促進地貌回復。
    本研究建立了和社溪上游河段與來社溪與內社溪匯流段上游河段的粒徑與粗糙度關係。藉由線性關係斜率隨粒徑增加而遞增之特性，建構了河段尺度的「粒徑-粗糙度整合關係」，其具備推估含粗粒料河床表面粒徑分布之潛力。其中，基於粗糙度高度（Roughness Height, RH）指標所得之關係式，相較於標準差與去勢標準差方法，展示出更佳的跨河段應用性。此外，雖然不同河段所建立的關係式係數未盡相同，但於地貌特徵相似之河段內，粒徑與粗糙度仍保有高度相關性，展示了未來分區建立推估模式之應用潛力。
    在數值模擬方面，SiMHiS數值模擬重現了來社溪河段於莫拉克事件主幹道越往上游淤積程度更加明顯的趨勢。透過調整有效河寬，模擬所得的淤積高程與實測結果的平均絕對誤差約3.9公尺。在後續的設計降雨情境，模式亦捕捉到上、下游河道高程的差異變化趨勢。中、下游河段將在上游淤積土沙逐漸下移後，將經歷規模相較事件當下更大、且持續更久的二次淤積。河道高程的長期演變是非線性的過程，其受局部河段的土沙傳輸能力（流量、寬度及坡度）在時間與空間上的差異所影響。研究結果建議河道治理策略可根據局部河段的土沙供給與傳輸特性進行差異化治理。

    Extreme rainfall frequently triggers large-scale landslides in mountainous regions. When massive sediment are delivered into river channels, the river morphology is forced to undergo rapid adjustment. The large amount of sediment stored in the channel after such events can be readily remobilized by subsequent rainfall, continuously affecting downstream channel morphology and increasing the risk of secondary sediment-related hazards. This study investigates the evolution of river morphology in mountainous rivers in Taiwan following the extreme perturbation of Typhoon Morakot in 2009. Focusing on the river reaches in the Laishe River Watershed and the Shemu Village Watershed, this research integrates field investigations, image interpretation, and spatial analysis to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of riverbed elevation, slope, channel width, and braiding index. Additionally, high-resolution point clouds derived from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) surveys are utilized to analyze riverbed surface roughness and examine its correlation with surface grain size distributions. Furthermore, the SiMHiS (Storm Induced Multi-Hazards Information Simulator) model is employed to simulate riverbed recovery trends in Laishe River watershed following the Typhoon Morakot under various subsequent rainfall intensities scenarios.
    The results indicate that Typhoon Morakot caused the landslide areas in the Laishe River and Shemu Village watersheds to increase by 10 and 5 times, respectively. This massive sediment input resulted in significant riverbed aggradation, channel steepening, widening, and an increased braiding index. Driven by subsequent rainfall events, the sediment was gradually transported downstream. Divergent evolutionary trends were observed between the upstream and downstream reaches of the Laishe River during different periods (e.g., significant secondary aggradation occurred in the mid- and downstream reaches due to sediment transport from upstream reaches between 2010 and 2013). By 2024, although both reaches exhibited similar evolutionary processes (channel incision, narrowing, slope reduction, and a decreased braiding index), their recovery progress differed significantly. The average recovery degree for slope, width, braiding index, and main channel elevation in the Shemu Village reach were 173.0%, 89.6%, 75.6%, and 74.0%, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding rates for the Laishe River reach were 108.0%, 36.5%, 35.5%, and 17.3%, with the average elevation of the downstream Laishe River remaining even higher than its immediate post-Morakot levels. Sub-reaches with steeper slopes exhibited relatively higher degrees of recovery across morphological factors, demonstrating that reaches with higher hydraulic sediment transport capacity can more rapidly evacuate sediment following a massive pulse, thereby accelerating morphological recovery.
    This study established grain size–roughness relationships in the upstream reach of the Heshe River and the Laishe River. By exploiting the characteristic increase in the slope of the linear relationship with increasing grain size, an integrated grain size–roughness relationship at the reach scale was developed, demonstrating potential for estimating surface grain size distributions in coarse-bed rivers. Among the roughness metrics examined, relationships derived from the roughness height (RH) index exhibited better cross-reach applicability than those derived from the standard deviation and detrended standard deviation methods. Although the coefficients of the relationships differ among river reaches, strong correlations between grain size and roughness were consistently observed within reaches sharing similar geomorphic characteristics, highlighting the potentials of establishing zonal estimation models in future applications.
    The SiMHiS simulation successfully reproduced the spatial distribution of erosion and deposition in the Laishe River reaches following the Morakot event and captured the dynamic differential trends in channel elevation between the upstream and downstream reaches under subsequent hypothetical rainfall scenarios. The results show that the mid- and downstream reaches will experience a prolonged secondary aggradation that is larger in scale compared to the initial event, driven by the gradual downstream transport of upstream-deposited sediment. Crucially, the long-term recovery trajectory of riverbed elevation is highly non-linear, fundamentally governed by spatiotemporal variations in sediment transport capacity. These findings suggest that river management strategies must shift from uniform channelization to spatially and materially adaptive approaches based on localized sediment supply and transport capacity.

    摘要 i Abstract iii 致謝 vi Content vii List of Tables x List of Figures xiii 各章節概要 xxi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research background 1 1.2. Research objectives and framework 2 2. Literature Review 4 2.1. River morphology and river self-adjustment 4 2.1.1. Theoretical framework of river self-adjustment 4 2.1.2. Characteristics of mountain rivers 8 2.1.3. Drivers of change: from rainfall to sediment pulses 9 2.1.4. Morphological Response to Sediment Pulses 13 2.1.5. Case Studies of Sediment Pulse Evolution 15 2.2. Investigation of riverbed grain size distribution 17 2.2.1. Manual sampling method 18 2.2.2. Topographic-data based analysis method 22 2.3. Numerical Framework: The SiMHiS Model 27 2.3.1. Overview and Model Architecture 27 2.3.2. Hydrological Process 28 2.3.3. Sediment Production and supply 29 2.3.4. In-channel Sediment Transport Model 32 3. Method 37 3.1. Study area 37 3.1.1. Laishe River Watershed 37 3.1.2. Shemu village watershed 40 3.2. Data collection 42 3.2.1. Rainfall data 42 3.2.2. Landslide area and its distribution 43 3.2.3. Aerial photo and topography data collection 44 3.3. UAV for orthophoto and topography construction 46 3.4. River morphological evolution analysis 50 3.4.1. Riverbed elevation analysis 50 3.4.2. Channel classification and planform characteristics analysis 51 3.5. Grain size and roughness relation analysis 55 3.5.1. Field Survey 55 3.5.2. Roughness analysis 56 3.6. SiMHiS simulation 63 3.6.1. Watershed and river segmentation 63 3.6.2. Estimation of Sediment Production 63 3.6.3. Base Model Parameters 65 3.6.4. Simulation scenarios and sensitivity analysis 67 4. Results and Discussion 70 4.1. Hydrology and watershed landslide analysis 70 4.1.1. Hydrology analysis 70 4.1.2. Watershed landslide analysis 72 4.2. River morphological evolution following massive sediment input 80 4.2.1. DoD analysis in the whole river area 80 4.2.2. Temporal Evolution of Cross-Sectional Topography 96 4.2.3. Riverbed slope anaylsis 99 4.2.4. Main channel width analysis 103 4.2.5. Braiding index analysis 106 4.2.6. Summary of river morphology evolution following sediment pulse 112 4.3. Grain size and roughness relation analysis 116 4.3.1. Manual samplings 116 4.3.2. Analysis of calculation grid size for roughness metrics 121 4.3.3. Linear correlation analysis between grain size and roughness metrics 124 4.3.4. Integrated relations between grain size and roughness 133 4.3.5. Examination of the integrated grain size-roughness relation 138 4.3.6. Applicability of the integrated grain size-roughness relation in Heshe River 142 4.3.7. Spatial distribution and statistical analysis of riverbed elevation and surface roughness changes 149 4.3.8. Limitations and Future Directions 153 4.4. Results of SiMHiS simulation 157 4.4.1. Phase 1: Simulation of the Typhoon Morakot Event 157 4.4.2. Phase 2: Design storm sequences 160 4.4.3. Limitations and future directions 166 5. Conclusion and Suggestion 170 5.1. River morphological evolution following massive sediment input 170 5.2. Grain size and roughness relation analysis in riverbeds with coarse grains 172 5.3. SiMHiS simulation for Typhoon Morakot event and sequence hypothetical rainfall scenarios in the Laishe River Watershed 173 6. Reference 175

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