許多年青人對於開罐動作是有困難的。雖然過去的研究曾經探討身體姿勢對開罐的影響，但這些研究大多是針對單隻手指的表現或在手指抓握位置和上肢受限制的情況下所得到的結果。在受試者可以使用自由、自然上肢動作和手指抓握位置的情況下，進一步去分析手指間的協調功能是有必要的。本論文的研究目的是在上述的前提下，來分析開罐姿勢對於右手手指之間的外力協調模式、拇指和食指單一手指內部關節受力和肌肉肌腱力量的影響。
本論文使用了兩個主要的器材。一個是模仿市面上常見到的罐子模擬器，用來收集右手手指施力於罐蓋上的指尖力量和力矩。另ㄧ個是具有8台攝影鏡頭的3D 動態分析系統(HiRes Expert VisionTM)，用以建立罐子模擬器和手指關節中心的座標系。並進一步將兩系統的資料同步化後，計算拇指和食指的內部關節受力和肌肉肌腱力量。共有四個次主題來探討開罐姿勢的影響：(1)探討右手拇指、食指-中指、無名指-小指，三個手指群的指外力協調模式在站立的2種開罐姿勢下的差異，(2)探討右手拇指、食指、中指-無名指-小指，三個手指群的指外力協調模式，(3)拇指內部力量協調模式，以及(4)食指內部力量協調模式，在坐姿的3種開罐姿勢下的差異。
研究結果顯示，在開罐動作中每個手指群除了提供足夠的抓握力量以避免手指滑動外，也貢獻了扭轉力矩來打開罐子。雖然在第一和第二次主題中，正向力分別是切線力的 1.82~3.54 和 3.02-3.36 倍，但改變開罐姿勢並不會對正向力與切線力的比值造成影響。自由的上肢協調作用和良好雙手運用對開罐動作是很重要的。不管是在站立、坐姿、或在不同的手指分群情形下，Off-table或Free-way開罐姿勢能夠產生較有效益的開罐力量和總力矩。在次主題(1)中，拇指在Vertical開罐姿勢中可以產生較大的切線力、總合力和力矩貢獻度。站立時，食指-中指群和無名指-小指群的力矩貢獻度是拇指的1.39~2.50倍。在2種開罐姿勢中，食指-中指群的力矩貢獻度是差不多的，拇指在Vertical姿勢有較大的力矩貢獻度(26%> 21%)，而無名指-小指群在Free-way姿勢有較大的力矩貢獻度(42%> 35%)。相反的，在次主題(2)中，拇指在Off-table姿勢可產生較大的力量。在三種開罐姿勢中，拇指的力矩貢獻度都是最大的，再來是中指-無名指-小指群，最小的是食指。食指和中指-無名指-小指群的力矩貢獻度是拇指的0.56~0.96倍。因此，由上述結果可知，Free-way (Off-table)開罐姿勢對於年輕族群而言是較好的開罐動作策略。
開罐姿勢對拇指和食指內部結構力量的影響研究結果顯示，所有拇指和食指的肌肉肌腱都有施力，然而肌肉肌腱力量相對於指外力或開罐姿勢而言，並非線性關係。開罐姿勢會影響食指的PIP關節屈曲、MP關節外展角度和拇指的CMC關節外展角度。在任一種姿勢下，CMC關節的受力都是最大的。肌肉肌腱合力和所有的關節受力都遠大於指外力。開罐動作中拇指和食指的肌肉肌腱協調模式分別是FPL> OPP> FPB> ADP 和 FDP> RI> FDS。
總結而言，右手手指之間的外力和內部結構力量協調模式會因為使用不同的開罐姿勢而改變。本論文的研究結果可以提供年輕人更有效益的開罐姿勢建議，並進一步作為臨床治療、擬定訓練活動、人工關節和機器手臂設計的知識基礎。在未來的研究中，需進一步增加罐蓋上的力量感應器以釐清五個手指的生物力學表現和協調模式。另外，其它如collateral ligament 和 pulley的軟組織也可能會影響肌肉肌腱的施力和力量傳遞，可將這些組織置入力學模型之中。

Many young adults have difficulty opening jars. Although previous studies have attempted to clarify the body posture effect during such a task, the experiments in them focused on a single digit or actions with unnatural finger positions, and were further restricted to upper extremity postures. A further study is required to investigate the fingers’ coordination, as well as each subject’s natural and self-selected upper extremity posture and finger grasp location when opening a jar. The object of this study is to analyze the external and internal force coordination and torque contribution among the thumb and fingers during jar opening movement, moreover, to compare their difference for the opening posture effect.
There are two major apparatuses used in this study. One is the valid jar simulator fabricated as a common selling container. It is designed for collecting the external fingertip forces and torques of the subjects’ right hand fingers. The other apparatus, the video-based motion analysis system adopted the 3D HiRes Expert VisionTM and consisted of 8 CCD cameras was used for constructing the 3D coordinated systems of the jar lid and the fingers, and computing the finger joint orientation. Data of the two systems were further synchronized for calculating the internal tendon and joint force of the thumb and index finger.
A self-selected finger position and free-arm posture of each subject were allowed. The opening posture effect on four projects, (1) the fingertip force coordination of the thumb, the index-middle finger group and the ring-little finger group in standing among two open postures, (2) the fingertip force coordination of the thumb, the index finger and the middle-ring-little finger group in sitting, (3) the internal generation of the thumb, and (4) the internal generation of the index finger for three open postures, were analyzed, respectively.
The results sowed that each finger group not only provided enough grasping force to avoid finger slipping, but also contributed twist torque to open a jar. Although the normal forces were 1.82~3.54 and 3.02-3.36 times the tangential forces for project (1) and (2), respectively, the jar holding postures did not alter the normal force to tangential force ratio of each finger group. The free arm coordination and the bilateral hand using were important to open a jar. The off-table or free-way posture could produced the most effective force, no matter whether the subjects were standing, sitting or any type of finger group was defined. In project (1), the thumb produced greater tangential, resultant forces and had greater torque contribution for the vertical opening posture. The torque contributions of the index-middle and ring-little finger groups were 1.39~2.50 times that of the thumb when the subject was standing to open a jar. The index-middle finger group had similar torque contributions for both postures. The torque contribution of the thumb increased (26% and 21% for vertical and free-way posture, respectively), while the ring-little finger group torque contribution decreased (35% and 42% for vertical and free-way posture, respectively) in the vertical opening posture. Despite this, the thumb exerted the greatest force for the off-table posture in project (2). The thumb had the greatest torque contribution for the three postures, followed by that of the middle-ring-little finger group, and the lowest contribution of the index finger. The torque contribution of the index finger and the middle-ring-little finger group were 0.56~0.96 times that of the thumb. Each finger group had approximate contributions for the three postures. As such, the free-way (off-table) opening posture is the better strategy for young adults to open a jar.
The posture effect on the internal generation of the thumb and index finger showed that all muscles and tendons in each produced forces for such an opening task, whereas the muscle force was not in a linear relationship depending on the fingertip force and opening posture. There was opening posture effect on the PIP joint flexion and MP joint abduction of the index finger, and the CMC joint abduction of the thumb. The CMC joint had the maximal load rather than the IP and MP joints for the three opening postures. Both the all muscle force and joint compression force were much larger than the fingertip force for both fingers. The muscle and tendon generation patterns during jar opening were FPL> OPP> FPB> ADP and FDP> RI> FDS for the thumb and index finger, respectively.
In contrary, the thumb and fingers coordinated in different pattern when altering the opening posture. The results might be able to help young people successfully complete the jar open task, and further to serve as a knowledge basis for the clinical treatment, protocol of training activity, design of the artificial joint and robot hand. Other soft tissues like the collateral ligament and pulley may influence the muscle and tendon force production and transmission. Those should be recruited and the forces of the five fingers need to be clarified in future studies.

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