| 研究生: |
張志豪 Chang, Chih-Hao |
|---|---|
| 論文名稱: |
遠距齒顎矯正之民事責任探討 Civil Liability of Tele-Orthodontics |
| 指導教授: |
侯英泠
Hou, Ying-Lin |
| 學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
| 系所名稱: |
社會科學院 - 法律學系 Department of Law |
| 論文出版年: | 2023 |
| 畢業學年度: | 111 |
| 語文別: | 中文 |
| 論文頁數: | 141 |
| 中文關鍵詞: | 齒顎矯正 、遠距醫療 、直效行銷 、組織義務 、資訊自主權 |
| 外文關鍵詞: | Medical Service, telemedicine, Orthodontics, direct-to-consumer marketing, consumer Protection Act, Organizational Liability, Privacy |
| 相關次數: | 點閱:152 下載:25 |
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科技的進步推動醫療技術的發展,遠距醫療在通訊技術的基礎上,改善既有的醫療服務給付模式,使需要的受眾得以更自由地取用之,現今亦有研究嘗試將遠距醫療技術應用於齒顎矯正治療。本文依依照醫療任務的類型、遠端醫療人員所面對的主體,將遠距齒顎矯正治療區分為不同類別。醫療人員雙方僅透過談話交換意見,並未明確涉及交換個案病況資訊,無法認定醫療人員與病人之間成立醫療關係。醫療人員提供專業上的建議,但不涉及對個案情況之判斷,無法因此認定醫療人員已承諾參與醫療行為。醫療人員不僅提供醫學知識技能上的諮詢,還取得病患的醫療記錄,並進行解讀進行分析診斷,可認定醫療人員的行為認定已自行開啟醫療關係,遠端醫療人員即負有注意義務,應迴避可預見之損害發生。
以諮詢為主要內容的類型,醫療人員根據受委託的事項,以善良管理人之注意,遠距診察並提出專業建議,取得臨床取得資訊有侷限,醫療人員應明示此項限制;若近端有專業醫療人員,亦應基於善良管理人之注意執行醫療任務,控管遠距醫療之風險。
醫療人員需完成特定結果的類型屬承攬,醫療人員以約定之結果作為請求報酬的要件。若因應不得已事由所為的應變,對於治療成效有所減損、或是遠距醫療所生之損害,於合理未過當的前提下,可援用緊急避難的法理,阻卻其違法性。於普遍情況,醫療提供者應向病人明確披露醫療服務的品質與成效、所有已知的風險,俾使病人能夠作出有利於己的選擇。若業者透過契約條款限制病人權利,應透過《消費者保護法》之規定,回復雙方於權利義務上對等之地位。雙方當事人於契約內容有約定者,優先依約定,若未明確約定者,以「現今普遍可接受的醫療水準」之同類型醫療結果,補充其不明確之部分。其治療成效不及現今普遍可接受的醫療水準,構成不完全給付,醫療提供者亦可能因故意過失,侵害病人權利,例如身體完整性或自主決定權。醫療提供者以欺罔或誤導的方式履行說明,病人可撤銷締結契約之意思表示。資訊安全是近來遠距醫療所關切的議題,醫療提供者使用病人之醫療資料應以取得病人明確同意為原則,並於取得目的相容的範圍內謹慎使用,避免造成病人資訊洩漏。
儘管遠距齒顎矯正服務於標示說明及技術上存在瑕疵,然而上述瑕疵仍有改進修正的可能性,設若政策上欲將遠距齒顎矯正治療納入作為一般治療的選項,應要求醫療提供者修正安全上之瑕疵,同時加強醫療人員的注意義務及告知說明義務,向民眾明確揭示其所有可能的風險、及服務相關且足以影響交易決定之事項,使民眾得以獲得最新、完整的醫療資訊。醫療機構與業者於可得控管的範圍內,應建立適當規範以供醫療提供者遵循,並適時監督執行成效,以維護病人接受服務的安全。醫療機構必須向當地衛生主管機關登記,方可執行遠距齒顎矯正服務。如此或可敦促遠距齒顎矯正治療持續進步,並維護病人接受服務的安全性。
This thesis utilizes scholars' opinions as the main framework of discussion and put forward the controversial aspects in clinical treatment. Also, we make reference to relevant regulations of other countries, so as to analyze the civil liabilities of tele-orthodontics. Exchanging opinions which do not explicitly involve medical condition of a specific patient do not constitute medical relationship between medical practitioners and the patient. Practitioner obtains the patient's medical records, analyses it and offer professional opinions, it can be concluded that the practitioner's behavior have established a medical relationship with this patient, therefor the practitioner has a duty of care to avoid foreseeable harm. Under circumstances of avoiding imminent dangers, the action is necessary for avoiding the danger and does not exceed the limit of the injury medical providers are not liable for the loss. In general situations, medical professionals should make clear the quality and effectiveness of medical services, all known risks which enable the patient to make the best choice for his best interest. The practitioners should provide medical service with care and well-inform patient about possible dangers. In the consultation-based type, the practitioner provides professional advice with the care of a prudent person, if there are medical professionals in proximity, the practitioner should perform task with caution necessarily required in medical practice and control the risks of telemedicine. In the type of complete a definite work, the practitioner should complete the work with care of prudent person and the quality of treatment outcome should fulfill the prevailing standard of the same kind.
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楊玉隆(2018),我國「醫師應親自診察」規定之法律分析,台灣醫界,第61卷,第2期,頁44-47。
楊全斌(2010),齒列矯正時牙根吸收的現象、發生機制與風險因素之考量(上),台灣牙醫界,第29卷,第1、2期,頁18-26。
楊秀儀(2007),論病人自主權-我國法上“告知後同意”之請求權基礎探討,臺大法學論叢,第36卷,第2期,頁229-268。
廖建瑜(2012),論醫師之轉診義務─評析臺灣高等法院高雄分院九十五年度重醫上更(三)字第二號刑事判決,法學新論,第35期,頁121-156。
廖建瑜(2022),雙側卵巢切除致不能生育案:須經病人同意的醫療選項與醫師臨床裁量衝突,月旦醫事法報告,第66期,頁108-127。
劉傳璟(2022),單純美容醫療行為之刑法評價,月旦醫事法報告,第64期,頁7-21。
鄧學仁(2010),子女最佳利益之適用爭議與發展方向,台灣法學雜誌,第155期,頁45-61。
鄭牧民(2011),牙科醫療契約的性質與給付,台灣法學雜誌,第175期,頁59-62。
盧映潔/葛建成/高忠漢(2006),論醫療行爲之常規診療義務,臺大法學論叢,第35卷,第4期,頁161-188。
(四) 碩博士論文
陳家誼(2020),未成年人病人自主權行使之保障,國立成功大學法律系碩士論文。
陳珮琪(2014),論病人之與有過失,國立成功大學法律系碩士論文。
陳勛(2019),醫師親自診察義務於醫學倫理及法律之適用,國立政治大學法律科際整合研究所碩士論文。
黃姿穎(2018),美容醫學契約責任之探討,國立成功大學法律系碩士論文。
黃清濱(2014),醫師親自診察原則之研究,東海大學法律學系研究所博士論文。
(五) 研究計畫報告
林芳郁/吳建樑/劉永弘/張耀懋/潘易昌/程淑文(2002),遠距醫療管制之實益及立法研究,行政院衛生署九十一年度科技研究發展計畫。
二、 日文文獻
四宮和夫(1985),事務管理・不当利得・不法行為 中・下巻,青林書院:東京都。
我妻榮(1964),債權總論,新訂版,岩波書店:東京都。
西野喜一(2003),医療水準と医療慣行,收錄於:太田幸夫編,醫療過誤訴訟法,青林書院:東京都,頁103-117。
峯川浩子(2012),注意義務論と医療慣行-日米比較の視点から,收錄於:甲斐克則編,医療事故と医事法,信山社:東京都,頁128-151。
三、 英文文獻
(一) 書籍
Bernard Fong, A. C. M. Fong, and C. K. Li. 2020. Telemedicine Technologies: Information Technologies in Medicine and Digital Health. Hoboken: Wiley.
Doni L. Bird and Debbie S. Robinson. 2012. Modern Dental ASSISTING. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders.
Proffit W R, Fields H W, Larson B E, and Sarver D M. 2019. Contemporary Orthodontics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress. 2019. The Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
(二) 論文集
Peter Shellis. 2013. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Caries. Pp. 21-39 in Caries Management: Science and Clinical Practice, edited by Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel, Sebastian Paris, Kim R. Ekstrand. Stuttgart: Thieme.
Rainer Haak, Michael J. Wicht. 2013. Radiographic and Other Additional Diagnostic Methods. Pp. 86-102 in Caries Management: Science and Clinical Practice, edited by Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel, Sebastian Paris, Kim R. Ekstrand. Stuttgart: Thieme.
Sebastian Paris, Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel and Kim R. Ekstrand. 2013. From Diagnostics to Therapy. Pp. 133-146 in Caries Management: Science and Clinical Practice, edited by Hendrik Meyer-Lueckel, Sebastian Paris, Kim R. Ekstrand. Stuttgart: Thieme.
Guo J. 2021. Root Resorption. Pp. 5-25 in Clinical Management of Orthodontic Root Resorption, edited by Glenn T. Sameshima. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: Imprint: Springer.
Sameshima GT. 2021. Diagnosis. Pp. 33-47 in Clinical Management of Orthodontic Root Resorption, edited by Glenn T. Sameshima. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: Imprint: Springer.
Sameshima GT. 2021. Risk Factors. Pp. 49-80 in Clinical Management of Orthodontic Root Resorption, edited by Glenn T. Sameshima. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: Imprint: Springer.
Sameshima GT. 2021. Management. Pp. 95-105 in Clinical Management of Orthodontic Root Resorption, edited by Glenn T. Sameshima. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: Imprint: Springer.
Sameshima GT. 2021. Long-term Prognosis of EARR. Pp. 115-123 in Clinical Management of Orthodontic Root Resorption, edited by Glenn T. Sameshima. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland: Imprint: Springer.
Giovanni E. Salvi, Tord Berglundh and Niklaus P. Lang. 2105. Examination of Patients. Pp. 559-573 in Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, vol. 2, 6th ed., edited by Niklaus P. Lang and Jan Lindhe ; associate editors, Tord Berglundh, William V. Giannobile, Mariano Sanz. Chichester, West Sussex ; Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell.
Louis H. Berman and Ilan Rotstein. 2021. Diagnosis. Pp. 1-31 in Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, 12th ed., edited by Louis H. Berman, Kenneth M. Hargreaves . Missouri: Elsevier.
Ashraf F. Fouad and Linda G. Levin. 2021. Pulp Reactions to Caries and Dental Procedures. Pp. 557-584 in Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, 12th ed., edited by Louis H. Berman, Kenneth M. Hargreaves . Missouri: Elsevier.
Lisette (J.E.W.C.) van Gemert-Pijnen, Hanneke Kip, Saskia M. Kelders, and Robbert Sanderman. 2018. Introducing eHealth. Pp. 1-24 in Ehealth Research, Theory, Development: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach, edited by Lisette van Gemert-Pijnen, Saskia M. Kelders, Hanneke Kip and Robbert Sanderman. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge.
Stephen Richmond, Caryl Wilson-Nagrani, Alexei Zhurov, Damian Farnell, Jennifer Galloway, Azrul Safuan Mohd Ali, Pertti Pirttiniemi, and Visnja Katic. 2018. Factors Influencing Facial Shape. Pp. 69-81 in EVIDENCE-BASED ORTHODONTICS, 2nd ed., edited by Greg J. Huang, Stephen Richmond, Katherine W.L. Vig. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Bollen AM, Cunha‐Cruz J, Bakko DW, Huang GJ, and Hujoel. 2018. The Effects of Orthodontic Therapy on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review of Controlled Evidence. Pp. 174-175 in EVIDENCE-BASED ORTHODONTICS, 2nd ed., edited by Greg J. Huang, Stephen Richmond, Katherine W.L. Vig. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Kaklamanos EG, Kourakou M, Kloukos D, Doulis I, and Kavvadia S. 2018. Performance of Clear Vacuum-Formed Thermoplastic Retainers Depending on Retention Protocol: A Systematic Review. Pp. 178-179 in EVIDENCE-BASED ORTHODONTICS, 2nd ed., edited by Greg J. Huang, Stephen Richmond, Katherine W.L. Vig. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Shashi Gogia. 2020. Rationale, history, and basics of telehealth. Pp. 11-34 in Fundamentals of Telemedicine and Telehealth, edited by Shashi Gogia, London: Academic Press.
Beers A and Duong TT. 2006. Mechanics of Tooth Movement with Invisalign.Pp.149-151 in The Invisalign System, edited by Orhan C. Tuncay. London ; Chicago: Quintessence.
Robert Tricca and Chunha Li. 2006. Properties of Aligner Material Ex30. Pp.177-185 in The Invisalign System, edited by Orhan C. Tuncay. London ; Chicago: Quintessence.
Duong TT and Robert Tricca. 2006. Force Application with Invisalign: Constancy and Compliance. Pp. 207-213 in The Invisalign System, edited by Orhan C. Tuncay. London ; Chicago: Quintessence.
Miethke RR, Jost-Brinkmann PG. 2006. Interproximal Enamel Reduction. Pp. 255-267 in The Invisalign System, edited by Orhan C. Tuncay. London ; Chicago: Quintessence.
Kuo E. 2006. Data Mining: Principle and Considerations. Pp. 301-308 in The Invisalign System, edited by Orhan C. Tuncay. London ; Chicago: Quintessence.
Wilbur Eugene Roberts and Sarandeep Singh Huja. 2017. Bone Physiology, Metabolism, and Biomechanics in Orthodontic Practice. Pp. 99-153 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
David L. Turpin and Greg Huang. 2017. The Role of Evidence in Orthodontics. Pp. 200-207 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Juan Martin Palomo, Hakan El, Leena Palomo, and Kingman P. Strohl. 2017. Upper Airway, Cranial Morphology, and Sleep Apnea. Pp. 319-352 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Jeffery P. Okeson. 2017. Orthodontic Therapy and the Patient with Temporomandibular Disorder. Pp. 353-366 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Katherine W.L. Vig and Ana M. Mercado. 2017. The Orthodontist’s Role in a Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Team. Pp. 367-394 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
James A. McNamara, Laurie McNamara McClatchey, and Lee W. Graber. 2017. Optimizing Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics: Treatment Timing and Mixed Dentition Therapy. Pp. 403-436 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
David E. Paquette, Clark Colville, and Timothy Wheeler. 2017. Clear Aligner Treatment. Pp. 778-811 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Donald R. Jondeph, Greg Huang, and Rober Little. 2017. Stability, Retention, and Relapse, in Pp. 981-996 in Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 6th ed., edited by Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr., Katherine W.L. Vig, Greg J. Huang. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Stavros Papaconstantinou. 2004. Metabolic Profile of Orthodontic Patients Exhibiting Root Resorption: An Assessment of The Biologic Predisposition Hypothesis. Pp.47-60 in Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts' Guide to Malpractice, edited by Thomas M. Graber, Theodore Eliades, Athanasios E. Athanasiou. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
Matasa. 2004. Polymers in orthodontics: A present danger?. Pp. 113-130 in Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts' Guide to Malpractice, edited by Thomas M. Graber, Theodore Eliades, Athanasios E. Athanasiou. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
Stavros Kiliaridis and Marianne Bergius. 2004. Pain and Discomfort in Orthodontics. Pp. 131-144 in Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts' Guide to Malpractice, edited by Thomas M. Graber, Theodore Eliades, Athanasios E. Athanasiou. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
Robert L. Vanarsdall. 2004. Malpractice Aspects of Orthodontic Treatment in Patients with Periodontal Disease. Pp. 191-206 in Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts' Guide to Malpractice, edited by Thomas M. Graber, Theodore Eliades, Athanasios E. Athanasiou. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
Harta Mozzanti, Alessandro Moolo, and Roberto Antomicelli. 2013. E-Health and Telemedicine in the Elderly: State of the Art. Pp. 33-43 in Telehealth Networks for Hospital Services: New Methodologies, edited by Vincenzo Gulla, Angelo Rossi Mori, Francesco Gabbrielli, Pietro Lanzafame. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global.
Vincenzo Gullà, Corrado Cancellotti. 2013. Telemedicine in Emergency: A First Aid Hospital Network Experience. Pp. 240-248 in Telehealth Networks for Hospital Services: New Methodologies, edited by Vincenzo Gulla, Angelo Rossi Mori, Francesco Gabbrielli, Pietro Lanzafame. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global.
(三) 期刊
Alonso S G, Marques G, Barrachina I, Garcia-Zapirain B, Arambarri J, Salvador J C, and dela Torre Díez I. 2021. Telemedicine and E-Health Research Solutions in Literature For Combatting Covid-19: A Systematic Review. Health and Technology 11:257-266.
Antonino Lo Giudice, Vincenzo Ronsivalle, Pietro Venezia, Rosalia Ragusa, Giuseppe Palazzo , Rosalia Leonardi, and Antonio Lazzara. 2022. Teleorthodontics: Where Are We Going? from Skepticism to the Clinical Applications of a New Medical Communication and Management System. International Journal of Dentistry 2022:1-8.
Atherton H, Boylan AM, Eccles A, Fleming J, Goyder CR, Morris RL. 2020. Email Consultations Between Patients and Doctors in Primary Care: Content Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22:e18218.
Becker SJ and Midoun MM. 2016. Effects of Direct-To-Consumer Advertising on Patient Prescription Requests and Physician Prescribing: A Systematic Review of Psychiatry-Relevant Studies, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 77:e1293-e1300.
Bensley P. 2019. Video Consulting Study. British Journal of General Practice.69:380.
Bous RM, Apostolopoulos K and Valiathan M. 2021. When Convenience Trumps Quality of Care: A Population-Based Survey on Direct to Consumer Orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 159:e411-e422.
Brannigan RE. 2020. "Online" and "At-Home" versus Traditional Healthcare. Fertility and Sterility 114:475.
Brown M, Wiltshire W, de Sa Leitao Pinheiro FH, and Schönwetter DJ. 2022. Orthodontists' Perceptions of and Adaptations to Nonspecialist and Direct-To-Consumer Orthodontic Service Providers. The Angle Orthodontist 92:446-462.
Brucoli M, Boffano P, Franchi S, Pezzana A, Baragiotta N, and Benech A. 2019. The Use of Teleradiology for Triaging of Maxillofacial Trauma. 47 Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2022:1535-1541.
Caffery LJ, Smith AC. 2010. A literature review of email-based telemedicine. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 161:20-34.
Carter A and Stokes S. 2022. Availability of 'Do-It-Yourself' Orthodontics in The United Kingdom. Journal of Orthodontics 49:83-88.
Chihiro Tanikawa and Takashi Yamashiro. 2021. Development of Novel Artificial Intelligence Systems to Predict Facial Morphology after Orthognathic Surgery and Orthodontic Treatment in Japanese. Scientific Reports 11:15853-15864.
Claudia Acosta-Lenis, Prashanti Bollu, Kishore Chaudhry, Richard Stevens, and Karthikeyan Subramani. 2022. Public Perceptions and Understanding of Risks Associated with Do-It-Yourself Orthodontics: A Survey Study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 14:e712-e718.
Cong A, Ruellas ACO, Tai SK, Loh CT, Barkley M, Yatabe M, Caminiti M, Massaro C, Bianchi J, Deleat-Besson R, Le C, Prieto JC, Al Turkestani NN, and Cevidanes L. 2022. Presurgical Orthodontic Decompensation with Clear Aligners. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 162:538-553.
daSilva H E C, Santos, G N M, Leite A F, Mesquita C R M, deSouza Figueiredo, P T, DosReis P E D, Stefani C M, and deMelo N S. 2021. The Role of Teledentistry in Oral Cancer Patients during the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Literature Review. Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 29:7209-7223.
DeFrank JT, Berkman ND, Kahwati L, Cullen K, Aikin KJ and Sullivan HW. 2020. Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs and the Patient-Prescriber Encounter: A Systematic Review. Health Communication 35:739-746.
Duka M, Mihailović B, Miladinović M, Janković A, and Vujicić B. 2009. Evaluation of Telemedicine Systems for Impacted Third Molars Diagnosis. Vojnosanitetski Pregled 66:985-991.
Ghai S. 2020. Teledentistry during Covid-19 Pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome 14:933-935.
Gong K, Xu Z, Cai Z, Chen Y, Wang Z. 2020. Internet Hospitals Help Prevent and Control the Epidemic of COVID-19 in China: Multicenter User Profiling Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22:e18908.
Hansa I, Katyal V, Ferguson DJ, and Vaid N. 2021. Outcomes of Clear Aligner Treatment with and without Dental Monitoring: A Retrospective Cohort Study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 159:453-459.
Ismaeel Hansa, Steven J Semaan, and Nikhilesh R Vaid. 2020. Clinical Outcomes and Patient Perspectives of Dental Monitoring® GoLive® with Invisalign®-a Retrospective Cohort Study. Progress in Orthodontics 21:16-22.
Jae Hyun Park. 2020. A licensed orthodontist versus do-it-yourself orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedic 157:591-592.
Jeffrey C Olson, Bhavna Shroff, Caroline Carrico, Joseph Boyle, and Steven J Lindauer. 2020. Comparison of Patient Factors Influencing the Selection of an Orthodontist, General Dentist, or Direct-To-Consumer Aligners. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedic 157:526-532.e2.
Kopycka-Kedzierawski D T, and Billings R J. 2011. Prevalence of Dental Caries and Dental Care Utilisation in Preschool Urban Children Enrolled in a Comparative-Effectiveness Study. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 12:133-138.
Kuszler P C, Telemedicine and Integrated Health Care Delivery: Compounding Malpractice Liability. 25 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF LAW & MEDICINE 297-326 (1999).
Leonard J. 2002. Nelson III, Hellingv. Carey Revisited: Physician Liability in the Age of Managed Care. Seattle University Law Review 25:775-819.
Meade MJ and Weir T. 2022. A Survey of Orthodontic Clear Aligner Practices Among Orthodontists. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedic 162:e302-e311.
Meade MJ, Dreyer CW. 2021. An Assessment of The Treatment Information Contained within the Websites of Direct-To-Consumer Orthodontic Aligner Providers. Australian Dental Journal 66:77-84.
Okuda BC, Tabbaa S, Edmonds M, Toubouti Y. and Saltaji H. 2201. Direct to Consumer Orthodontics: Exploring Patient Demographic Trends and Preferences. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedic 159:210-216.e2.
Paras Ahmad, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Ali Aldajani, Abdulmajeed Alahmari, Amal Alanazi, Martin Stoddart, and Mohammed G. Sghaireen. 2021. Dental Robotics: A Disruptive Technology. Sensors (Basel) 21:3308-3323.
Philip G. Peters Jr. 2002. The Role of the Jury in Modern Malpractice Law. University of Missouri School of Law, 87:909-970.
Rammelt SG. 2021. Direct-To-Consumer Orthodontics. Journal of the American Dental Association 152:9-10.
Saccomanno S, Quinzi V, Sarhan S, Laganà D, Marzo G. 2020. Perspectives of Tele-Orthodontics in the COVID-19 Emergency and as a Future Tool in Daily Practice. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 21:157-162.
Stephens C D, and Cook J. 2002. Attitudes of Uk Consultants to Teledentistry as a Means of Providing Orthodontic Advice to Dental Practitioners and Their Patients. Journal of Orthodontics 29:137-142.
Susan Greenspon Rammelt. 2021. Direct-To-Consumer Orthodontics. Journal of the American Dental Association 152:9-10.
Thirumoorthy S N, and Saumiya G. 2021. Is Remote Monitoring A Reliable Method to Assess Compliance in Clear Aligner Orthodontic Treatment?. Evidence-Based Dentistry 22:156-157.
Torres-Pereira C, Possebon R S, Simões A, Bortoluzzi M C, Leão J C, Giovanini A F and Piazetta C M. 2008. Email for Distance Diagnosis of Oral Diseases: A Preliminary Study of Teledentistry. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 14:435-438.
Venugopal A, Bowman SJ, Marya A, Subramanian AK, Vaid NR, and Ludwig B. 2022. The World Wide Web of Orthodontics- A Comprehensive Narrative on Teledentistry Pertaining to the Orthodontics of The 21st Century. Journal of Orthodontic Science 28:1-7.
Vimalananda VG, Gupte G, Seraj SM, Orlander J, Berlowitz D, Fincke BG, and Simon SR. 2015. Electronic Consultations (e-Consults) to Improve Access to Specialty Care: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 21:323-330.
Wexler A, Nagappan A, Beswerchij A and Choi R. 2020. Direct-To-Consumer Orthodontics: Surveying the User Experience. Journal of the American Dental Association 151:625-636.e4.
Yim SH, Chung YJ. 2014. Reflections on the US FDA's Warning on Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing. Genomics & Informatics 12:151-155.
四、 德文文獻
(一) 書籍
Begrundet von Karlmann Geiss; fortgefuhrt von Hans-Peter Greiner (2009), Arzthaftpflichtrecht, 6. Aufl.,München: C.H. Beck.
Christian Link (2007), Telemedizinische Anwendungen in Deutschland und in Frankreich: eine rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung der Grundlagen und des Haftüngsgefuges sowie des internationalen Privatrechts, München: Herbert Utz Verlag.
Rudolf Ratzel/Patrick M. Lissel (2013), Handbuch des Medizinschadensrechts, München: C. H. Beck.
(二) 論文集
Frank Sarangi, Haftungstatbestände (2018), in: Alexandra Jorzig(Hrsg.), Handbuch Arzthaftungsrecht: Fehlerkategorien - Schadensregulierung - Mandats- und Verfahrensgestaltung – Praxistipps, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller, S. 60-241.