充電式電動手工具機由於使用電池作為能量來源，使用壽命與最大功率受限於電池物理特性，如要求更高的輸出扭力，勢必增加電池輸出電流，進而影響其使用壽命。本論文以鋰離子電池與超級電容組成混合雙電源系統，依照電動手工具機應用情境，設計系統操作模式，分配電池與超級電容輸出功率分配，以及電池對超級電容之能量回充，使電池輸出功率維持於最大放電率以內，避免電動手工具機啟動及重載時造成電池過量輸出，此外為簡化整體系統之硬體架構，加入超級電容電壓觀測器，估測超級電容電壓值，達到無電壓感測之超級電容與電池之輸出功率分配。透過程式模擬，在相同使用操作下，本論文提出之混合雙電源系統能有效增加電池使用次數。

Since electric hand-held devices use batteries as energy sources, their service life and maximum power are limited by the physical properties of the batteries. If higher output torque is required, the output current of the batteries will inevitably increase, which consequently affects its service life. This research presents a hybrid dual power system comprising of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. It has two (2) system operation modes, where one distributes the output current of the batteries to the super capacitor output load, while the other recharges the energy of the batteries to the supercapacitors. These operation modes are automatically selected based on the operational condition of the hand-held device. Furthermore, in order to simplify the structure of the hardware for the overall system, this paper also presents the design of a supercapacitor voltage observer that estimates the supercapacitor voltage value. As a result, the hybrid power system achieves the output current distribution of supercapacitors and batteries without voltage sensing. MATLAB simulation and experimental testing were done using both the hybrid dual power system and batteries only, respectively. Results show that the hybrid dual power system proposed can effectively increase the battery usage time.

[1] 經濟部統計處, “近2年我國手工具出口持續成長” , Available from: https:// iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/Read.aspx?PostID=15168
[2] MarketsandMarkets Research Private Ltd, "Power Tools Market by Mode (Electric (Corded & Cordless), Pneumatic) "
[3] W Weydanz, "Power Tools: Batteries". Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany, 2009.
[4] V. Musolino, E. Tironi and P. di Milano, "A comparison of supercapacitor and high-power lithium batteries". Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway and Ship Propulsion, Bologna, 2010.
[5] Ahmadkhanlou, Farzad, Goodarzi, A. & Kang, D, "Plug-In hybrid electric vehicle with dual battery system". 2010.
[6] C. Jian and A. Emadi, "A New Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles". IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 27(1), p. 122-132, 2012.
[7] M. Broussely, et al., "Main aging mechanisms in Li ion batteries". Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 146(1-2), p. 90-96, 2005.
[8] Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd, "Supercapacitor Solution for Motor Equipment (Power Tools)". Supercapacitor Application Note.
[9] 鄭峰書（2011）。電動手工具之直流無刷馬達最佳化設計與實現。國立成功大學機械工程學系碩博士班碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/nph8v2
[10] 鄭彥廷（2010）。具能量回生與電子式變速之電動載具設計與實現。國立成功大學機械工程學系碩博士班碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/n3xm2v
[11] Battery University, "Lithium-ion Batteries Information", Available from: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/archive/understanding_lithium_ion
[12] J. Vetter, et al., "Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries". Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 147(1-2), p. 269-281, 2005.
[13] 翁瑞陽（2019）。提升電池壽命之車用超電容輔助儲能系統研製。國立成功大學電機工程學系碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/yh7668
[14] W. Lhomme, et al. "Design and control of a supercapacitor storage system for traction applications". Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting, Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference, 2005.
[15] H. Yoo, S.-K. Sul, Y. Park, and J. Jeong, "System integration and power-flow management for a series hybrid electric vehicle using supercapacitors and batteries". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 44(1), p. 108-114, 2008.
[16] Wikner. E, Thiringer, "T. Extending Battery Lifetime by Avoiding High SOC", Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1825.
[17] Eaton Corporation plc, "Supercapacitor application guidelines", Available from:
https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/products/electronic-components/ resources/technical/eaton-supercapacitor-application-guidelines.pdf
[18] 郭家霖（2004）。昇壓式直流-直流轉換器之控制器設計。國立臺灣海洋大學機械與輪機工程學系碩士論文，基隆市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/545ehv
[19] R. H. G. Tan and L. Y. H. Hoo, "DC-DC converter modeling and simulation using state space approach". 2015 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion (CENCON), Johor Bahru, 2015, pp. 42-47.
[20] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, "Fundamentals of Power Electronics", 2nd Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[21] 陳嘉鴻（2009）。交替式電池管理系統之研究。國立交通大學電控工程系所碩士論文，新竹市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/gabzba
[22] 吳俊儒（2009）。抑制永磁同步馬達頓轉扭矩之位置依據型重複扭矩觀測器設計。國立成功大學機械工程學系碩博士班碩士論文，台南市。
[23] 許嘉升(2020)。超級電容等效路之量測與分析。成大馬達科技研究中心馬達電子報第887期，台南市。
[24] 李松育（2019）。觸覺回饋雙向控制於虛擬實境之實現。國立成功大學機械工程學系碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/z47j4g
[25] 朝程工業股份有限公司, "充電式衝擊式電動扳手目錄" , Available from: https:// www.techway.com.tw/Product_detail.aspx?id=193
[26] The MathWorks, Inc, "12.8 V, 40 Ah, Lithium-Ion (LiFePO4) Battery Aging Model", Available from: https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/sps/ug/
12-8-v-40-ah-lithium-ion-lifepo4-battery-aging-model-1000-h-simulation.htm
[27] Texas Instruments Incorporated, "C2000 Delfino MCU F28379D LaunchPad™ development kit", Available from: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/archive/ understanding_lithium_ion