本文旨在增強電力訊號頻率之估測性能，同時探討估頻策略適用時機及限制，進而提出一種適用廣泛且頻率估測準確度較高之估頻策略。本文模擬四種不同訊號環境，以分析各種變因對於頻率估測結果之影響，並研製結合微控制器之硬體電路，且將其應用於負載用電資訊監視，同時經由家用電器用電情形加以探討，而由分析及量測結果可知，本文所提方法確可適於用電資訊監視之應用輔助，並可擴展至與智慧電網整合，具有工業應用參考價值。

The thesis is aimed to improve the estimation performance of power frequency and investigate the applicable scenarios and limitations. The method was evaluated under four different testing environments, through which the influences of various factors have been prudently analyzed. This strategy was further realized by the hardware circuit with the assistance of a microcontroller, by which the completed circuit has been applied to load monitoring and home appliance inspection. From the analysis and measurement results, they have validated that this proposed method serves as an application support for electricity information monitoring, possessing a potential of extending to smart grid with high industrial contribution values.

[1] Y. C. Jenq, “High-Precision Sinusoidal Frequency Estimator Based on Weighted Least Square Method,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-36, no. 1, pp. 124-127, Mar. 1987.

[2] C. H. Huang, C. H. Lee, K. J. Shih, and Y. J. Wang, “Frequency Estimation of Distorted Power System Signals Using a Robust Algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 41-51, Jan. 2008.

[3] A. Lopez, J. C. Montano, M. Castilla, J. Gutierrez, M. D. Borras, and J. C. Bravo, “Power System Frequency Measurement under Nonstationary Situations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 562-567, Apr. 2008.

[4] Z. Salcic, S. K. Nguang, and Y. Wu, “An Improved Taylor Method for Frequency Measurement in Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3288-3294, Sep. 2009.

[5] S. Y. Park, T. S. Song, H. J. Kim, and J. Park, “Improved Method for Frequency Estimation of Sampled Sinusoidal Signals without Iteration,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2828-2834, Aug. 2011.

[6] J. K. Hwang and P. N. Markham, “Power System Frequency Estimation by Reduction of Noise Using Three Digital Filters,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 402-409, Feb. 2014.

[7] E. L. Owen, “The Origins of 60-Hz as a Power Frequency,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 8,10,12-14, Dec. 1997.

[8] Y. Z. Lei, “The Origins of 50Hz Power Frequency in Mainland China,” Tran. of China Electrotechnical society, Beijing, China, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 20-26, Mar. 2010.

[9] V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Cecati, and G. P. Hancke, “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 3557-3564, Oct. 2010.

[10] V. C. Gungor, B. Lu, and G. P. Hancke, “Opportunities and Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Grid,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 529-539, Nov. 2011.

[11] H. Saele and O. S. Grande, “Demand Response from Household Customers: Experiences from a Pilot Study in Norway,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 102-109, Mar. 2011.

[12] H. H. Chang, K. L. Chen, Y. P. Tsai, and W. J. Lee, “A New Measurement Method for Power Signatures of Nonintrusive Demand Monitoring and Load Identification,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 764-771, Apr. 2012.

[13] X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang, “Smart Grid – The New and Improved Power Grid: A Survey,” IEEE Communications Survey and Tutorial, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 944-980, Sep. 2012.

[14] J. Xia and Y. Wang, “Secure Key Distribution for the Smart Grid,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1437-1443, Sep. 2012.

[15] B. Wojszczyk, “Deployment of Advanced Smart Grid Solutions – Global Examples and Lessons Learned,” IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Washington, USA, pp. 1, 16-20 Jan. 2012.

[16] Y. Zhang, L. Wang, and W. Sun, “Trust System Design Optimization in Smart Grid Network Infrastructure,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 184-195, Mar. 2013.

[17] V. Namboodiri, V. Aravinthan, S. N. Mohapatra, B. Karimi, and W. Jewell, “Toward a Secure Wireless-based Home Area Network for Metering in Smart Grid,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 509-520, Jun. 2014.

[18] M. Wigan, “User Issues for Smart Meter Technology,” IEEE Technology and Society, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 49-53, Mar. 2014.

[19] IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Digitizing Wave-Form Recorders, IEEE Std. 1057, Jul. 1989.

[20] IEEE Standard for Digitizing Wave-Form Recorders, IEEE Std. 1057, Sep. 2001.

[21] Y. C. Jenq, “High-Precision Sinusoidal Frequency Estimator Based on Weighted Least Square Method,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-36, no. 1, pp. 124-127, Mar. 1987.

[22] Y. C. Jenq and P. B. Crosby, “Sinewave Parameter Estimation Algorithm with Application to Waveform Digitizer Effective Bits Measurement,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 529-532, Dec. 1988.

[23] J. P. Dyest, T. M. Souders, and O. M. Solomon, “Bounds on Least-Squares Four-Parameter Sine-Fit Errors Due to Harmonic Distortion and Noise,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 637-642, Jun. 1995.

[24] R. Pintelon and J. Schoukens, “An Improved Sine-Wave Fitting Procedure for Characterizing Data Acquisition Channels,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 588-593, Apr. 1996.

[25] J. Q. Zhang, Z. Xinmin, H. Xiao, and S. Jinwei, “Sinewave Fit Algorithm Based on Total Least-squares Method with Application to ADC Effective Bits Measurement,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1026-1030, Aug. 1997.

[26] P. Handel, “Properties of the IEEE-STD-1057 Four Parameter Sine Wave Fit Algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1189-1193, Dec. 2000.

[27] T. Andresson and P. Handel, “IEEE Standard 1057, Cramer-Rao Bound and the Parsimony Principle,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 44-53, Feb. 2006.

[28] T. Yamada, “High-accuracy Estimations of Frequency, Amplitude, Phase with a Modified DFT for Asynchronous Sampling,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 1428-1435, Jun. 2013.

[29] T. Wagner, R. Pfeil, and A. Stelzer, “Bias and Variance in Frequency Estimation at the Leading Edge of a Peak in the Spectrum of a Windowed Signal under Multipath Mitigation,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 1935-1950, Jul. 2013.

[30] Y. Xia and D. P. Mandic, “Augmented MVDR Spectrum-based Frequency Estimation for Unbalance Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 1917-1926, Jul. 2013.

[31] H. Wen, S. Guo, Z. Teng, F. Li, and Y. Yang, “Frequency Estimation of Distorted and Noisy Signals in Power Systems by FFT-Based Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 765-774, Mar. 2014.

[32] M. D. Kusljevic, “A Simple Recursive Algorithm for Simultaneous Magnitude and Frequency Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1207-1214, Jun. 2008.

[33] A. I. Abu-El-Haija, “Fast and Accurate Measurement of Power System Frequency,” IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA, vol. 2, pp. 941-946, May 2000.

[34] T. Lobos and J. Rezmer, “Real-Time Determination of Power System Frequency,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 877-881, Aug. 1997.

[35] W. Zhou, B. Du, Z. Li, S. Dong, Q. Fan, and Y. Shen, “High-Precise Frequency Measurement and Link Based on Phase Group Synchronization,” IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium, Baltimore, MD, USA, pp. 1-4, May 2012.

[36] T. S. Sidhu and M. S. Sachdev, “An Iteration for Fast and Accurate Measurement of Power System Frequency,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 109-115, Jan. 1998.

[37] T, S, Sidhu, “Accurate Measurement of Power System Frequency Using a Digital Signal Processing Technique,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 75-81, Feb. 1999.

[38] C. K. Lee, K. S. Kwak, T. S. Yoon, and J. B. Park, “Cable Fault Localization Using Instantaneous Frequency Estimation in Gaussian-Enveloped Linear Chirp Reflectometry,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 129-139, Jan. 2013.

[39] E. Ayanoglu, “Data Transmission When the Sampling Frequency Exceeds the Nyquist Rate,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 157-159, Nov. 1997.

[40] S. E. Moya, J. N. J. Vilar, R. A. Korpys, and J. E. Kolodziej, “Frequency and Total Harmonic Distortion Estimation Based on Adaptive Filters,” IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 207-212, Feb. 2013.

[41] CD4047 Data Sheet, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1998.

[42] dsPIC30F4011/4012 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2005.

[43] ACS714 Data Sheet, Allergo Microsystem Incorporated, 2006.