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研究生： 張凱雄
Chang, Kai-Hsiung
論文名稱： 實現低運算複雜度的QRS複合波檢測法於微處理器系統並以三導程合成心電圖產生器做為驗證
A Low Computational-Complexity QRS Complex Detection Algorithm Realized in an MCU-Based System and Tested with a Three-Lead Synthetic ECG Generator
指導教授： 楊明興
Young, Ming-Shing
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2009
畢業學年度： 97
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 86
中文關鍵詞： McSharry模型 、合成心電圖 、心率量測演算法 、QRS複合波量測演算法 、心電圖產生器 、心電圖分析演算法 、微分心電圖
外文關鍵詞： the derivative of the ECG, Synthetic electrocardiogram, ECG analytic algorithm, McSharry's Model, heart rate detection algorithm, ECG generator, QRS-complex detection algorithm
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    • 一個正常的心電圖週期基本上是由P波、QRS複合波以及T波所組成，而心臟內各種不同的電氣活動可以透過這些波反映出來，心電圖則是一種非侵入人體的量測方法，用來記錄心臟內部的電氣活動，透過觀察這些心電圖的型態，醫生可以診斷出許多不同型式的心臟方面的疾病。因此在本文中首先會談到有關心電圖量測電路模組的設計，心電圖量測電路模組是由儀表放大器、Sallen-Key高通濾波器、Sallen-Key低通濾波器以及後級放大器所組成，這些電路配合PSpice電路模擬軟體來設計，用來量測心電圖的三個主要導程，以及過濾掉存在量測波形內的雜訊，並以運算放大器來實現電路。然後在本文中會簡化並且使用在2003年由Dr. McSharry所提出的合成心電圖模型，這個心電圖模型是由三組聯立的微分方程式所構成，並且使用改良後的4階泰勒級數來快速的近似在微分方程式中的指數函數，因此當在研究心電圖分析演算法的時候，就可以使用由LabVIEW所開發的合成波形控制平台，來獲得各種我們所想要的心電圖型態，不同波峰（P，Q，R，S，T）的間隔時間以及心跳速率。最後在本文會提出一個低運算複雜度的QRS複合波檢測演算法，這個演算法可以輕易的實現一般的處理器或是微控制器中，它運用了微分後的心電圖訊號，來精確並且即時的檢測出原始心電圖訊號的Q、R、S點的位置，然後計算出QRS複合波的時間長度以及心跳速率，我們也使用了這個QRS複合波檢測演算法來設計一個由微處理器為核心的量測儀器，並且以12個不同的心電圖樣本來做為測試（心跳速率範圍由每秒49.59下到每秒155.44下），由實驗結果可以證明，使用這個新的QRS複合波檢測演算法來量測R-R間隔時間，其最大的相對誤差僅有1.58％，其它更詳細的資料也將在本文末加以討論，在本文中所提出的低運算複雜度的QRS複合波檢測演算方法，以及所發展的8位元微控制器心電圖量測系統，具有相當的潛力能使用在可攜式和價格平易的量測儀器中。

    A normal electrocardiogram (ECG) cycle basically consists of the P-wave, the QRS complex and the T-wave, which reflect the different electrical activities within the heart. An electrocardiogram is a non-invasive tool that is used for recording the electrical activity within the heart, and from the observation of ECG morphology, doctors are able to diagnose different types of heart disease. Therefore, this paper first presents the design of an electrocardiogram measurement circuit module, which consists of the instrumentation amplifier, the Sallen-Key high-pass filter, the Sallen-Key low-pass filter, and the back stage amplifier. The ECG measurement circuit module is designed with the PSpice circuit simulation CAD to measure three lead electrocardiograms of Einthoven's Triangle and filter the noise within the measured waveforms, and then uses the operational amplifier to implement the circuits. Afterward, this paper simplifies and adopts a synthetic electrocardiogram model composed of three coupled differential equations proposed by Dr. McSharry et al. (2003), as well as utilizes an improved fourth-order Taylor series to quickly approximate the exponential function within the differential equation of a simplified synthetic ECG model so that, when studying ECG analytic algorithms, the graphical user interface (GUI) program “Synthetic Waveforms Control Panel”, developed by the author using LabVIEW, can be used to attain the desirable morphology of electrocardiogram as well as the time intervals between peaks (P, Q, R, S, T) and heart rate. Finally, this paper presents a low computational-complexity QRS complex detection algorithm, which can easily be implemented in a general processor or micro-controller. The algorithm adopts the derivative of the electrocardiogram waveform to accurately identify the peaks (the Q-, R-, and S-peaks) and calculate the heart rate and the duration of the QRS complex in real-time. Then we apply the QRS complex detection algorithm to design an MCU-based ECG measurement instrument, and test it with 12 electrocardiogram samples (with heart rates from 49.59 to 155.44 BPM). The experimental results show that the maximum relative error of the measured R-R interval with the new QRS complex detection algorithm is only 1.58%, while the more detailed experimental data will be discussed at the end of this paper. The low computational-complexity QRS complex detection algorithm and the 8-bit MCU-based ECG measurement system developed in this work has good potential for use in portable and reasonable measurement instruments.

    摘要 I ABSTRACT III 誌謝 VI CONTENTS VII LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Design the ECG Measurement Circuit Module with the PSpice 6 2.1. Instrumentation Amplifier 7 2.2. Sallen-Key High-Pass Filter 11 2.3. Sallen-Key Low-Pass Filter 13 2.4. Back Stage Amplifier 15 2.5. Measurement Results 18 CHAPTER 3 Design of a Three-Lead Synthetic ECG Generator Using the Simplified McSharry’s Model 20 3.1. McSharry’s Synthetic ECG Model 20 3.2. Simplified Algorithm from McSharry's Model 22 3.3. Using the Improved Fourth-Order Taylor Series to Quickly Approximate the Exponential Function 24 3.4. System Implementation 27 3.4.1. Hardware Design 27 3.4.2. Software Design 30 3.5. Generating the synthetic ECG waveform 33 CHAPTER 4 Design of an MCU-Based ECG Measurement System to Detect QRS Complex with dECG 36 4.1. The Low Computational-Complexity QRS Complex Detection Algorithm 36 4.2. System Implementation 40 4.2.1. Firmware Design 40 4.2.2. Hardware Design 44 CHAPTER 5 Result and Conclusion 47 5.1. The Performance Comparison of the McSharry’s Model and the Simplified McSharry’s Model 47 5.2. Generating Three-Lead Synthetic ECG Waveforms with the Synthetic ECG Generator 49 5.3. Using the MCD-Based ECG Measurement System to Detect the QRS Complex of the ECG 53 REFERENCES 60 APPENDIX A. The Circuits of the Three-Lead Synthetic ECG Generator 64 APPENDIX B. The Circuits of the ECG Measurement System 71 APPENDIX C. The Memory Map 80 APPENDIX D. The Hardware Description Language of the Keyboard Decoder 82 APPENDIX E. The Hardware Description Language of the EMIF 84 作者簡歷 86

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