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研究生：	李勝源 Lee, Sheng-Yuan
論文名稱：	具有額外傳輸零點之小型化微波平面式濾波器設計 Design of Miniaturized Microwave Design of Miniaturized Microwave Planar Filters with Extra Transmission Zeros
指導教授：	蔡智明 Tsai, Chih-Ming
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2002
畢業學年度：	90
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	125
中文關鍵詞：	濾波器、傳輸線諧振器、微波
外文關鍵詞：	Transmission-Line Resonator, Filter, Microwave
相關次數：	點閱：132 下載：1
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　　本論文主要在研究小型化的微波平面式濾波器，其具有低通帶插入損耗、高截止帶阻絕能力、較陡峭的過渡帶響應、在特定的頻率位置具有傳輸零點、以及高階通帶位置可調等特性。這些與構成濾波器的各元件(諧振器與饋入線)及其佈局(接線饋入位置與諧振器間的耦合結構)均息息相關，因此必須仔細地詳加考量。

　　首先，我們對具有步階阻抗特性的相關諧振器進行分析。經由等效電路模型之建立，描述所有奇模態及偶模態諧振的兩個關係式已被推導出來。此類諧振器的體積及諧振頻率便可藉由此二關係式適當地設計。而為了驗證設計方程式之正確性，本研究實際地製作了一個使用微小化髮夾形諧振器的交錯耦合濾波器。此濾波器除具有較高頻率位置的第一高階通帶響應外，尚有一個額外的傳輸零點，可以大幅增進截止帶的阻絕能力。另外，在濾波器架構方面，本研究亦提出了一種新型的諧振器內藏式交錯耦合濾波器。此濾波器主要是將微小化髮夾形諧振器內藏在步階阻抗髮夾形諧振器中，進而降低整體濾波器所須的電路面積。此濾波器亦已經由實際地製作而印證了此新架構的實用性，其中除了理論所預測的響應外，此濾波器尚具有較小之第一高階通帶響應的特性。此外，上述兩實作之濾波器均具有比一般同階數濾波器較小的電路面積。

　　其次，本論文亦針對平面濾波器的饋入裝置進行探討，一種可以增加兩個額外傳輸零點響應的斜對稱(零度)饋入架構已被發展出來。利用傳輸矩陣來分析此饋入架構可以發現，此架構所創造出的兩個傳輸零點是分別位於所設計濾波器之通帶左右兩側附近的截止帶中，因而濾波器的過渡帶響應之陡峭度可藉此大幅提升。為了展示此新饋入架構的應用，兩個二階濾波器及前述的二個四階交錯耦合濾波器被實際製作或修改以便相互對照，相關的實驗結果顯示了理論分析的正確性。更進一步地，一種利用阻抗轉換器來調整斜對稱饋入架構所產生傳輸零點之頻率位置的電路設計亦被發展出來。相關的傳輸零點調整技巧以及阻抗轉換器的設計，在文中皆有詳細的探討。而經由兩個使用不同阻抗轉換器的濾波器製作，此傳輸零點調整方法的正確性及實用性均獲得相當的驗證。

　　本論文的最後則是對兩種具有額外傳輸零點響應的耦合線架構進行完整的分析。首先是具有單邊負載的耦合線架構。藉由等效電路模型的幫助，此種耦合架構的傳輸零點之條件式已被推導出來。基於此項結果，數種具有不同負載型態的此類耦合架構之傳輸零點響應的特性均已詳盡地分析並歸納於本論文中。相關理論探討之正確性亦藉由數個新型濾波器的實作而驗證，此外關於斜對稱饋入架構在此新型濾波器之應用亦有相關的實例敍述。本論文中另一個探討的耦合線架構是一個小面積的摺疊耦合線架構。關於此耦合架構所產生的傳輸零點，在文中亦有相關的推導並提供其發生頻率位置的估量。一個使用此耦合架構及斜對稱饋入架構的小面積二階濾波器在文中亦被設計來驗證相關探討的正確性，同時也和一般的二階濾波器相比較，以說明此濾波器在截止帶阻絕能力的改善。最後，此濾波器架構亦被用來設計雙工器以闡述其在相關電路上的可能應用。

　　This research is about the design of compact microwave planar filters with low passband insertion loss, high stopband rejection, better shape factor, transmission zeros at certain frequencies, and tunable higher-order responses. All components (resonators and feed lines) and their layouts (tapped-line feed positions, coupling structures between resonators, etc.) have been investigated.

　　To begin with, stepped-impedance resonators have been thoroughly studied. Two equations for odd-mode and even-mode resonance are derived from a network model. The size and resonant frequencies of the resonator could then be determined based on these two equations. A cross-coupled miniaturized hairpin filter with an extra tunable transmission zero has been designed to verify these equations. A new resonator-embedded cross-coupled filter, constructed by stepped-impedance hairpin resonators and miniaturized hairpin resonators, has also been proposed. These two filters are very compact and the positions of their first spurious responses are successfully tuned to be higher than the double of their center frequencies. Furthermore, the level of the first spurious response of the new resonator-embedded filter is also lower than those of conventional filters.

　　Secondly, the feed structure of filters has been investigated. A skew-symmetric (zero-degree) feed structure, which can create two extra transmission zeros, has been proposed. This new feed structure is analyzed by using transmission matrices. It is found that the two transmission zeros are near and on the opposite sides of the passband, and hence the out-of-band rejection of the designed filter is significantly improved. Two second-order filters and the previous fourth-order filters have been designed or modified with the new feed structures to demonstrate the applications. The theoretical analyses are successfully verified by these experiment results. Furthermore, a method for tuning the frequencies of these two transmission zeros using impedance transformers has been proposed. Relations between the circuit parameters and the position of the transmission zero are discussed. Design equations of the impedance transformers for creating a desired transmission zero are also presented. Two second-order hairpin filters with different impedance transformers have been designed to demonstrate this approach.

　　The last part of this thesis involves the analysis of two types of coupled-line structures: coupled lines with loads at one end and folded coupled lines. The equation for the transmission zero of coupled lines with loads at one end has been derived from its network model. Based on this equation, coupled lines with different loads are analyzed and the rules for controlling the transmission-zero frequency are given. This type of coupled-line structures is experimentally verified with several second-order filters. The use of the skew-symmetric feed structure in these filters is also discussed and an example is given. Next, a folded coupled-line structure, which can create a transmission zero, has also been studied. The estimate of its transmission-zero frequency is given. A compact second-order filter with these folded coupled-line structures and a skew-symmetric feed structure has been designed. The improved shape factor and out-of-band response of this new filter are compared with those of a conventional second-order filter. Finally, this new filter topology is applied to the design of diplexers to illustrate the other applications.

Chapter 1 Introduction　----1
　　1.1 Motivation　----1
　　1.2 Outline of the Thesis　----4

Chapter 2 Analysis of Miniaturized Hairpin Resonators and their Applications to Filter Design　----7
　　2.1 Motivation　----7
　　2.2 Analysis of Miniaturized Hairpin and Similar Resonators　----8
　　　　2.2.1 Network Model and Resonant Conditions of Miniaturized Hairpin Resonators　----8
　　　　2.2.2 Another Way to Derive Resonant Conditions　----11
　　　　2.2.3 Resonant Conditions of Stepped-Impedance Resonators　----13
　　2.3 Characteristics of Miniaturized Hairpin and Similar Resonators　----15
　　2.4 Cross-Coupled Miniaturized Hairpin Filter　----20
　　　　2.4.1 Filter Design　----20
　　　　2.4.2 Experimental Results　----23
　　2.5 Resonator-Embedded Cross-Coupled Filter　----26
　　　　2.5.1 Filter Design　----27
　　　　2.5.2 An Example　----29

Chapter 3 	Skew-Symmetric (Zero-Degree) Feed Structures　----33
　　3.1 Introduction　----33
　　3.2 A Skew-Symmetric (Zero-Degree) Feed Structure　----35
　　　　3.2.1 Analysis of a Skew-Symmetric Feed Structure　----36
　　　　3.2.2 Analysis of a Conventional Symmetric Feed Structure　----39
　　　　3.2.3 Comparison Between Different Feed Structures　----41
　　3.3 Butterworth Filters with Different Feed Structures　----42
　　　　3.3.1 Filter Design　----42
　　　　3.3.2 Experimental Results　----43
　　3.4 Cross-Coupled Filters with Skew-Symmetric Feed Structures　----49
　　　　3.4.1 Cross-Coupled Miniaturized Hairpin Filter with Skew-Symmetric Feed Structure　----50
　　　　3.4.2 Resonator-Embedded Cross-Coupled Filter with Skew-Symmetric Feed Structure　----51
　　3.5 Tunability of Transmission Zeros of Skew-Symmetric Feed Structures　----57
　　　　3.5.1 Loaded   of Tapped-Line Feed Half-Wavelength Open Transmission-Line Resonator　----57
　　　　3.5.2 Tuning of the Transmission Zeros　----59
　　　　3.5.3 Examples　----62

Chapter 4 	Filter Design Using Coupled-Line Structures　----68
　　4.1 Introduction　----68
　　4.2 Coupled Lines with Loads at One End　----69
　　　　4.2.1 Circuit Model　----69
　　　　4.2.2 Coupled Lines with Open Circuits at One End　----74
　　　　4.2.3 Coupled Lines with One End Shorted to Ground　----75
　　　　4.2.4 Coupled Lines with Capacitive Loads at One End　----77
　　　　4.2.5  Coupled Lines with Inductive Loads at One End　----79
　　　　4.2.6  Tuning of the Transmission Zero　----81
　　　　4.2.7  Examples　----81
　　4.3 A Folded Coupled-Line Structure　----90
　　　　4.3.1 Analysis of a Simplified Coupling Structure　----91
　　　　4.3.2 Taking Account of Connecting Lines　----97
　　　　4.3.3 Filter Design Examples　----100
　　　　4.3.4 Diplexer Design　----104

Chapter 5 	Concluding Remarks　----112
　　5.1 Summary of the Thesis　----112
　　5.2 Suggestions for Further Research　----116

References　----119
                                    

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[1.5] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Couplings of microstrip square open-Loop resonators for cross-coupled planar microwave filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-44, pp. 2099-2109, Dec. 1996.

[1.6] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Cross-coupled microstrip hairpin-resonator filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-46, pp. 118-122, Jan. 1998.

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[1.8] M. Sagawa, K. Takahashi, and M. Makimoto, “Miniaturized hairpin resonator filters and their application to receiver front-end MIC’s,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-37, pp. 1991-1997, Dec. 1989.

[1.9] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Theory and experiment of novel microstrip slow-wave open-loop resonator filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-45, pp. 2358-2365, Dec. 1997.

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[1.15] M. Matsuo, H. Yabuki, and M. Makimoto, “The design of a half-wavelength resonator BPF with attenuation poles at desired frequencies,” 2000 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, vol. 2, pp. 1181-1184.

[1.16] G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures, Chapter 5, Artech House, 1980.

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[1.20] C. Y. Chi and G. M. Rebeiz, “Planar microwave and millimeter-wave lumped elements and coupled-line filters using micromachining techniques,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-43, pp. 730-738, Apr. 1995.

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[1.23] D. Zhang, G..-C. Liang, C. F. Shih, Z. H. Lu, and M. E. Johansson, “A 19-pole cellular bandpass filter using 75-mm-diameter high-temperature superconducting thin films,” IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 5, pp. 405-407, Nov. 1995.

[1.24] G. L. Matthaei, N. O. Fenzi, R. J. Forse, and S. M. Rohlfing, “Hairpin-comb filters for HTS and other narrow-band applications,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-45, pp. 1226-1231, Aug. 1997.

[1.25] G. Tsuzuki, M. Suzuki, N. Sakakibara, and Y. Ueno, “Novel superconducting ring filter,” IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, vol. 1, pp. 379-382, 1998.

[2.1] S. B. Cohn, “Parallel-coupled transmission-line-resonator filters,” IRE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-6, pp. 223-231, April 1958.

[2.2] E. G. Cristal and S. Frankel, “Hairpin-line and hybrid hairpin-line/half-wave parallel-coupled-line filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-20, pp. 719-728, Nov. 1972.

[2.3] M. Sagawa, K. Takahashi, and M. Makimoto, “Miniaturized hairpin resonator filters and their application to receiver front-end MIC’s,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-37, pp. 1991-1997, Dec. 1989.

[2.4] M. Makimoto and S. Yamashita, “Bandpass filters using parallel coupled stripline stepped impedance resonators,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-28, pp. 1413-1417, Dec. 1980.

[2.5] R. Levy, “Filters with single transmission zeros at real or imaginary frequencies,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-24, pp. 172-181, April 1976.

[2.6] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Couplings of microstrip square open-loop resonators for cross-coupled planar microwave filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-44, pp. 2099-2109, Dec. 1996.

[2.7] M. Korber, “New microstrip bandpass filter topologies,” Microwave Journal, vol. 40, pp. 138-144, July 1997.

[2.8] C. M. Tsai and K. C. Gupta, “A generalized model for coupled lines and its applications to two-layer planar circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-40, pp. 2190-2199, Dec. 1992.

[2.9] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Theory and experiment of novel microstrip slow-wave open-loop resonator filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-45, pp. 2358-2365, Dec. 1997.

[2.10] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Development of new microstrip pseudo-interdigital bandpass filters,” IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 5, pp. 261-263, Aug. 1995.

[3.1] J. S. Wong, “Microstrip tapped-line filter design,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-27, pp. 44-50, Jan. 1979.

[3.2] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Cross-coupled microstrip hairpin-resonator filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-46, pp. 118-112, Jan. 1998.

[3.3] T. Edwards, Foundations for Microstrip Circuit Design, Chapter 5, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2nd Ed., 1992.

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[4.2] D. G. Swanson, “A novel method for modeling coupling between several microstrip lines in MIC’s and MMIC’s”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-39, pp. 917-923, June 1991.

[4.3] G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance- Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures, Chapter 5 and 6, Artech House, 1980.

[4.4] A. B. Williams and F. J. Taylor, Electronic Filter Design Handbook, Chapter 5, McGraw-Hill Co., Inc., 3rd Ed., 1995.

[4.5] J. S. Wong, “Microstrip tapped-line filter design,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-27, pp. 44-50, Jan. 1979.

[4.6] G. Zysman and A. Johnson, “Coupled transmission line networks in an inhomogeneous dielectric medium”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-17, pp. 753-759, Oct. 1969.

[5.1] C. M. Tsai and K. C. Gupta, “A generalized model for coupled lines and its applications to two-layer planar circuits,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-40, pp. 2190-2199, Dec. 1992.

[5.2] M. Sagawa, K. Takahashi, and M. Makimoto, “Miniaturized hairpin resonator filters and their application to receiver front-end MIC’s,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-37, pp. 1991-1997, Dec. 1989.

[5.3] M. Makimoto and S. Yamashita, “Bandpass filters using parallel coupled stripline stepped impedance resonators,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-28, pp. 1413-1417, Dec. 1980.

[5.4] J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Couplings of microstrip square open-loop resonators for cross-coupled planar microwave filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-44, pp. 2099-2109, Dec. 1996.

[5.5] M. Matsuo, H. Yabuki, and M. Makimoto, “The design of a half-wavelength resonator BPF with attenuation poles at desired frequencies,” 2000 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, vol. 2, pp. 1181-1184.

[5.6] G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance- Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures, Chapter 5, Artech House, 1980.

[5.7] D. G. Swanson, “A novel method for modeling coupling between several microstrip lines in MIC’s and MMIC’s”, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-39, pp. 917-923, June 1991.

校內：2003-07-09公開
校外：2003-07-09公開

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