根據美國《財星》雜誌報導，美國大企業平均壽命為四十年；中小企業則低於七年。回顧台灣，經濟部中小企業處調查亦指出，企業平均壽命約為13年，且隨著社會發展的快速變化，企業平均年齡有降低之趨勢，這都顯示，現今的企業在永續經營上，將面臨更多的挑戰。儘管業界專家與學術研究者都認為組織變革是提高企業生存及適應能力的最有效策略，但人們對於如何提高員工對於變革的積極主動性知之甚少，故值得我們進一步探討其中關鍵。
本研究關注焦點為探究企業如何透由價值共創進行組織變革，以價值共創四大原則及四大基石DART作為研究架構，並採用質性研究之個案研究法，藉由深度訪談與次級資料之蒐集進行綜合分析，以了解一歷經組織變革之企業，各利害關係人如何透由互動與機制建立以共同創造價值，並集體朝組織變革之目標前進。在研究結論方面，包括：明確目標揭露及關鍵者號召，有助於促進共創行動者持續投入；以尊重為本－從「有形作為」到「無形氛圍」之塑造，並建立多元互動機制（接觸點），得以促進成員溝通與交流；整合四大基石及四大原則，有助於組織變革實踐之全面與完整等。本研究也提出價值共創理論與實務層面之意涵，希冀相關論點未來可應用在組織變革與價值共創相關領域之研究中。

According to the American magazine Fortune, the average life expectancy of major American companies is 40 years, that of SMEs is less than seven years. In Taiwan, a survey carried out by the Small and Medium Enterprises Administration, Ministry of Economic Affairs also noted that the average lifespan of companies is about 13 years. With the rapid changes in social development can bring more challenges to enterprises. Although industry participants and academics agreed that organizational change is the most effective way to improve companies' adaptive capacity. However, little is known about how to increase employee engagement within the context of organizational change.
The aim of this research is to explore how a company makes organizational change through value co-creation. Based on the four principles and DART model of value co-creation as the research framework. This research conducted a qualitative case study and a thorough analysis of in-depth interviews and second data collection to understand how a company has undergone organizational change, and how stakeholders create value through interaction and establishing mechanisms to collectively move towards the objective. The research concludes: (a) Stakeholder engagement may be facilitated by clarifying the target disclosure, (b) Based on respect, from "concrete actions" to "the intangible atmosphere", and the establishment of multiple interaction mechanisms to promote communication and exchange amongst members, (c) The integration of the four principles and the DART model of value co-creation contributes to the completeness and integrity of the practices. The results of this study can serve as a guide for future research and implications.

方世杰（2020）。價值共創的迷思與省思。金屬情報網智庫專欄，（119）。
方世杰、蔡敦浩、蔡志豪（2016）。策略管理（第二版）：台中市：滄海書局。
杜鵬、李慶芳、周信輝、方世杰（2017）。「（創）串新」的服務模式：以價值共創觀點探索尚品宅配的服務流程與本質。管理學報，34（3），401-430。
張家銘、吳政財（1997）。奇蹟與幻象：台灣汽車產業的發展經驗。東吳社會學報， 6，1-44。
陳良忠（2007）。台灣汽車工業發展歷程之回顧&汽車電子市場發展趨勢與策略之探討。
陳威如、王詩一（2016）。決勝平台時代：第一本平台化轉型實戰攻略（第一版）。台灣：商業周刊出版社。
陳靖惠、林明杰、方世杰、商育綸（2018）。健康照護服務生態系統之生成與發展：價值共創觀點。科技管理學刊，23（2），1-30。
勤業眾信（2021）。2021汽車產業趨勢與展望。　
經濟部中小企業處（2021）。中小企業白皮書。
Afuah, A., & Tucci, C. L. (2013). Value capture and crowdsourcing. Academy of management review, 38(3), 457-460.
Agote, L., Aramburu, N., & Lines, R. (2016). Authentic leadership perception, trust in the leader, and followers’ emotions in organizational change processes. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(1), 35-63.
Al-Ali, A. A., Singh, S. K., Al-Nahyan, M., & Sohal, A. S. (2017). Change management through leadership: the mediating role of organizational culture. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.
Alvesson, M., & Sveningsson, S. (2015). Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress: Routledge.
Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human relations, 46(6), 681-703.
Babalola, M. T., Stouten, J., & Euwema, M. (2016). Frequent change and turnover intention: The moderating role of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 134(2), 311-322.
Baker, G. P., & Wruck, K. H. (1989). Organizational changes and value creation in leveraged buyouts: The case of the OM Scott & Sons Company. Journal of Financial Economics, 25(2), 163-190.
Baker, T. (2007). Resources in play: Bricolage in the Toy Store (y). Journal of business venturing, 22(5), 694-711.  
Baker, T., & Nelson, R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative science quarterly, 50(3), 329-366.
Barney, J. B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management Studies, 27(6), 643-650.
Beckhard, R., & Pritchard, W. (1992). Changing the essence: The art of creating and leading fundamental change in organizations.
Beer, M. (1980). Organization change and development: A systems view: Pearson Scott Foresman.
Beer, M. (2020). Fit to compete: Why honest conversations about your company's capabilities are the key to a winning strategy: Harvard Business Press.
Beer, M. (2021). Reflections: Towards a normative and actionable theory of planned organizational change and development. Journal of Change Management, 21(1), 14-29.
Beer, M., & Nohria, N. (2000). Breaking the code of change (Vol. 78): Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA.
Bormann, K. C., & Rowold, J. (2016). Ethical leadership’s potential and boundaries in organizational change: A moderated mediation model of employee silence. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(3-4), 225-245.
Bridoux, F., & Stoelhorst, J. (2016). Stakeholder relationships and social welfare: A behavioral theory of contributions to joint value creation. Academy of management review, 41(2), 229-251.
Bridoux, F., & Stoelhorst, J. W. (2014). Microfoundations for stakeholder theory: Managing stakeholders with heterogeneous motives. Strategic management journal, 35(1), 107-125.
Brown, M., & Cregan, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: The role of employee involvement. Human Resource Management Journal, 47(4), 667-686.
Burk, J. E. (2019). The Only Constant is Change: Developing a Compelling Story to Enable Organizational Transformation. International Journal of Knowledge, Culture Change in Organizations: Annual Review, 19(1).
Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the planned approach to change: a re‐appraisal. Journal of Management Studies, 41(6), 977-1002.
Burnes, B., & Jackson, P. (2011). Success and failure in organizational change: An exploration of the role of values. Journal of Change Management, 11(2), 133-162.
By, R. T. (2005). Organisational change management: A critical review. Journal of Change Management, 5(4), 369-380.  
Christensen, C. M., Marx, M., & Stevenson, H. H. (2006). The tools of cooperation and change. Harvard business review, 84(10), 72-80, 148.
Christensen, C. M., & Overdorf, M. (2000). Meeting the challenge of disruptive change. Harvard business review, 78(2), 66-77.
Coch, L., & French Jr, J. R. (1948). Overcoming resistance to change. Human relations, 1(4), 512-532.
Collins, J. C., Porras, J. I., & Porras, J. (2005). Built to last: Successful habits of visionary companies: Random House.
Conger, J. A., Spreitzer, G. M., Lawler, E. E., & Bennis, W. G. (1999). The leader's change handbook: An essential guide to setting direction and taking action.
Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2015). Organization development and change (10 ed.): Cengage learning.
Dawson, C. (2020). Leading Culture Change: Stanford University Press.
De Geus, A. (2002). The living company: Harvard Business Press.
Decker, P., Durand, R., Mayfield, C. O., McCormack, C., Skinner, D., & Perdue, G.(2012). Predicting implementation failure in organization change. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications Conflict, 16(2), 29.
Demerouti, E., Soyer, L. M., Vakola, M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2021). The effects of a job crafting intervention on the success of an organizational change effort in a blue‐collar work environment. Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, 94(2), 374-399.
Demerouti, E., Xanthopoulou, D., Petrou, P., & Karagkounis, C. (2017). Does job crafting assist dealing with organizational changes due to austerity measures? Two studies among Greek employees. European Journal of Work Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 574-589.
Dent, E. B., & Goldberg, S. G. (1999). Challenging “resistance to change”. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(1), 25-41.
Doz, Y., & Wilson, K. (2017). Ringtone: Exploring the rise and fall of Nokia in mobile phones: Oxford University Press.
Duck, J. D. (1993). Managing change: The art of balancing. Harvard business review, 71(6), 109-118.
Edvardsson, B., Tronvoll, B., & Gruber, T. (2011). Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: a social construction approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(2), 327-339.
Fadzil, A. S. A., Hassan, R., Mohamad, S. J. A. N. S., Zainudin, M. I., & Ali, A.-A. E. R. (2019). Towards a successful organizational change: The role of dialogic communication. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 9(1), 86-95.
Faupel, S., & Süß, S. (2019). The effect of transformational leadership on employees during organizational change–an empirical analysis. Journal of Change Management, 19(3), 145-166.
Frow, P., McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Payne, A. (2016). Co-creation practices: Their role in shaping a health care ecosystem. Industrial Marketing Management, 56, 24-39.
Frow, P., Nenonen, S., Payne, A., & Storbacka, K. (2015). Managing co‐creation design: A strategic approach to innovation. British Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-483.
Gleick, J. (2008). Chaos: Making a new science: Penguin.
Golden-Biddle, K., & Locke, K. (1993). Appealing work: An investigation of how ethnographic texts convince. Organization Science, 4(4), 595-616.
Gong, Y., Huang, J.-C., & Farh, J.-L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-778.
Gouillart, F., & Billings, D. (2013). Community-powered problem solving. Harvard business review, 91(4), 70-77, 140.
Grönroos, C. (1994). From scientific management to service management: a management perspective for the age of service competition. International Journal of service industry management.
Grönroos, C. (2008). Service logic revisited: who creates value? And who co‐creates? European Business Review.
Grönroos, C., & Voima, P. (2013). Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(2), 133-150.
Greiner, L. E. (1989). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow Readings in strategic management (pp. 373-387): Springer.
Gummesson, E. (1996). Relationship marketing and imaginary organizations: a synthesis. European Journal of marketing.
Haack, P., & Schoeneborn, D. (2015). Is decoupling becoming decoupled from institutional theory? A commentary on Wijen. Academy of management review, 40(2), 307-310.
Haque, M., TitiAmayah, A., & Liu, L. (2016). The role of vision in organizational readiness for change and growth. Leadership organization development Journal.
Harigopal, K. (2006). Management of organizational change: Leveraging transformation: Sage.
Harris, L. C., & Ogbonna, E. (1998). Employee responses to culture change efforts. Human Resource Management Journal, 8(2), 78-92.
Helkkula, A., Kelleher, C., & Pihlström, M. (2012). Practices and experiences: challenges and opportunities for value research. J Journal of Service Management.  
Helmich, D. L., & Brown, W. B. (1972). Successor type and organizational change in the corporate enterprise. Administrative science quarterly, 371-381.
Hemetsberger, A., & Reinhardt, C. (2009). Collective development in open-source communities: An activity theoretical perspective on successful online collaboration. Organization studies, 30(9), 987-1008.
Holbrook, M. B. (2006). Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personal introspection: An illustrative photographic essay. J Journal of business research, 59(6), 714-725.
Hoyer, W. D., Chandy, R., Dorotic, M., Krafft, M., & Singh, S. S. (2010). Consumer cocreation in new product development. Journal of service research, 13(3), 283-296.
Huber, G. P., Sutcliffe, K. M., Miller, C. C., & Glick, W. H. (1993). Understanding and predicting organizational change. Organizational change and redesign: Ideas insights for improving performance, 215, 265.
Hussain, S. T., Lei, S., Akram, T., Haider, M. J., Hussain, S. H., & Ali, M. (2018). Kurt Lewin's change model: A critical review of the role of leadership and employee involvement in organizational change. Journal of Innovation Knowledge, 3(3), 123-127.
Huy, Q. N., Corley, K. G., & Kraatz, M. S. (2014). From support to mutiny: Shifting legitimacy judgments and emotional reactions impacting the implementation of radical change. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 1650-1680.
Islam, M. N., Furuoka, F., & Idris, A. (2020). Employee championing behavior in the context of organizational change: a proposed framework for the business organizations in Bangladesh. Journal of Asia Business Studies.
Jacobs, G., Van Witteloostuijn, A., & Christe‐Zeyse, J. (2013). A theoretical framework of organizational change. Journal of organizational change management.
Johannisson, B. (2011). Towards a practice theory of entrepreneuring. Small business economics, 36(2), 135-150.
Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (2014). Essentials of contemporary management: McGraw-Hill Education.
Jouny-Rivier, E., Reynoso, J., & Edvardsson, B. (2017). Determinants of services co-creation with business customers. Journal of Services Marketing.
Kanter, R. M. (2003). Challenge of organizational change: How companies experience it and leaders guide it: Simon and Schuster.
Katz, J. H., & Miller, F. A. (2007). Coaching leaders through culture change.
Katzenbach, J. R., Steffen, I., & Kronley, C. (2012). Cultural change that sticks. Harvard business review, 90(7), 110-117.  
Kellogg, K. C., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. (2006). Life in the trading zone: Structuring coordination across boundaries in postbureaucratic organizations. Organization Science, 17(1), 22-44.
Khurram, S., & Petit, S. C. (2017). Investigating the dynamics of stakeholder salience: what happens when the institutional change process unfolds? Journal of Business Ethics, 143(3), 485-515.
Kim, T. G., Hornung, S., & Rousseau, D. M. (2011). Change-supportive employee behavior: Antecedents and the moderating role of time. Journal of Management Studies, 37(6), 1664-1693.
Kivleniece, I., & Quelin, B. V. (2012). Creating and capturing value in public-private ties: A private actor's perspective. Academy of management review, 37(2), 272-299.
Kohtamäki, M., & Rajala, R. (2016). Theory and practice of value co-creation in B2B systems. Industrial Marketing Management, 56, 4-13.
Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail.
Kotter, J. P. (2002). The heart of change : real-life stories of how people change their organizations. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
Kotter, J. P. (2008). A sense of urgency: Harvard Business Press.
Kotter, J. P. (2012a). Accelerate! Harvard business review, 90(11), 44-52, 54.
Kotter, J. P. (2012b). Leading change: Harvard business press.
Kotter, J. P., & Schlesinger, L. A. (1979). Choosing strategies for change.
Kramer, M. R., & Pfitzer, M. W. (2016). The ecosystem of shared value. Harvard business review, 94(10), 80-89.
Kramer, M. R., & Porter, M. (2011). Creating shared value (Vol. 17): FSG.
Kristensson, P., Gustafsson, A., & Archer, T. (2004). Harnessing the creative potential among users. Journal of product innovation management, 21(1), 4-14.
Lawrence, N. W. (2003). Social Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Boston, New York, san Fransisco: Pearson Education, Inc.
Lewin, K. (1947). Group decision and social change. Readings in social psychology, 3(1), 197-211.
Lucas, C., & Kline, T. (2008). Understanding the influence of organizational culture and group dynamics on organizational change and learning. The learning organization.
Luecke, R. (2003). Managing change and transition (Vol. 3): Harvard Business Press.
Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L., & Tanniru, M. (2010). Service, value networks and learning. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(1), 19-31.
Mantere, S., Schildt, H. A., & Sillince, J. A. (2012). Reversal of strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 172-196.  
Maurer, R. (2010). Applying what we've learned about change. The journal for quality participation, 33(2), 35.
Men, L. R., Yue, C. A., & Liu, Y. (2020). “Vision, passion, and care:” The impact of charismatic executive leadership communication on employee trust and support for organizational change. Public Relations Review, 46(3), 101927.
Meyerson, D., & Martin, J. (1987). Cultural change: An integration of three different views [1]. Journal of Management Studies, 24(6), 623-647.
Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in strategy formation. Management science, 24(9), 934-948.
Mourfield, R. (2014). Organizational change: A guide to bringing everyone on board. Management science.
Ogbonna, E., & Wilkinson, B. (2003). The false promise of organizational culture change: A case study of middle managers in grocery retailing. Journal of Management Studies, 40(5), 1151-1178.
Oreg, S., Vakola, M., & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients’ reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 47(4), 461-524.
Payne, A. F., Storbacka, K., & Frow, P. (2008). Managing the co-creation of value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 83-96.
Peñaloza, L., & Venkatesh, A. (2006). Further evolving the new dominant logic of marketing: from services to the social construction of markets. Marketing theory, 6(3), 299-316.
Pera, R., Occhiocupo, N., & Clarke, J. (2016). Motives and resources for value co-creation in a multi-stakeholder ecosystem: A managerial perspective. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4033-4041. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.047
Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Crafting the change: The role of employee job crafting behaviors for successful organizational change. Journal of Management Studies, 44(5), 1766-1792.
Pinho, N., Beirão, G., Patrício, L., & P. Fisk, R. (2014). Understanding value co-creation in complex services with many actors. Journal of Service Management, 25(4), 470-493. doi: 10.1108/JOSM-02-2014-0055
Poole, M. S., & Van de Ven, A. (2004). Central issues in the study of change and innovation. Handbook of organizational change innovation, 3, 31.
Porras, J. I., & Berg, P. O. (1978). The impact of organization development. Academy of management review, 3(2), 249-266.
Porter, M. E., & Millar, V. E. (1985). How information gives you competitive advantage: Harvard Business Review Reprint Service.
Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004a). Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation. Journal of interactive marketing, 18(3), 5-14.
Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004b). Co‐creating unique value with customers. Journal of interactive marketing.
Priem, R. L., & Butler, J. E. (2001). Is the resource-based “view” a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of management review, 26(1), 22-40.
Prusak, L. (2011). Building a collaborative enterprise. Harvard business review, 89(7-8), 94-101.
Ramaswamy, V., & Gouillart, F. (2010). Building the co-creative enterprise. Harvard business review, 88(10), 100-109.
Ramaswamy, V., & Ozcan, K. (2018). What is co-creation? An interactional creation framework and its implications for value creation. Journal of Business Research, 84, 196-205.
Ramirez, R. (1999). Value co‐production: intellectual origins and implications for practice and research. Strategic management journal, 20(1), 49-65.
Ranjan, K. R., & Read, S. (2016). Value co-creation: concept and measurement. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(3), 290-315.
Rashid, Z. A., Sambasivan, M., & Rahman, A. A. (2004). The influence of organizational culture on attitudes toward organizational change. Leadership organization development Journal.
Recardo, R. (1995). Overcoming resistance to change. National Productivity Review, 14, 5-5.
Rousseau, D. M., Hansen, S. D., & Tomprou, M. (2018). A dynamic phase model of psychological contract processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(9), 1081-1098.
Saarijärvi, H. (2012). The mechanisms of value co-creation. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 20(5), 381-391.
Saarijärvi, H., Kannan, P., & Kuusela, H. (2013). Value co‐creation: theoretical approaches and practical implications. European Business Review.
Schein, E. H. (1996). Kurt Lewin's change theory in the field and in the classroom: Notes toward a model of managed learning. Systems practice, 9(1), 27-47.
Schein, E. H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (Vol. 2): John Wiley & Sons.
Shamim, A., & Ghazali, Z. (2014). A Conceptual Model for Developing Customer Value Co-Creation Behaviour in Retailing. Global Business Management Research, 6(3).
Shamim, A., Ghazali, Z., & Albinsson, P. A. (2017). Construction and validation of customer value co-creation attitude scale. Journal of Consumer Marketing.
Smollan, R. K., & Sayers, J. G. (2009). Organizational culture, change and emotions: A qualitative study. Journal of Change Management, 9(4), 435-457.  
Soenen, G., Melkonian, T., & Ambrose, M. L. (2017). To shift or not to shift? Determinants and consequences of phase shifting on justice judgments. Academy of Management Journal, 60(2), 798-817.
Steyaert, C. (2007). ‘Entrepreneuring’as a conceptual attractor? A review of process theories in 20 years of entrepreneurship studies. Entrepreneurship regional development, 19(6), 453-477.
Stouten, J., Rousseau, D. M., & De Cremer, D. (2018). Successful organizational change: Integrating the management practice and scholarly literatures. Academy of Management Annals, 12(2), 752-788.
Strebel, P. (1996). Why do employees resist change? Harvard business review, 74(3), 86-&.
Tantalo, C., & Priem, R. L. (2016). Value creation through stakeholder synergy. Strategic management journal, 37(2), 314-329.
Tichy, N. M. (1995). Revolutionize your company: CEPAL/CLADES.
Vakola, M., & Petrou, P. (2018). An overview of the impact of organizational change on individuals and organizations: An introductory note. Organizational change, 1-11.
Valleala, U. M., Herranen, S., Collin, K., & Paloniemi, S. (2015). Fostering learning opportunities through employee participation amid organizational change. Vocations learning, 8(1), 1-34.
Van Alstyne, M. W., Parker, G. G., & Choudary, S. P. (2016). Pipelines, platforms, and the new rules of strategy. Harvard business review, 94(4), 54-62.
Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2010). Personal resources and work engagement in the face of change.
Van den Heuvel, S., Schalk, R., Freese, C., & Timmerman, V. (2016). What's in it for me? A managerial perspective on the influence of the psychological contract on attitude towards change. Journal of organizational change management.
Van Riel, C. B., Berens, G., & Dijkstra, M. (2009). Stimulating strategically aligned behaviour among employees. Journal of Management Studies, 46(7), 1197-1226.
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of marketing, 68(1), 1-17.
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2006). Service-dominant logic: reactions, reflections and refinements. Marketing theory, 6(3), 281-288.
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2008). Service-dominant logic: continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 1-10.
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2011). It's all B2B… and beyond: Toward a systems perspective of the market. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 181-187.
Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2016). Institutions and axioms: an extension and update of service-dominant logic. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 5-23.
Vargo, S. L., Maglio, P. P., & Akaka, M. A. (2008). On value and value co-creation: A service systems and service logic perspective. European management journal, 26(3), 145-152.
Vroom, V. H., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision-making (Vol. 110): University of Pittsburgh Pre.
Watkins, M. (2013). What is organizational culture? And why should we care. Harvard business review, 15.
Weisbord, M. R. (1987). Productive workplaces: Organizing and managing for dignity, meaning and community: Jossey-Bass.
Wikström, S. (1996). Value creation by company‐consumer interaction. Journal of marketing management, 12(5), 359-374.
Wilkins, A. L., & Dyer Jr, W. G. (1988). Toward culturally sensitive theories of culture change. Academy of management review, 13(4), 522-533.
Wooldridge, B., & Floyd, S. W. (1990). The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance. Strategic management journal, 11(3), 231-241.
Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of management review, 26(2), 179-201.
Yang, J., Zhang, Z. X., & Tsui, A. S. (2010). Middle manager leadership and frontline employee performance: Bypass, cascading, and moderating effects. Journal of Management Studies, 47(4), 654-678.