隨著經濟發展與電力需求增加，維持系統穩定與良好的供電品質是電力系統運轉最重要之目標。我國正面臨電力市場開放與再生能源併網等議題，如何維持系統安全、穩定與可靠的電源供給，是值得深入研究的課題。本論文以實際台電輸配電系統之尖載資料為研究案例對象，首先以PI性能指標針對事故之嚴重性挑選需進行分析之案例，接著利用PSS/E電力分析軟體中OPF工具調整與計算設備狀態與容量大小，使區域電網達較低載流量，藉此解決系統之過載事故與提升區域整體線路裕度。倘若系統仍為過載狀態，則利用Python語言配合最佳化演算法透過線路開關轉換方式求解出最佳化系統拓樸舒緩壅塞線路。台電調度操作人員於線路事故情形下可參考本文做法，使系統發生事故時能夠迅速解決並最大化區域線路裕度。

With the advance of economic development and the increase of electric power demand, maintaining the system stability and quality of power supply are the vital goals in power system operation. Currently, Taiwan Power (Taipower) System is reforming to an open electricity and is taking in more renewable energy. How to maintain a reliable and secure power system operation is an important issue that is worthy of study. This thesis focuses on the secured distribution/transmission grid operation in the Taipower system during the peak load period. We adopt a performance index (PI) to calculate and rank among the contingency cases. According to the severity of the contingencies, the overload cases are selected to be further studied. To relieve the overload line and enhance the whole transmission margin, the optimal power flow (OPF) function of the PSS/E software is utilize. If overload still exists, network reconfiguration by changing the state of line switch, that is determined by the optimization algorithm is executed. The line dispatching operators could use the proposed method as a reference to mitigate network congestion.

[1]International Energy Agency, “Re-powering Markets: Market Design and Regulation During the Transition to Low-carbon Power Systems,” Mar 2016
[2]經濟部，“一張圖看懂電業法改什麼”，經新聞，網址：https://www.economic-news.tw/2016/10/one-photo-electric-industry-law.html，Oct 2016
[3]許志義等人，“國內電力市場相關問題之研究”，公平交易委員會委託研究報告，2014.
[4]H. Kaur, et al., “Power system restructuring & competitive wholesale electricity markets in deregulated environment,” Innovative Applications of Computational Intelligence on Power, Energy and Controls with their impact on Humanity (CIPECH), Ghaziabad, pp. 233-237 , 2014
[5]許嘉維，“應用改良式粒子群演算法於代輸費用與壅塞管理之研究”，碩士論文，國立中山大學，2015.
[6]M. B. Nappu, et al., “Transmission Management for Congested Power System: A review of concepts, technical challenges and development of a new methodology,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 572-580, Oct 2014.
[7]A. Pillaya, S.P. Karthikeyana, D.P.Kotharib, “Congestion management in power systems – A review,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, pp.83-90, Sep. 2015.
[8]R. Peesapati, V. K. Yadav & N. Kumar, “Transmission Congestion Management Considering Multiple and Optimal Capacity DGs,” J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy 5, pp.713-724, Apr. 2017
[9]G. Ramesh, T.K. Sunil Kumar, “Optimal power flow-based congestion management in restructured power systems,” International Journal of Power and Energy Conversion, pp.84-96, Mar 2016
[10]J. W. Allen, F. W. Bruce and B. S. Gerald, “Power Generation, Operation, And Control,” Wiley, ISBN:978-0471586999, 1996
[11]A. K. Khamees, et al., “Optimal Power Flow Methods: A Comprehensive Survey,” IEEJ, pp. 2228-2239, Aug. 2016
[12]M. Gupta, V. Kumar, G. K. Banerjee and N. K. Sharma, “Mitigating Congestion in a Power System and Role of FACTS Devices,” Jan 2017.
[13]Ahmed R.Abul’Wafa, “Optimal capacitor Allocation in Radial Distribution Systems for Loss Reduction: A Two Stage Method,” Electric Power Systems Research, pp.168-174, Feb. 2013
[14]I. Ziari, G. Ledwich, et al., “Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Capacitors to Minimize the Transmission Line Loss and to Improve the Voltage profile,” Computers & Mathematics with Applications, pp.1003-1013, Aug. 2010
[15]S. F. Mekhamer, H. M. Khattab, Ahmad ma Mahmoud, “Solution of the Capacitor Allocation Problem in Distribution Feeders Considering Load Variation: A Modified Simulated Annealing based Approach,” Jan. 2006
[16]Attia A. El-Fergany, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, “Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm to Allocate Fixed and Switched Static Shunt Capacitors in Radial Distribution Networks,” pp.427-438, Feb 2014
[17]J. Nikoukar, M. Gandomkar, “Capacitor Placement in Distribution Networks Using Ant Colony Algorithm,” Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Software Engineering, Feb. 2005
[18]O. Badrana, S. Mekhilef, et al., “Optimal Reconfiguration of Distribution System Connected with Distributed Generations: A review of Different Methodologies,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp.854-867, Jun. 2017
[19]C. T. Su, C. S. Lee, “Feeder reconfiguration and capacitor setting for loss reduction of distribution systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, pp. 97-102, Jun 2001
[20]Horacio Díaz R., et al., “Feeder reconfiguration and capacitor placement in distribution systems: an approach for simultaneous solution using a genetic algorithm,” Ingeniare. Revista chilena de ingeniería, Apr. 2010
[21]P. Kundur et al., “Definition and Classification of Power System Stability IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Definitions,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, pp. 1387-1401, Aug. 2004
[22]Electric Power Research Institute, Inc., “Contingency Analysis - Baseline,” Feb. 2010
[23]台灣電力公司，“台灣電力股份有限公司輸電系統規劃準則”，Jun. 2019 修訂
[24]夏倬彥，“應用免疫演算法與輸電系統最佳化無效功率調度”，碩士論文，國立台北科技大學，2008.
[25]G. C. Ejebe, B.F. Wollenberg, “Automatic Contingency Selection,” Power Technologies, Inc. Schenectady, Feb 1979
[26]溫承叡，“以最佳化輸電線路轉換解決線路壅塞及提升再生能源並聯容量”，碩士論文，國立成功大學電機工程學系，2019.
[27]Official Journal of the European Union, “establishing a guideline on capacity allocation and congestion management,” pp.6, July 2015
[28]N. I. Yusoff, et al., “Congestion management in power system: A review,” Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies, April 2017
[29]S. Huang, Q. Wu, et al., “Review of congestion management methods for distribution networks with high penetration of distributed energy resources,” IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, pp.1-6, 2014
[30]F. A. Viawan and D. Karlsson, “Voltage and Reactive Power Control in Systems With Synchronous Machine-Based Distributed Generation,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, pp. 1079-1087, April 2008
[31]台電系統規劃處張忠良、林水秀，“新世代電網控制技術”，電驛協會會刊 29 期，July 2010.
[32]Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis , 3e
[33]M. Anjia, Y. Jiaxi, et al., “The influence of model mismatch to power system calculation, part I: on the steady state calculation,” 2005 International Power Engineering Conference, Singapore, pp.1122-1126, 2005
[34]Mao Anjia, G. Zhizhong, et al., “The influence of model mismatch to power system calculation, part II: on the stability calculation,” International Power Engineering Conference, Singapore, pp.1127-1132, 2005
[35]Siemens Industry, Inc., “PSS®E 33.5 Program Operation Manual”, Oct. 2013
[36]J. Carpentier. “Contribution à l'étude du dispatching économique. Bulletin de la Société Française des Électriciens,” vol. 3, pp.431–447, 1962
[37]K.S. Sambaiah, T. Jayabarathi, “Loss Minimization Techniques for Optimal Operation and Planning of Distribution Systems: A Review of Different Methodologies,” Int Trans Electr Energ Syst. Nov. 2020
[38]PJM System Planning Department., “Power System Application Data,” PJM Manual 05, p.6., Dec. 2015
[39]黃培華、柯佾寬、黃柏遠, “探討靜態虛功補償器(SVC)之效益”
[40]王耀諄，「電力品質」，第二版，高立，民98。
[41]T. C. Green, “A hybrid diverter design for distribution level on-load tap changers,” October 2010
[42]Siemens Industry, Inc., “PSS®E 33.5 Application Program Interface,” Oct. 2013
[43]林伯勳、胡光復等人，“最佳化方法於工程上之應用”，中興工程103期，Apr, 2009，pp. 13-24
[44]S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, Jr., M. P. Vecchi, “Optimization by Simulated Annealing,” Science, May 1983
[45]D. E. Goldberg, “Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning,” David E. Goldberg, 1989
[46]徐誠佑，“粒子群演算法於離散最佳化問題之研究”，博士論文，國立交通大學，2007.
[47]黃郁授，“自適應慣性權重改良粒子群演算法之研究”，碩士論文，中原大學，2007.
[48]Y. He, W. J. Ma and J. P. ZHANG, “The Parameters Selection of PSO Algorithm influencing On performance of Fault Diagnosis,” MATEC Web of Conferences 63, 2016
[49]Yaw-Juen Wang, Ruey-Long Sheu, “Probabilistic Modeling of Partial Shading of Photovoltaic Arrays,” Dec 2015
[50]A. Bernardini, A. Sarti, et al., “Wave Digital-Based Variability Analysis of Electrical Mismatch in Photovoltaic Arrays,” May 2018
[51]W. R. Ghanem, et al., “Proposed Particle Swarm Optimization Approaches for Detection and Localization of the Primary User Emulation Attack in Cognitive Radio Networks,” National Radio Science Conference, pp.309-318, 2018