隨著奈米科技快速進步，人造奈米物質(ENMs)的產量與產值亦逐年上升，並有可能在其製造、使用、廢棄的過程中進入到環境中。若水環境中的奈米物質被底棲生物食入並在營養階層轉移，將增加高級消費者(如：魚類)的攝食暴露風險。
為評估二氧化鈦奈米顆粒(nTiO2)經攝食暴露對斑馬魚之生物累積性，本研究首先開發酵素消化方法，使用蛋白酶K消解斑馬魚組織且避免造成顆粒的溶解或聚集，再配合單顆粒式感應耦合電漿質譜儀(spICP-MS)方法即可偵測斑馬魚組織中之奈米顆粒累積，並同時量測組織內奈米顆粒質量濃度、數量濃度與粒徑。在添加實驗中，此方法能夠得到88.0 ± 3.6%之質量回收率以及103.0 ± 0.9%之顆粒數量回收率。比較添加 nTiO2之組織樣本與 nTiO2水相懸浮液之粒徑分佈圖，亦可觀察到兩者的粒徑相近，顯示消化方法不會造成粒徑顯著變化。
其次，我們以經濟合作暨發展組織測試規範No. 305 (OECD TG 305)作為藍本進行魚類生物累積性測試，接著利用前述酵素消化配合spICP-MS方法分析斑馬魚體內之nTiO2濃度與粒徑分佈。結果顯示，攝食暴露能夠導致nTiO2在斑馬魚體內累積與排除，且斑馬魚可能傾向攝取並累積較小粒徑之nTiO2。最後，我們利用實驗數據建立一室毒理動力學模型，計算生物放大因子(BMF)為 0.009 ± 0.001，顯示為不具生物放大作用。而模型中的參數在未來可以應用於ENMs的交叉驗證(read-across)或環境宿命模擬，有助於辨識ENMs的潛在風險。

As nanotechnology evolves, engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are used in various fields. The increasing production and usage of ENMs might inevitably lead to environmental release. The exposure of the sediments and benthic species may eventually result in subsequent dietary exposure of higher trophic levels (e.g., predatory fish) via trophic transfer.
In order to evaluate the the bioaccumulation potential of nanoparticulate TiO2 (nTiO2) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) via dietary exposure, we developed an enzymatic digestion method as sample pretreatment prior to single particle-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) analysis. This method is able to quantify number concentration, mass concentration and size distribution of nTiO2 in zebrafish tissues simultaneously. The mass recovery and number recovery of nTiO2 in this study were 88.0 ± 3.6% and 103.0 ± 0.9%, respectively (n=2).
Afterwards, this method was used to analyze zebrafish tissue samples from a bioaccumulation experiment via dietary exposure. At the end of the uptake phase, we observed an increasing number of pulses in time-resolved analysis (TRA) and that nanoparticles (NPs) with smaller sizes became a major portion of detected nTiO2 after dietary exposure. We suggested that zebrafish are able to uptake nTiO2 from food and they might preferably uptake NPs with smaller sizes.
Finally, we built a single compartmental toxicokinetic (TK) model which is based on a mass balance equation and a 1st-order fitting of experimental data. We found out that the nTiO2 mass concentration measured by spICP-MS fitted with 1st-order depuration kinetics very well.

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