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研究生：	鄭竣安 Cheng, Chun-An
論文名稱：	頻率調變控制之高頻高功因複金屬燈電子安定器 High-Frequency High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast with Frequency-Modulated Control for Metal Halide Lamps
指導教授：	陳建富 Chen, Jiann-Fuh 梁從主 Liang, Tsorng-Juu
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	101
中文關鍵詞：	音頻共振、複金屬燈、電子安定器、頻率調變
外文關鍵詞：	Acoustic Resonance, Frequency Modulation, Electronic Ballast, Metal Halide Lamps
相關次數：	點閱：85 下載：13
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本論文提出兩種頻率調變控制之高頻高功因複金屬燈電子安定器。目前市售的安定器是三級高功因低頻方波驅動的架構，元件數多且電路複雜。採用高頻驅動方式則能夠減少元件數，但需解決音頻共振的問題。一般兩級式高功因定頻控制的安定器由功因修正電路與半橋式串聯諧振並聯負載換流器組成，其換流器的切換頻率需慎選在無音頻共振的頻帶。然而，每支燈管或不同廠牌相同瓦數的燈管無音頻共振的頻帶並不相同。有鑑於此，本論文提出兩級式頻率調變與單級式複雜頻率調變控制之無音頻共振的複金屬燈電子安定器，並利用MATLAB軟體分析與比較定頻、頻率調變及複雜頻率調變三種控制方法中的燈管電流的振幅頻譜。
定頻控制之管流相當於振幅調變的波形，其頻譜在載波頻率(中心切換頻率)的振幅遠比其他兩個旁波帶頻率高，若載波頻率落在音頻共振的頻帶，則燈管的弧光會不穩定。本論文提出之頻率控制電子安定器是以直流鏈電壓的漣波作為調變訊號，管流相當於頻率調變的波形，其頻譜為離散，在載波頻率的振幅比定頻控制小且功率分散到其他的旁波帶頻率。若選擇適當的調變指數，音頻共振現象能被消除。然而，不恰當的調變指數或調變頻率，音頻共振仍會發生。
因此，本論文再提出單級複雜頻率控制電子安定器由功因修正電路結合半橋式串聯諧振並聯負載換流器組成，以直流鏈電壓的漣波結合韋恩電橋振盪電路產生的高頻弦波作為調變訊號，管流相當於振幅加頻率調變的波形，其頻譜為連續，在載波頻率的振幅比頻率控制小且與其他旁波帶頻率的振幅近乎相同，功率幾乎被平均地展開，能夠更有效地消除音頻共振現象。
本論文完成兩級式頻率調變控制的雛型電路的製作與量測，具有高功因(>0.99)、低管流峰值因數(<1.45)、不需額外的調變訊號等特點；以及完成單級式複雜頻率調變控制的雛型電路的製作與量測，具有高功因(>0.99)、高效率(90%)、簡單且易實現的控制電路等特點，並藉由不同廠牌的70W複金屬燈來驗證頻率調變控制方式消除音頻共振現象的實用性。

This dissertation presents two frequency modulation schemes for high-frequency high-power-factor (HPF) electronic ballast for metal halide (MH) lamps. Nowadays, the commercial three-stage HPF low-frequency square-wave-driven ballast is complicated and has large circuit components. To reduce components, high-frequency-driven ballast is favorable. However, one important problem of high-frequency-operated MH lamps is the acoustic resonances. A typical two-stage HPF constant-frequency (CF) controlled ballast consists of a PFC converter and a half-bridge series-resonance parallel-loaded (HB-SRPL) inverter. The switching frequency of the inverter should be chosen at some frequency bands that are free of acoustic resonances. However, the acoustic-resonance frequencies are different from every single lamp or the same wattage lamp of various brands. Therefore, this dissertation presents a two-stage frequency-modulated (FM) and a single-stage complex FM (CFM) controlled ballast for MH lamps with free of acoustic resonances. By using MATLAB software, the amplitude spectrum of lamp current for CF, FM, and CFM control method are analyzed and compared.
The lamp current under CF control can be treated as an AM wave. It can be seen that the power on the carrier frequency is much larger than that on the upper and lower sidebands. Thus, if the carrier frequency is located within the frequency window at which acoustic resonance may occur, an unstable discharging arc happens in the MH lamp. This dissertation presents an FM-controlled ballast and the modulating signal is the PFC output voltage ripples. The lamp current under FM control can be treated as an FM wave. In contrast with CF control, it can be seen that the amplitude spectrum of the carrier frequency is successfully spread, and the energy of certain eigen-frequency supplies to the MH lamp is largely decreased. Owing to its FM operation that allows for an adequately modulated index, no acoustic resonance occurs. However, if the frequency deviation range is not wide enough or inappropriate frequency of the modulating signal, acoustic resonances probably occur.
In response to these concerns, a single-stage high-frequency CFM-controlled electronic ballast, which integrates a PFC converter with a HB-SRPL inverter, for MH lamps is also developed in this dissertation. The modulating signal is a combination of the PFC output voltage ripples and the high-frequency sine-wave signal from the Wein-bridge oscillator. The lamp current under CFM control can be treated as a CFM-like wave, which mixes AM with FM. Compared with FM control, the proposed CFM-control scheme allows the power spectrum of the MH lamp to effectively expand and become a continuous spectrum with reduced amplitudes. Thus the lamp effectively achieves acoustic-resonance-free operation.
In this dissertation, a prototype ballasts utilizing FM control scheme, which has features of high power factor (>0.99), low crest factor (<1.45) of lamp current, and an internal modulating signal, has been built and test. Furthermore, a CFM-controlled prototype ballast, which has features of high power factor (>0.99), high efficiency (90%), and an easy-to-implement controller, has been developed and tested. Experimental results were carried out on three different brands of 70W metal-halide-type HID lamps to verify the functionalities of the proposed FM control schemes.

LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION	                     1
1.1	Motivation	                     1
1.2	Objectives and Methods of Research	   4
1.3	Dissertation Outline and Major Results 5
CHAPTER 2  ACOUSTIC RESONANCE	           11
2.1	Introduction	                    11
2.2	Simplified Acoustic Wave Equation	  11
2.3	Prediction of Eigen-Frequencies	  15
2.4	Measured Eigen-Frequencies	           15
2.4.1	High-Frequency Test Circuit	           16
2.4.2	Measured Eigen-Frequency Distribution Graph	                                      16
2.5	Summary	                             17
CHAPTER 3  A TWO-STAGE FREQUENCY-MODULATED ELECTRONIC BALLAST	                             23
3.1	Introduction	                    23
3.2	Analysis of Control Methods Used in Two-Stage High-Frequency Electronic Ballast    	  24
3.2.1	Constant Frequency Scheme	           24
3.2.2	Proposed Frequency-Modulated (FM) Scheme                                         26
3.3	Proposed Ballast and Design Guidelines                                     28
3.3.1	Resonant Tank	                    28
3.3.2	Analysis of the Igniter Operation	  31
3.3.3	FM Controller	                    32
3.4	Design Example	                    34
3.5	Experimental Results	           35
3.6	Summary	                             37
CHAPTER 4  A SINGLE-STAGE HIGH-POWER-FACTOR COMPLEX FREQUENCY-MODULATED ELECTRONIC BALLAST	                                      56
4.1	Introduction	                    56
4.2	Proposed Single-Stage Complex FM (CFM) Electronic Ballast	                             58
4.2.1  Generating a CFM signal	           58
4.2.2	Proposed CFM Ballast Circuit	  59
4.2.3	Analysis of a CFM-like Lamp Current	  59
4.3	Design Guidelines	                    62
4.3.1  Boost Indutor	                    62
4.3.2  DC-Bus Capacitor	                    63
4.3.3  Additional High-Frequency Modulating Signal	                                      63
4.3.4  CFM Controller	                    64
4.4	Design Example	                    66
4.5	Experimental Results	           67
4.6	Summary	                             69
CHAPTER 5	CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK	           87
5.1	Conclusions	                    87
5.2	Recommended Future Work	           89
REFERENCES 	                             91
VITA		                             99

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1.  Photos of the metal halide lamp: (a) with quartz-made discharging tube, and (b) with ceramic-made discharging tube	            8
Fig. 1.2.  Block diagrams of (a) a commercial three-stage low-frequency square-wave droved, and (b) a two-stage high-frequency square-wave droved electronic ballast for MH lamps	   9
Fig. 1.3.  Block diagrams of (a) a single-stage extra high-frequency sine-wave droved, (b) a two-stage constant-frequency sine-wave droved, and (c) a two-stage frequency-modulated sine-wave droved electronic ballast for MH lamps	  10
Fig. 2.1.  High frequency electronic ballast for testing acoustic-resonance frequencies	  18
Fig. 2.2.  Estimated and measured acoustic-resonance frequencies within three tested MH lamps	                                      19
Fig. 3.1.  High-frequency MH lamp ballast using constant-frequency
control: (a) block diagram, and (b) amplitude spectrum of lamp current	                    39
Fig. 3.2.  High-frequency MH lamp ballast using frequency-modulated
control: (a) block diagram, and (b) amplitude spectrum of lamp current.	                    40
Fig. 3.3.  The proposed high-frequency MH lamp ballast with frequency-modulated control	  41
Fig. 3.4.  The oscillator section of SG3525: (a) typical, and (b) modified	                    42
Fig. 3.5.  The proposed frequency-modulated control circuit	                             43
Fig. 3.6.  Vset in relation to Rv and switching frequency: (a) Vset vs. Rv, and (b) Vset vs. switching frequency	                    44
Fig. 3.7.  Switching frequency in relation to DC-bus voltage ripple and designed gain of the resonant tank.	                             45
Fig. 3.8.  Voltage gain of Vlamp/VAB1 vs. different frequencies.	                    46
Fig. 3.9.  Waveforms of lamp voltage and lamp current: (a) start-up; (b)steady state..	  47
Fig. 3.10.  V-I characteristics of lamp voltage and lamp current.	                             48
Fig. 3.11.  Measured waveforms of (a) modulating signal and driving signal of power switch S2 as well as its amplitude spectrum, and (b) lamp current as well as its power spectrum under constant-frequency control	                    49
Fig. 3.12.  Measured waveforms of (a) modulating signal and driving signal of power switch S2 as well as its amplitude spectrum, and (b) lamp current as well as its power spectrum under frequency-modulation control	           50
Fig. 3.13.  The utility-line voltage and DC-bus voltage ripple vs.operating frequency (zoomed-in): (a) Vac=90 V, and (b)Vac=264 V	           51
Fig. 3.14.  Discharging arc shape under different modulation indices: (a) β1, (b) β2, (c) β3, (d) β4, and (e) β5.	           52
Fig. 4.1.   Block diagrams of single-stage high-frequency MH lamp ballast under constant-frequency control and MATLAB simulations of (a) time-domain waveform and (b) amplitude spectrum of lamp current	                             71
Fig. 4.2.   Block diagrams of single-stage high-frequency MH lamp ballast under frequency-modulated control and MATLAB simulations of (a) time-domain waveform and (b) amplitude spectrum of lamp current	                             72
Fig.4.3.    Conceptual diagram of generating a complex frequency-modulated signal: (a) basic modulating signal, (b) additional high-frequency modulating signal, and (c) resulting CFM signal	                                      73
Fig. 4.4.   The proposed high-frequency MH lamp ballast using complex frequency-modulated control	                                      74
Fig. 4.5.   MATLAB simulations of (a) lamp current, and (b) its amplitude spectrum under CFM control.	                             75
Fig. 4.6.   Boost inductor versus α at different switching frequencies.	                    76
Fig. 4.7.   MATLAB simulations of spectrum envelope for two cases with different modulation parameters	                             77
Fig. 4.8.   MATLAB simulations of (a) maximum frequency deviation Δf and (b) power spectral density/frequency at the center frequency as a function of the additional modulating signal amplitude Aac for multiple modulating frequencies fac	                             78
Fig. 4.9.   The proposed complex frequency-modulated control circuit.	                    79
Fig. 4.10.  Measured waveforms of (a) lamp voltage and current, and (b) V-I characteristics	                                      80
Fig. 4.11.  Measured waveforms of (a) modulated signal, driving signal of the low-side power switch S2 as well as its amplitude spectrum, and (b) lamp current as well as its power spectrum under complex frequency-modulated control.	  81
Fig. 4.12.  Photos of discharging arc shapes: (a) presence of acoustic resonance, and with CFM control under different brands of MH lamps: (b) PHILIPS, (c) OSRAM, and (d) GE..	           82
Fig. 4.13.  Measured waveforms of (a) DC-bus voltage and boost
inductor current and (b) utility-line voltage and current.	                             83

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.  Characteristic values αmn for the cylindrical arc tube solutions of dJm(πα)/dα=0..	                                      19
Table 2.2.  Eigen-frequencies between 10~150 kHz.	                                      20
Table 2.3.  Components for the tested ballast.	                                      21
Table 3.1.  Modified modulation index and its corresponding values in relation to the adjustable resistor Rv.	                    52
Table 3.2.  Specifications for the proposed electronic ballast.	                    53
Table 3.3.  Parameters of the SRPL resonant tank.	                                      54
Table 4.1.  Specifications for the proposed CFM electronic ballast.	                    83
Table 4.2.  Components for the experimental prototype.	                             84
Table 4.3.  List of utility-line current harmonics of the experimental prototype compared to the IEC 61000-3-2 standard .	           85
                                    

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校內：2008-07-24公開
校外：2008-07-24公開

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